2022年考博英语-江西师范大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷76

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1、2022年考博英语-江西师范大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 翻译题Directions: Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on Answer Sheet. (10%)Like the population explosion, the scientific and technological revolution began to pick up speed slowly during the eighteenth century. And this ongoin

2、g revolution has also suddenly accelerated exponentially. For example, it is now an axiom in many fields of science that more new and important discoveries have taken place in the last ten years than in the entire previous history of science. While no single discovery has had the kind of effect on o

3、ur relationship to the earth that nuclear weapons have had on our relationship to warfare, it is nevertheless true that taken together, they have completely transformed our cumulative ability to exploit the earth for sustenancemaking the consequences of unrestrained exploitation every bit as unthink

4、able as the consequences of unrestrained nuclear war.【答案】和人口爆炸一样，科技革命在十八世纪开始慢慢加速。之后这场正在进行的革命也突然呈指数地加速。例如，在过去十年中发生的重大新发现比以往整个科学史上的发现都要多，这已成为许多科学领域的一个公理。虽然没有任何一项发现产生了像核武器对我们与战争的关系所产生的影响一样，对我们与地球的关系产生了如此大的影响，但总的来说，它们完全改变了我们为维持生存而不断积累的开采地球的能力，这使得无节制开采的后果与无节制的核战争的后果一样难以想象。2. 翻译题孔子是中国历史上著名的思想家、教育家，是儒家学派(C

5、onfucianism)的创始人，被尊称为古代的“圣人”(sage)。他的言论和生平活动记录在论语 (The Analects) 一书中。论语是中国古代文化的经典著作，对后来历代的思想家、文学家、政治家产生了很大影响。不研究论语，就不能真正把握中国几千年的传统文化。孔子的很多思想，尤其是其教育思想，对中国社会产生了深远的影响。在21世纪的今天，孔子的学说不仅受到中国人的重视，而且也越来越受到整个国际社会的重视。【答案】【参考译文】Confucius is a famous thinker and educator in Chinese history. He is the founder of

6、 Confucianism and is respectfully referred to as an ancient “sage”. His words and life activities are recorded in The Analects.The Analects of Confucius is a classic work of ancient Chinese culture, which has exerted a great influence on the thinkers, writers and statesmen of successive dynasties. W

7、ithout studying the Analects of Confucius, one cannot truly grasp the traditional Chinese culture of thousands of years. Many of Confucius thoughts, especially his educational thoughts, have had a profound impact on Chinese society.In the 21st century, the teachings of Confucius are not only valued

8、by the Chinese people, but also increasingly by the whole international community.3. 单选题The decision _, the next problem was how to make a good plan.问题1选项A.has been madeB.were madeC.having been madeD.making【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. has been made 被做 B. were made 被做C. having been made 被做 D. making 做【考查点】独立主格结

9、构。【解题思路】句子主谓宾结构完整，所以空格处只能做非谓语，而decision和the next problem不是同一个逻辑主语，所以前半部分只能做独立主格结构；decision和make之间是被动的关系，而且是决定做出后，下个问题是怎么制定计划，所以只能用having been made，C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B选项为谓语动词，不符合语法结构；D选项不符合时态，排除。【句意】决定做好之后，下一个问题是如何制定一个好的计划。4. 单选题There are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force; the f

10、irst method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. It is, therefore, necessary for a prince to know how to use both the beast and the man. This was covertly taught to the rulers by ancient writers, who relate how Ach

11、illes and many others of those ancient princes were given Chiron the centaur to be brought up and educated under his discipline. The parable of this semi-animal, semi-human teacher is meant to indicate that a prince must know how to use both natures, and that one without the other is not durable.A p

12、rince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps, and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not understand this. Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith

13、 when by doing so it would be against his interest, and the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist. If men were all good, this percept would not be a good one; but as they are bad, and would not observe their faith with you, so you are not bound to keep faith with them. Nor have legitim

14、ate grounds ever failed a prince who wishes to show colorable excuse for the unfulfilment of his promise. Of this one could furnish an infinite number of examples, and also how many times peace has been broken, and how man promises rendered worthless, by the faithlessness of princes, and those that

15、have best been able to imitate the fox have succeeded best. But it is necessary to be able to disguise this character well, and to be a great feigner and dissembler, and men are so simple and so ready to obey present necessities, that the one who deceives will always find those who allow themselves

16、be to deceived.26. The writer does not believe that _.27. “Prince” in the passage designates _.28. The lion represents those who are _.29. The fox, in the passage, is _.30. The writer suggests that a successful leader must _.问题1选项A.the truth makes men freeB.people can protect themselvesC.princes are

17、 humanD.leaders have to be consistent问题2选项A.anyone in powerB.elected officialsC.aristocratsD.sons of kings问题3选项A.too trustingB.reliant on forceC.strong and powerfulD.lacking in intelligence问题4选项A.admired for his trickeryB.no match for the lionC.pitied for his wilesD.considered worthless问题5选项A.be pru

18、dent and faithfulB.cheat and lieC.have principle to guide his actionsD.follow the truth【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:A第5题:B【解析】26.【选项释义】26. The writer does not believe that _. 26. 作者不相信_。A. the truth makes men free A. 真理使人自由B. people can protect themselves B. 人们可以保护自己C. princes are human C. 王子是人类D. leaders

19、 have to be consistent D. 领导者必须始终如一【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】本文主要论述了人类斗争方式和野兽斗争方式的相同和异同之处。作者认为 by law（法律）是人类所用的斗争方式，by force（武力）是动物采用的斗争方式，而从第二段对王子的描述可以看出，王子们只会the method of fighting by force（用武力对抗的方法）；综合理解，可推断作者认为王子不属于人这一类。故该题选择C项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“真理使人自由”和B选项“人们可以保护自己”没提及，无中生有；D选项“领导者必须始终如一”与原文相反，作者认为作为领导者，应该要很

20、好的伪装自己，该项反向干扰。27.【选项释义】27. “Prince” in the passage designates _. 27.“王子”在文中指的是_。A. anyone in power A. 有权利的人B. elected officials B. 民选官员C. aristocrats C. 贵族D. sons of kings D. 国王的儿子【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】通读全文可知，由第一段的第二和第三句“因此，一个王子有必要知道如何使用兽和人。这是古代作家秘密教导统治者的（taught to the rulers）”可知，文章中的“王子”是指领导别人的人，结合第二段，该

21、段讲述了王子应该模仿狐狸和狮子，像野兽一样行事，第三句提到“所以一个谨慎的统治者（a prudent ruler）不应当守信，因为守信有损于他的利益，使他约束自己的理由也不存在了”，综上所述推断，“princes”指的是有权利的统治者。该题选择A项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“民选官员”、C选项“贵族”根据解题思路可知，这两项属于曲解原文；D选项“国王的儿子”，文章中用的是比喻的手法，将prince比作ruler，并不是表示国王的儿子，所以该项属于曲解原文。28.【选项释义】28. The lion represents those who are _. 28. 狮子代表的是_的人。A. too

22、 trusting A. 太相信别人B. reliant on force B. 依赖武力C. strong and powerful C. 强有力的D. lacking in intelligence D. 缺乏智慧【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第二段第一句“狮子无法保护自己不受陷阱的伤害，狐狸也无法保护自己不受狼的伤害”，这是狮子和狐狸的鲜明对比，狮子不能躲过陷阱，而狐狸逃脱不了被狼袭击的命运，故我们能看出狮子是靠自己的力量。因此，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“太相信别人”、C选项“强有力的”和D选项“缺乏智慧”与原文不符，曲解原文。29.【选项释义】29. The fox, i

23、n the passage, is _. 29. 根据文章，狐狸_。A. admired for his trickery A. 因诡计多端而受到称赞B. no match for the lion B. 不是狮子的对手C. pitied for his wiles C. 因诡计多端而令人同情D. considered worthless D. 被认为一文不值【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第二段第一句“狮子无法保护自己不受陷阱的伤害，狐狸也无法保护自己不受狼的伤害”，这是狮子和狐狸的鲜明对比，狮子不能躲过陷阱，而狐狸能躲过陷阱和圈套，故狐狸在这篇文章中因为有计谋而受到称赞。因此，A项正

24、确。【干扰项排除】B选项“不是狮子的对手”在文中并没有对它们进行比较，而是作对比，曲解原文；C选项“因诡计多端而令人同情”推断错误，与原文表述不符，曲解原文；D选项“被认为一文不值”没提到，无中生有。30.【选项释义】30. The writer suggests that a successful leader must _. 30. 作者建议一个成功的领导者必须_。A. be prudent and faithful A. 谨慎和忠诚B. cheat and lie B. 欺骗和撒谎C. have principle to guide his actions C. 有原则来指导他的行动D.

25、 follow the truth D. 遵循真理【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第二段后部分的内容：一个王子想要为他未实现诺言找个冠冕堂皇的借口，他的正当理由也从来没有落空过。关于这一点，我们可以举出无数的例子，也可以举出多少次和平被破坏，人们的诺言如何因君主的不忠诚（the faithlessness of princes）而变得毫无价值，那些最能模仿狐狸的人也最成功。但是，必须能够很好地伪装这一性格，成为一个伟大的伪装者和掩饰者，而人们是如此的单纯和乐意服从，以至于欺骗人的人（the one who deceives）总是会发现那些允许自己被欺骗的人。从这里我们可以知道，一个成功的

26、领导者必须要能够伪装自己，具备欺骗和说谎两种能力，故B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“谨慎和忠诚”与原文相反，反向干扰；C选项“有原则来指导他的行动”和D选项“遵循真理”没提及，无中生有。5. 单选题For reasons yet to be fully understood, one out of ten human beings in the world is left-handed, and from one generation to the next, this ratio is roughly preserved. As we know, left-handedness cuts a

27、cross socioeconomic, ethnic, and gender lines. Yet throughout history prominent figures in scienceto say nothing of religionhave identified in left-handedness signs of viciousness or worse. In 1903, Italian physician Cesare Lombroso identified left-handedness as one of the degeneracy signs of the bo

28、rn criminals. Three years later, Dr. Wilhelm Fliess suggested that left-handedness was a reliable identification of homosexuality. And in 1937 British psychologist Cyril Burt declared left-handedness to be a mark of an ill-organized nervous system.As demonstrated by all the “therapeutic” coercion th

29、at left-handed children were subjected to during the first half of the 20th century, these biases had more than just a theoretical impact. Yet even when this gauche predilection was being discouraged, handism was certainly never taken as seriously as racism or sexism now is. Perhaps its the arbitrar

30、y nature of the trait that has militated against meaningful discrimination. After all, even when both parents are right-handed, there is still a 10 percent chance that they will bring a left-handed baby into the world. Moreover, a white baby born in Scaresdale is just as likely to be left-handed as

31、a black baby in Hardem. Hence when the left-handed George Bush became President of the United States, it was hardly interpreted as a blow against prejudice. Nor was much attention paid to the fact that Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford were also southpaws.36. Left-handedness is _.37. According to the pa

32、ssage, left-handedness _.38. The word “handism” in Paragraph 2 most probably means _.39. The word “southpaws” at the end of the passage means _.40. Judging from the context, Scaresdale is a place inhabited by _.问题1选项A.a thing that is cultivatedB.a thing that occurs by pure chanceC.a thing of genetic

33、 inheritanceD.a thing that occurs more in prominent figures问题2选项A.is discouraged but not discriminated againstB.has caused discrimination as serious as sexism and racismC.is a subject that has drawn more and more attentionD.is an advantage in running for public office问题3选项A.being skillful with ones

34、handsB.quality of being convenientC.discrimination against left-handed peopleD.encouragement to use both hands instead of one问题4选项A.a boxer from the southB.a politician from a southern stateC.a person with extraordinarily large handsD.a left-handed person问题5选项A.white peopleB.black peopleC.mixed race

35、sD.rich people【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】36.【选项释义】36. Left-handedness is _. 36. 左撇子是_。A. a thing that is cultivated A. 需要后天培养的B. a thing that occurs by pure chance B. 一种纯属偶然的现象C. a thing of genetic inheritance C. 一种遗传现象D. a thing that occurs more in prominent figures D. 多出现在杰出人物身上【考查点】事实细节题。【解

36、题思路】根据第二段第三和第四句“也许是这种特征的随意性（arbitrary nature）阻碍了有意义的歧视。毕竟，即使父母都是右撇子，他们生下左撇子婴儿的几率仍有10%。”，理解可知，左撇子并不受遗传影响，从arbitrary nature（随意性）可以看出，左撇子是偶然发生的。故该题选择B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“需要后天培养的”从原文可知，左撇子是天生的，该项反向干扰；C选项“一种遗传现象”也与原文相反，反向干扰；D选项“多出现在杰出人物身上”从第一段第二句“我们知道，左撇子跨越了社会经济、种族和性别的界限”可以看出，左撇子在所有的社会、人种和性别中都有，并不是在杰出人物中更多，所以

37、该项曲解原文。37.【选项释义】37. According to the passage, left-handedness _. 37. 根据文章，左撇子_。A. is discouraged but not discriminated against A. 是不被鼓励的，但不是被歧视的B. has caused discrimination as serious as sexism and racism B. 已经造成了像性别歧视和种族歧视一样严重的歧视C. is a subject that has drawn more and more attention C. 是一个越来越受到关注的话

38、题D. is an advantage in running for public office D. 是竞选公职的一个优势【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】从第二段中的第二和第三句“然而，即使这种笨拙的偏好被劝阻时，它从来没有像现在的种族主义或性别歧视那样被严肃对待。也许是这种特征的随意性阻碍了有意义的歧视。”，从中可知，左撇子并没有受到歧视，只是生活中有些气馁。所以A选项“是不被鼓励的，但不是被歧视的”符合题干。【干扰项排除】B选项“已经造成了像性别歧视和种族歧视一样严重的歧视”和C选项“是一个越来越受到关注的话题”与原文表述并不符合，曲解原文；D选项“是竞选公职的一个优势”文中未提及，无

39、中生有。38.【选项释义】38. The word “handism” in Paragraph 2 most probably means _. 38. 第二段中的“handism”一词很可能是_的意思。A. being skillful with ones hands A. 双手灵巧B. quality of being convenient B. 方便的特点C. discrimination against left-handed people C. 对左撇子的歧视D. encouragement to use both hands instead of one D. 鼓励人们用两只手而

40、不是一只手【考查点】词义推测题。【解题思路】根据题干定位到第二段第二句“handism从来没有像现在的种族主义或性别歧视那样被严肃对待（handism was certainly never taken as seriously as racism or sexism）”，从中可知handism是与racism和sexism类似的构词法，而racism和sexism都是表示歧视的意思，所以推测handism也表示“对使用左手的歧视”。C项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“双手灵巧”、B选项“方便的特点”和D选项“鼓励人们用两只手而不是一只手”都与原文不符，无中生有。39.【选项释义】39. The

41、word “southpaws” at the end of the passage means _. 39. 文章最后的单词“southpaws”的意思是_。A. a boxer from the south A. 来自南方的拳击手B. a politician from a southern state B. 一位来自南部州的政治家C. a person with extraordinarily large hands C. 手特别大的人D. a left-handed person D. 一个左撇子的人【考查点】词义推测题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至文章最后一句“罗纳德里根和杰拉尔德福特

42、也是（were also）southpaws，这一点也没有引起太多关注”，从were also可以看出，这一句是上一句的承接句，表示和上一句相同的意思；根据上一句内容“因此，当左撇子（left-handed）乔治布什成为美国总统时，很难被理解为是对偏见的打击”，综合理解可知，southpaws是left-handed的意思。因此，该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“来自南方的拳击手”和C选项“手特别大的人”文中没有提及，无中生有；B选项“一位来自南部州的政治家”对原文表述不符，曲解原文。40.【选项释义】40. Judging from the context, Scaresdale is

43、 a place inhabited by _. 40. 从文章来看，斯卡斯代尔是_居住的地方。A. white people A. 白人B. black people B. 黑人C. mixed races C. 混合种族D. rich people D. 富人【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据关键词Scaresdale定位到第二段倒数第三句“此外，出生在斯卡斯代尔的白人婴儿和出生在哈德姆的黑人婴儿一样，都有可能是左撇子”，从中可知，斯卡斯代尔是白人居住的地方，而哈德姆是黑人居住的地方。因此，该题选择A项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“黑人”是居住在哈德姆，而不是斯卡斯代尔，张冠李戴；C选项

44、“混合种族”和D选项“富人”没提及，无中生有。6. 翻译题I. (本题3段，每段10分) After we see an object several times, we begin to recognize it. The object is in front of us and we know about it, but we do not see ithence, we cannot say anything significant about it. Art removes objects from the automatism of perception in several way

45、s. Here I want to illustrate a way used repeatedly by Leo Tolstoy, that writer who, for Merezhkovsky at least, seems to present things as if he himself saw them, and saw them in their entirety, and did not alter them. Victor Shklovsky, Art as Technique May we really attempt to compare the imaginativ

46、e writer with the “dreamer in broad daylight,” and his creations with daydreams? One feature above all cannot fail to strike us about the creations of these story-writers: each of them has a hero who is the center of interest, for whom the writer tries to win our sympathy by every possible means and

47、 whom he seems to place under the protection of a special providence. The feeling of security with which I follow the hero through his perilous adventures is the same as the feeling with which a hero in real life throws himself into the water to save a drowning man or exposes himself to the enemys f

48、ire in order to storm a battery. It is the true heroic feeling, which one of our best writers has expressed in an inimitable phrase: “Nothing can happen to me!” It seems to me, however, that through this revealing characteristic of invulnerability we can immediately recognize His Majesty the Ego, th

49、e hero alike of every daydream and of every story.Sigmund Freud, Creative Writers and DaydreamingI call the combination of a concept and a sound-image a sign, but in current usage the term generally designates only a sound-image, a word, for example (arbor, etc.) One tends to forget that arbor is ca

50、lled a sign only because it carries the concept “tree,” with the result that the idea of the sensory part implies the idea of the whole.Ambiguity would disappear if the three notions involved here were designated by three names, each suggesting and opposing the others. I propose to retain the word s

51、ign to designate the whole and to replace concept and sound-image respectively by signified and signifier; the last two terms have the advantage of indicating the opposition that separates them from each other and from the whole of which they are parts.Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Lingui

52、stics【答案】当我们多次看到一个物体后，我们就开始辨别出它。物体就在我们面前，我们知道它，但我们看不到它。因此，我们不能说任何关于这个物体的有意义的事情。艺术通过几种方式将物体从无意识行为的感知中移除。在这里，我想说明列夫托尔斯泰反复使用的一种方法，至少在梅雷日科夫斯基看来，这位作家呈现事物的方式，就好像他自己看到了它们本身，看到了它们的全部，但没有改变它们。维克多什克洛夫斯基，艺术即技巧7. 单选题What kind of human being will the future spaceman be? Will he need bones of steel and powerful m

53、uscles to resist rocket thrust, the lungs of a glass blower, a mighty heart, the calmness of an acrobat, unconscious death urges, or a schizophrenic (患精神分裂症的) drove toward isolation? Popular ideas of a spaceman tend to be funny composites of fiction and fact.A more realistic portrait emerges from th

54、e young science of bioastronautics, the newest and strangest of medical disciplines. The astronaut may be described as a young man of high intelligence who is normal to an abnormal degree. On earth he may well have been a high jumper, or acrobat. He must be highly motivated, carefully trained, and h

55、e must want to come back.His heart and lungs must be healthy but need not be exceptionally developed, for his cabin will be pressurized. Huge muscles may actually be disadvantageous, for he will have almost no way to get exercise, and he will find that the strength of a year-old child is adequate in

56、 the weightlessness of space. A firm body and a short, strong neck will help him to withstand the tremendous forces encountered at take-off. Most important physically, his digestive system must be one that will not be upset by weightlessness; he must not be subject to motion sickness.46. All the fol

57、lowing are popular beliefs about the future spaceman EXCEPT that _.47. Which of the following is NOT considered by the author as a more realistic image of the future spaceman?48. Bioastronautics is mostly related to _.49. “normal to an abnormal degree” (Para. 2) means _.50. To the future spaceman, w

58、hat is most physically important is that _.问题1选项A.faced with isolation, he is brave enough and not liable to go madB.he needs to have a strong death complexC.he must have strong bones and powerful musclesD.he must be cool-headed问题2选项A.He must have superior intelligence.B.He is young.C.He should have

59、 a strong desire to survive.D.He doesnt get upset easily.问题3选项A.literatureB.the science of medicineC.biologyD.disciplines and regulations问题4选项A.seemingly normal but actually abnormalB.so ordinary that he is undistinguished in every wayC.extremely healthy, and there is nothing abnormal with himD.so n

60、ormal that no one believes it is true问题5选项A.his vital capacity must be as great at a glass blowersB.he must have a short and firm neckC.his heart must be comparatively largeD.his digestive system should not be upset by weightlessness【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】46.【选项释义】46. All the following are

61、 popular beliefs about the future spaceman EXCEPT that _. 46. 下面这些都是关于未来宇航员流行的信念，除了_。A. faced with isolation, he is brave enough and not liable to go mad A. 面对孤立，他是足够勇敢的，不会发疯B. he needs to have a strong death complex B. 他需要有强烈的死亡情结C. he must have strong bones and powerful muscles C. 他必须有强壮的骨骼和强壮的肌肉D

62、. he must be cool-headed D. 他必须头脑冷静【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干的关键信息popular beliefs定位至文章第一段，第二句对此有描述“他需要钢铁般的骨骼和强壮的肌肉来抵抗火箭的推力（bones of steel and powerful muscles），需要吹玻璃者的肺，需要强大的心脏，需要杂技演员的冷静（the calmness of an acrobat），需要无意识的死亡冲动（unconscious death urges），还是需要一个被推向孤立的精神分裂症？”，从中可知，只有A项不符合原文，文中虽然提到了“孤立”，但重点是“精神

63、分裂症”，所以该题选择A项。【干扰项排除】B选项“他需要有强烈的死亡情结”、C选项“他必须有强壮的骨骼和强壮的肌肉”和D选项“他必须头脑冷静”都包括在内。47.【选项释义】47. Which of the following is NOT considered by the author as a more realistic image of the future spaceman? 47. 以下哪一项不是作者认为的更现实的未来宇航员的形象？A. He must have superior intelligence. A. 他一定有过人的智慧。B. He is young. B. 他是年轻的。C. He should have a