2022年考博英语-中国科学院考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解37

《2022年考博英语-中国科学院考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解37》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年考博英语-中国科学院考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解37（22页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、2022年考博英语-中国科学院考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题Mist steals silently in, turns familiar landscapes strange, dampens sounds, _ visionthen clears suddenly and without warning.问题1选项A.spoilsB.blowsC.tearsD.blurs【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. spoils 破坏，糟蹋 B. blows 吹，刮C. tears 撕裂，撕开 D. blurs 视线模糊，看不清【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】本句主语是“Mis

2、t（薄雾）”，空格处和下文的“vision（视野）”构成动宾逻辑，并且和“steals（潜入）、turns（转变）、dampens（减弱）”构成并列谓语，表示薄雾对感官产生的作用。由“turns familiar landscapes strange, dampens sounds（把熟悉的风景变得陌生，减弱了声音）”可知，薄雾应该是减弱了人们的感知，所以视野也应该是变模糊的。blur指看不清楚东西，因此D选项blurs“视线模糊，看不清”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项spoils“破坏，糟蹋”指把好的东西变成坏的、不愉快的、无用的东西，不符合题干的语义逻辑；B选项blows“吹，刮”指从口

3、中吹气或刮风，不能和“vision（视野）”进行搭配；C选项tears“撕裂，撕开”指将某物撕成碎片或用锋利的东西切割而损坏某物，不符合题干的语义逻辑。【句意】薄雾悄悄地潜入，把熟悉的风景变得陌生，减弱了声音，模糊了视野然后突然消失，没有任何预兆。2. 单选题Bill was sitting and daydreaming so his mother told him to _ down to earth and to do his homework.问题1选项A.goB.comeC.narrowD.boil【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. go 去，走 B. come 来，到C. narr

4、ow 变窄，缩小 D. boil 沸腾，烧开【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】本句的主干部分是“Bill was sitting and daydreaming（比尔正坐着做白日梦）”，so引导了一个结果状语从句，说明导致的结果是妈妈叫他去做某事，和“daydreaming（白日梦）”相对立的应该是面对现实。come down to earth是固定搭配，意为“回到现实，面对现实”，因此B选项come“来，到”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项go“去，走”，go down to指延续至，一直到某处；C选项narrow“变窄，缩小”，narrow down to指缩小到某个范围；D选项boil“沸

5、腾，烧开”，boil down to指归结为，归根结底；均不能和“earth（土地）”构成固定搭配。【句意】比尔正坐着做白日梦，所以他妈妈叫他面对现实，去做家庭作业。3. 单选题Medical statistics have shown that the widespread use of cigarettes （ ） to the increase of cancers.问题1选项A.refersB.confinesC.owesD.contributes【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。refer to “参考；涉及”；confine to “只限于.”；owe to “归功于；由于”；c

6、ontribute to “促成；导致”。句意：医疗统计表明香烟的普遍传播_患癌人数增加。前者是后者发生的原因，因此选项D符合题意。4. 单选题Toyota said on Tuesday that it will（ ） its annual year-end sales event early.问题1选项A.give awayB.fix onC.kick offD.bring up【答案】C【解析】考查动词短语辨析。give away “放弃，分发”；fix on “确定，固定”；kick off “开始”；bring up“提出，养育”。句意：星期二，丰田汽车公司宣布将提前开展其一年一度的

7、年终促销活动。选项C符合句意。5. 单选题His fame proved to be a flash in the panhis first book was popular but he hasnt written anything（ ） since.问题1选项A.innovativeB.descriptiveC.intangibleD.intelligible【答案】A【解析】考察形容词辨析。innovative “创新的”；descriptive “描述的”；intangible “无形的，难以琢磨的”；intelli “容易理解的”。句意：他的名气犹如昙花一现他的第一本书很畅销，但之后

8、再也没有写出有新意的东西。选项A符合句意。6. 单选题These pollutants can be（ ） hundreds and even thousands of kilometers by large air masses.问题1选项A.conveyedB.conjecturedC.conjuredD.conserved【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。convey “传播，输送”；conjecture “推测”；conjure “用魔法变出，想象”；conserve “保全，保护”。句意为：这些污染物会因为强大的气团而被传播至百里，甚至千里之外。选项A符合句意。7. 单选题（ ） of

9、 organic foods-a term whose meaning varies greatly-frequently proclaim that such products are safer and more nutritious than others.问题1选项A.CaptivesB.AddictsC.ContestantsD.Advocates【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。captive “俘虏”；addict “吸毒成瘾的人；入迷的人”；contestant “竞争者”；advocate “拥护者”。句意：有机食品这个术语的意义至今多样，它的_宣称这类食品比其他食品更加安

10、全，更加有营养。选项D符合题意。8. 单选题In this age of globalization, we need to abandon our historical idea of（ ）as a single religious or national alliance.问题1选项A.identityB.registrationC.dignityD.qualification【答案】A【解析】考察名词辨析。identity 身份；registration登记，注册；dignity尊严 ；qualification资格。句意：在全球化时代下，我们需要摈弃视身份为单一的宗教或民族认同的历史观

11、点。选项A符合句意。9. 单选题Its well known that the brain is a food-guzzling greedy guts, consuming 20% of the bodys energy though it only _ 2% of its weight.问题1选项A.accounts forB.contributes toC.figures outD.makes up for【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. accounts for 占比例 B. contributes to 有助于，促成C. figures out 想出，弄明白 D. makes up

12、 for 补偿，弥补【考查点】动词词组辨析。【解题思路】though引导了一个让步状语从句，根据从句内容所得出的某种预期应与上文“consuming 20% of the bodys energy（消耗着身体百分之二十的能量）”之间存在相反的逻辑关系，说明该预期应为“消耗的身体能量很少”。通常来说只有占了很多的身体重量，才会消耗更多的身体能量，由此可知从句部分所表达的应该是“只占很少的身体重量”。account for指组成或形成某物的一部分，因此A选项account for“占比例”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】B选项contributes to“有助于，促成”指作为促进某件事的因素，不能和“w

13、eight（体重）”进行搭配；C选项figures out“想出，弄明白”指通过思考理解某事物或找到解决办法，不符合题干的语义逻辑；D选项makes up for“补偿，弥补”指做出行动来纠正或改进某事物，不符合题干的语义逻辑。【句意】众所周知，大脑是一个狼吞虎咽的贪吃鬼，尽管它只占身体重量的百分之二，却消耗着身体百分之二十的能量。10. 单选题Peler Eigen, 65-year-old, chairman of Transparency International, the global anti-corruption watchdog, is proud of a large pho

14、tograph on his office wall. It pictures him alongside Mwai Kibaki, the Kenyan president, and James Wolfensohn, president of the World Bank.The picture, taken shortly after Mr. Kibakis inauguration in January, shows the three men in friendly discussion at a meeting in Nairobi, the Kenyan capital. “Th

15、is photo is very special because it shows how far Transparency International has come since we set it up 10 years ago，” says Mr. Eigen with a smile.Before leading a group of friends in 1993 to form TI in a one-room Berlin office, Mr. Eigen worked at the World Bank for 25 years. His final position wa

16、s senior programme manager in east Africa, based in Nairobi.（1） “I was told that fighting corruption was not part of the banks mandate,” he says.This led him to leave Kenya and the bank and start campaigning.The picture shows how things have come full circle.（2 ）About 60 people work in the head-quar

17、ters in west Berlin. TIs annual Corruption Perceptions Index, ranking national corruption levels, has become a benchmark for many governments.（3）“This would have been unthinkable” a few years ago, Mr. Eigen says.A series of closed-door meetings in the mid-1990s in Berlin with chief executives from l

18、eading German multinationals laid the groundwork for international action. “ We moved the executives from being defensive to admitting that there was a big problem.（4 ）“Tis solution was joint pressure from the companies on the government to sign the OECD convention against bribe-paying and, later, t

19、he signing of agreements between companies not to use bribery to win contracts.（5 ）Mr. Eigen argues that TPs approach, based on “building coalitions, not on confrontation,”has brought results.问题1选项A.TI now has a global reach in its information campaigns and lobbying work, supporting national groups

20、in more than 100 countries.B.Then came the important question: how do we stop bribing without losing business to companies that still do it?C.One example is the German chapter of TI, which has more than 30 member companies, including Siemens, Lufthans, BASF and Daimler Chrysler.D.There, he observed

21、not only corruption in his dealings with the government of Danjel Arap Moi, president at the time, but also the unwillingness of the bank to do anything about it.E.TI has been instrumental in putting corruption on the world agenda, including in the United Nations.F.TTs approach of working closely wi

22、th companies to combat corruption contrasts with the tactics of many other pressure groups.问题2选项A.TI now has a global reach in its information campaigns and lobbying work, supporting national groups in more than 100 countries.B.Then came the important question: how do we stop bribing without losing

23、business to companies that still do it?C.One example is the German chapter of TI, which has more than 30 member companies, including Siemens, Lufthans, BASF and Daimler Chrysler.D.There, he observed not only corruption in his dealings with the government of Danjel Arap Moi, president at the time, bu

24、t also the unwillingness of the bank to do anything about it.E.TI has been instrumental in putting corruption on the world agenda, including in the United Nations.F.TTs approach of working closely with companies to combat corruption contrasts with the tactics of many other pressure groups.问题3选项A.TI

25、now has a global reach in its information campaigns and lobbying work, supporting national groups in more than 100 countries.B.Then came the important question: how do we stop bribing without losing business to companies that still do it?C.One example is the German chapter of TI, which has more than

26、 30 member companies, including Siemens, Lufthans, BASF and Daimler Chrysler.D.There, he observed not only corruption in his dealings with the government of Danjel Arap Moi, president at the time, but also the unwillingness of the bank to do anything about it.E.TI has been instrumental in putting co

27、rruption on the world agenda, including in the United Nations.F.TTs approach of working closely with companies to combat corruption contrasts with the tactics of many other pressure groups.问题4选项A.TI now has a global reach in its information campaigns and lobbying work, supporting national groups in

28、more than 100 countries.B.Then came the important question: how do we stop bribing without losing business to companies that still do it?C.One example is the German chapter of TI, which has more than 30 member companies, including Siemens, Lufthans, BASF and Daimler Chrysler.D.There, he observed not

29、 only corruption in his dealings with the government of Danjel Arap Moi, president at the time, but also the unwillingness of the bank to do anything about it.E.TI has been instrumental in putting corruption on the world agenda, including in the United Nations.F.TTs approach of working closely with

30、companies to combat corruption contrasts with the tactics of many other pressure groups.问题5选项A.TI now has a global reach in its information campaigns and lobbying work, supporting national groups in more than 100 countries.B.Then came the important question: how do we stop bribing without losing bus

31、iness to companies that still do it?C.One example is the German chapter of TI, which has more than 30 member companies, including Siemens, Lufthans, BASF and Daimler Chrysler.D.There, he observed not only corruption in his dealings with the government of Danjel Arap Moi, president at the time, but a

32、lso the unwillingness of the bank to do anything about it.E.TI has been instrumental in putting corruption on the world agenda, including in the United Nations.F.TTs approach of working closely with companies to combat corruption contrasts with the tactics of many other pressure groups.【答案】第1题:D第2题:

33、A第3题:E第4题:B第5题:F【解析】1.联系上下文。空格句子的前句提及Peter Eigen曾经的职务，后句提及反腐并不是银行的工作。结合前后文可以判断，空格处句子应含有corruption和bank这样的单词。选项D符合条件。2.分析原文第五段的内容可知，本段内容主要是关于TI公司的发展现状。选项A与段落意思一致。3.联系上下文。空格前一句讲到了公司提供的年度腐败指数成为很多政府的基准。后一句提到这在几年前还难以置信。前后两句都是谈论的公司影响力。由此可知，空格处句子也应该与公司影响有关。选项E中提及公司的反腐已经提上世界日程，包括联合国。符合语境。4.联系上下文。空格前一句中提到“a

34、big problem”，接下来的内容就与这一重要问题相关。选项B中的then came the important problem与前文遥相呼应。5.联系上下文。空格后一句提及公司的策略(approach)是公司之间的合作(coalitions),而非对抗。空格所在句中应出现approach这一单词，选项F中的working close与coalition呼应。11. 单选题If we cannot（ ） exactly what we are supposed to be managing，how can we manage it?问题1选项A.knock onB.pin downC.le

35、t goD.get over【答案】B【解析】考查动词词组辨析。knock on “敲击，撞击”；pin down “确定”；let go “放开，释放”；get over“恢复，解决”。语境为：如果我们无法准确确定有待管理之处，那么我们该如何进行管理？选项B符合句意。12. 单选题Politicians lie, and people with a political agenda （ ）the facts to serve them.问题1选项A.slantB.imitateC.transferD.converse【答案】A【解析】考察动词辨析。slant带有偏见地报道或陈述；imitat

36、e模仿，效仿；transfer使转移；converse交谈，谈话。 句意：政客们撒谎，抱有政治目的的人歪曲事实来逢迎他们。选项A符合句意。13. 单选题The materials probe complex and _ issues concerning the ways in which a language affects the thinking that goes on in the human minds.问题1选项A.cohesiveB.conduciveC.elusiveD.exclusive【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. cohesive 结合的，凝结的 B. conduc

37、ive 有助于的，有益的C. elusive 难以捉摸的，难以解释的 D. exclusive 专有的，排他的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】空格处作定语修饰下文的“issues（问题）”，表示这些材料所探讨的问题是什么样的。and连接两个并列定语，说明空格处要和“complex（复杂的）”相对应，这些问题很复杂，也就意味着很难理解它们。elusive指难以理解、定义或记住，因此C选项elusive“难以捉摸的，难以解释的”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项cohesive“结合的，凝结的”指使人或事物联合起来，结成一个紧密的整体，不能和“issues（问题）”进行搭配；B选项conduciv

38、e“有助于的，有益的”指使某事更容易或可能发生，不符合题干的语义逻辑；D选项exclusive“专有的，排他的”指仅供一个特定的人或群体使用或其他事物不能与其同时存在，不能和“complex（复杂的）”相对应。【句意】这些材料探讨了关于语言影响人类思维方式的复杂而难以捉摸的问题。14. 单选题In the mid-1990s, three senior female professors at M. I. T. came to suspect that their careers had been hampered by similar patterns of marginalization.

39、（1 ）After performing the investigation and studying the data, the committee concluded that the marginalization experienced by female scientists at M. I. T. “was often accompanied by differences in salary, space，awards, resources and response to outside offers between men and women faculty, with wome

40、n receiving less despite professional accomplishments equal to those of their colleagues. ” The dean concurred with the committees findings. And yet, as was noted in the committees report, his fellow administrators “resisted the notion that there was any problem that arose from gender bias in the tr

41、eatment of the women faculty. Some argued that it was the masculine culture of M. I. T. that was to blame, and little could be done to change that. ”（2）The committees most evocative finding was that the discrimination facing female scientists in the final quarter of 20th century was qualitatively di

42、fferent from the more obvious forms of sexism addressed by civil rights laws and affirmative action, but no less real. Not everyone agrees that what was uncovered at M. I. T. actually qualifies as discrimination.（3）Even if female professors have been shortchanged or shunted aside, their marginalizat

43、ion might be a result of the same sorts of departmental infighting, personality conflicts and “ mistaken impressions that cause male faculty members to feel slighted as well. Perceptions of discrimination are evidence of nothing but subjective feelings,”Kleinfeld scoffs.（4）In February 2012, the Amer

44、ican Institute of Physics published a survey of 15, 000 male and female physicists across 130 countries.（5）“In fact,” the researchers concluded，“ women physicists could be the majority in some hypothetical future yet still find their careers experience problems that stem from often unconscious bias.

45、 ”问题1选项A.In almost all cultures, female scientists received less financing, lab space, office support and grants for equipment and travel, even after the researchers controlled for differences other than sex.B.Judith Kleinfeld, a professor emeritus in the psychology department at the University of A

46、laska, argues that the M. I. T. study isnt persuasive because the number of faculty members involved is too small and university officials refuse to release the data.C.But broader studies show that the perception of discrimination is often accompanied by a very real difference in the allotment of re

47、sources.D.Yet women pursuing tenure track must leap hurdles that are higher than those facing their male competitors, often without realizing any such disparity exists.E.In other words, women didnt become scientists because science and scientists were male.F.They took the matter to the dean, who app

48、ointed a committee of six senior women and three senior men to investigate their concerns.问题2选项A.In almost all cultures, female scientists received less financing, lab space, office support and grants for equipment and travel, even after the researchers controlled for differences other than sex.B.Ju

49、dith Kleinfeld, a professor emeritus in the psychology department at the University of Alaska, argues that the M. I. T. study isnt persuasive because the number of faculty members involved is too small and university officials refuse to release the data.C.But broader studies show that the perception

50、 of discrimination is often accompanied by a very real difference in the allotment of resources.D.Yet women pursuing tenure track must leap hurdles that are higher than those facing their male competitors, often without realizing any such disparity exists.E.In other words, women didnt become scienti

51、sts because science and scientists were male.F.They took the matter to the dean, who appointed a committee of six senior women and three senior men to investigate their concerns.问题3选项A.In almost all cultures, female scientists received less financing, lab space, office support and grants for equipme

52、nt and travel, even after the researchers controlled for differences other than sex.B.Judith Kleinfeld, a professor emeritus in the psychology department at the University of Alaska, argues that the M. I. T. study isnt persuasive because the number of faculty members involved is too small and univer

53、sity officials refuse to release the data.C.But broader studies show that the perception of discrimination is often accompanied by a very real difference in the allotment of resources.D.Yet women pursuing tenure track must leap hurdles that are higher than those facing their male competitors, often

54、without realizing any such disparity exists.E.In other words, women didnt become scientists because science and scientists were male.F.They took the matter to the dean, who appointed a committee of six senior women and three senior men to investigate their concerns.问题4选项A.In almost all cultures, fem

55、ale scientists received less financing, lab space, office support and grants for equipment and travel, even after the researchers controlled for differences other than sex.B.Judith Kleinfeld, a professor emeritus in the psychology department at the University of Alaska, argues that the M. I. T. stud

56、y isnt persuasive because the number of faculty members involved is too small and university officials refuse to release the data.C.But broader studies show that the perception of discrimination is often accompanied by a very real difference in the allotment of resources.D.Yet women pursuing tenure

57、track must leap hurdles that are higher than those facing their male competitors, often without realizing any such disparity exists.E.In other words, women didnt become scientists because science and scientists were male.F.They took the matter to the dean, who appointed a committee of six senior wom

58、en and three senior men to investigate their concerns.问题5选项A.In almost all cultures, female scientists received less financing, lab space, office support and grants for equipment and travel, even after the researchers controlled for differences other than sex.B.Judith Kleinfeld, a professor emeritus

59、 in the psychology department at the University of Alaska, argues that the M. I. T. study isnt persuasive because the number of faculty members involved is too small and university officials refuse to release the data.C.But broader studies show that the perception of discrimination is often accompan

60、ied by a very real difference in the allotment of resources.D.Yet women pursuing tenure track must leap hurdles that are higher than those facing their male competitors, often without realizing any such disparity exists.E.In other words, women didnt become scientists because science and scientists w

61、ere male.F.They took the matter to the dean, who appointed a committee of six senior women and three senior men to investigate their concerns.【答案】第1题:F第2题:E第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.联系上下文。第二段开头提到committee时，使用了定冠词the修饰committee，说明前文该词就已出现过，选项F中含有committee,也同样提到了 investigate,与下文的investigation呼应。2.联系上下文。空格前

62、一句提及应该指责的是麻省理工学院的男性文化(masculine culture)，而对此却束手无策。选项E中提及女性没有成为科学家是因为科学(或科学家)都是男性，与前文意思最为接近。3.联系上下文。空格的前一句中提到并不是每一个人都同意在麻省理工暴露的问题就是歧视的这一说法，接下来作者很有可能要举例说明该观点。另外，第二段末提到了一个人名Kleinfeld,说明上文中一定交代了 Kleinfeld的相关信息，选项中符合语境的只有选项B，其中提及的“M. I. T. study isnt persuasive”与上文信息呼应。4.联系上下文。空格前的段中提及Kleinfeld教授认为麻省理工的女性科学家被边缘化不是因为性别歧视，而空格句所在段落的尾句指出大多数女物理学家所经历的事业问题通常来自于无意识的偏见(unconscious bias),前后两段内容相反，由此可知，空格处句子表示转折承接，C、D入选，而只有选项C中提及了 discrimination,与下文遥相呼应。5.联系上下文。选项A中的in almost all cultures与上文中的across 130 countries互相呼应。15. 单选题The results of the various lab analyses now _