2022-2023年考博英语-厦门大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第42期

《2022-2023年考博英语-厦门大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第42期》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022-2023年考博英语-厦门大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第42期（25页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、2022-2023年考博英语-厦门大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 案例题As researchers learn more about how childrens intelligence develops, they are increasingly surprised by the power of parents. The power of the school has been replaced by the home. To begin with, ail the factors which are part of intelligence the childs understan

2、ding of language, learning patterns, curiosityare established well before the child enters school at the age of six. Study after study has shown that even after school begins, childrens achievements have been far more influenced by parents than by teachers. This is particularly true about learning t

3、hat is language-related. The school rather than the home is given credit for variations in achievement in subjects such as science.In view of their power its sad to see so many parents not making the most of their childs intelligence. Until recently parents had been warned by educators who asked the

4、m not to educate their children. Many teachers now realize that children cannot be educated only at school and parents are being asked to contribute both before and after the child enters school.Parents have been particularly afraid to teach reading at home. Of course, children shouldnt be pushed to

5、 read by their parents, but educators have discovered that reading is best aught individually一and the easiest place to do this is at home. Many four and five-year-olds who have been shown a few letters and taught their sounds will compose single words of their own with them even before they have bee

6、n taught to read.1.What have researchers found out about the influence of parents and the school on childrens intelligence?2.What do researchers conclude about childrens learning patterns?3.In which area may school play a more important role?4.Why did many parents fail to make the most of their chil

7、drens intelligence?5.The author suggests in the last paragraph that parents should be encouraged to .【答案】1.Parents have greater influence than school.2.They are established well at the age of six.3.Subject such as science.4.They were warned by educators not to educate their children.5.teach reading

8、at home.【解析】1.根根据第一段第四句 Study after study has shown that even after school begins, childrens achievements have been far more influenced by parents than by teachers. 一项又一项研究表明, 即使在开学后, 孩子们的成绩也更多地受到父母的影响, 而不是老师的影响。2.根据第一段第三句To begin with, all the factors . are established well before the child enters

9、school at the age of six.在儿童六岁入学之前, 所有与智力相关的因素, 如儿童对语言的理解力、学习模式、好奇心都已经确定。3.根据第一段最后一句 The school rather than the home is given credit for variations in achievement in subjects such as science. 在诸如科学这类科目中取得成就时, 受到称赞的是学校而非家庭。4.根据第二段的第二句Until recently, parents had been warned by educators who asked them

10、 not to educate their children.直到最近, 教育学家还告诫父母不要教育他们的孩子。5.根据最后一段的第二句.children shouldnt be . to do this is at home. 当然, 父母不应该强迫孩子阅读, 但教育工作者发现, 阅读是最好的个别化教学, 而最容易的地方是在家里。作者其实是鼓励父母在家里教孩子阅读。2. 单选题She refused to disclose what had been told her, on the_that it would be a breach of faith.问题1选项A.reasonB.acco

11、untsC.termsD.grounds【答案】C【解析】on the terms that为固定搭配, 是关于, 因为的意思。句意：她拒绝透露别人告诉她的情况, 因为这将违背誓言。所以本题选C。3. 单选题Salas is one of 13,000 King County employees who will be asked to confidentially_whether theyre overweight,smoke or engage in other health-related vices.问题1选项A.dementB.divulgeC.retaliateD.disservi

12、ce【答案】B【解析】dement使发狂; divulge泄露, 暴露; retaliate报复; disservice伤害, 虐待。句意：萨拉斯是国王郡1.3万名雇员之一, 他们将被要求私下透露自己是否超重、是否吸烟或是否有其他与健康有关的恶习。选项B符合句意。4. 翻译题Many advocates of a universal healthcare system in the United States look to Canada for their model. While the Canadian healthcare system has much to recommend it

13、, theres another model that has been too long neglected. That is the healthcare system in France.(1) Although the French system faces many challenges,the World Health Organization rated it the best in the world in 2001 because of its universal coverage, responsive healthcare providers, patient and p

14、rovider freedoms,and the health and longevity of the countrys population. The United States ranked 37.The French system is also not inexpensive. At $3,500 per capita it is one of the most costly in Europe, yet that is still far less than the $6,100 per person in the United States.(2) The French shar

15、e Americans distaste for restrictions on patient choice and they insist on autonomous private practitioners rather than a British-style national health service, which the French dismiss as socialized medicine. Virtually all physicians in France participate in the nations public health insurance, Sec

16、urite Sociale.Their freedoms of diagnosis and therapy are protected in ways that would make their managed-care- controlled US counterparts envious. However,the average American physician earns more than five times the average US wage while the average French physician makes only about two times the

17、average earnings of his or her compatriots. (3) But the lower income of French physicians is allayed by two factors,Practice liability is greatly diminished by a tort-averse legal system, and medical schools, although extremely competitive to enter, are tuition-free. Thus, French physicians enter th

18、eir careers, with any debt and pay much lower malpractice insurance premiums.Nor do Frances doctors face the high nonmedical personnel payroll expenses that burden American physicians. Securite Sociale has created a standardized and speedy system for physician billing and patient reimbursement using

19、 electronic funds.(4) Its not uncommon to visit a French medical office and see no nonmedical personnel. What a concept. No back office army of billing specialists who do daily battle with insurers arcane and constantly changing rules of payment.National health insurance in France stands upon two gr

20、and historical bargainsthe first with doctors and a second with insurers.Doctors only agreed to participate in compulsory health insurance if the Jaw protected a patients choice of practitioner and guaranteed physicians resistance by permitting the nations already existing insurers to administer its

21、 new healthcare funds. Private health insurers are also central to the system as supplemental insurers who cover patient expenses that are not paid for by Securite Sociale.In fact, in France, the sicker you are,the more coverage, care, and treatment you get. Like all healthcare systems, the French c

22、onfront ongoing problems. (5) Today French reformers number one priority is to move health insurance financing away from payroll and wage levies because they hamper employers willingness to hire. Instead, France is turning toward broad taxes on earned and unearned income alike to pay for healthcare.

23、 Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.【答案】（1）尽管法国的医疗保健制度面临着很多的挑战， 但2001年世界卫生组织仍将它排在第一位，原因是法国的医疗保健制度的覆盖面最广，拥有积极响应的医疗保健提供者, 医患的自由性和国民健康、长寿。（2）法国人和美国人一样也不愿意在患者选择上设限， 并且他们坚决主张自主的私营执业者，而不是一种英 国式的国民保健制度。法国人将这种国民保健制度视为“公费医疗制度”，不予采纳。（3）但是两方面的因素弥补了法国医生的收入低的情形。反侵权法律制度

24、大大减小了实践责任。另外, 尽管进入医学院的竞争极其激烈， 但其学费是免费的。因此，法国医生就业时很少欠债， 所付的医疗事故保险费非常少。（4）参观法国医用办公室看不到非医学的职员是很平常的事情。也就是说在后端办公的人员中，没有大批的医疗账单专家每天与保险公司不断改变的付款规则作战。（5）)如今法国改革者优先考虑的事是不再从工资和工资税上为健康保险筹措资金， 因为他们制约了雇用者雇用员工的意愿。相反，法国的税收主要是来自工薪收入和非工薪收入， 并用这些税收来支付健康保险。5. 单选题Free will allows us to indulge our_passions; freedom lea

25、ds us in the higher path to unlock lifes mystic secrets.问题1选项A.dischargingB.fleetingC.colludingD.displacing【答案】A【解析】discharge卸下, 放出; fleet消磨; collude串通, 勾结; displace转移, 取代。句意：自由意志使我们能尽情释放自己的激情;自由引领我们走向更高的道路，去开启生命的奥秘。选项A符合句意。6. 单选题In most peoples mind, growth is associated with prosperity. We judge h

26、ow well the economy is doing by the size of the Gross National Product (GNP), a measure, supposedly, of growth. Equally axiomatic, however, is the notion that increased pressure on dwindling natural resources must inevitably lead to a decline in prosperity, especially when accompanied by a growth in

27、 population. So, which is correct: growth means prosperity and no growth means adversity, or growth means adversity and no growth meanswhat?What growth advocates mean, primarily, when they say growth is necessary for prosperity is that growth is necessary for the smooth functioning of the economic s

28、ystem. In one arena the argument in favor of growth is particularly compelling and that is with regard to the Third World. To argue against growth, other than population growth, in light of Third World poverty and degradation seems callous, if not cruel, the pompous postulating of the comfortable an

29、d the secure. But is it? Could it be that growth, especially the growth of the wealthier countries, has contributed to the impoverishment, not the advancements of Third World countries? If not, how do we account tor the desperate straits these countries find themselves in today after a century of de

30、dication to growth?To see how this might be the case we must look at the impact of growth on Third World countries - the reality, not the abstract stages-of-economic-growth nostrum propounded through rose-colored glasses by academicians of the developed world. What good is growth to the people of th

31、e Third World if it means the conversion of peasant farms into mechanized agri-businesses producing commodities not for local consumption but for export, if it means the stripping of their land of its mineral and arboreal treasures to the benefit of foreign investors and a handful of their local col

32、laborators, if it means the assumption of a crushing foreign indebtedness, the proceeds of which goes not into the development of the country but into the purchase of luxury cars, the padding of Swiss bank accounts, and the buying of condominiums in Miami?Admittedly, this is an oversimplification, w

33、hich applies to no country in its entirety and to some countries not at all. But the point, I believe, remains valid: that growth in underdeveloped countries cannot simply be judged in the abstract; it must be judged based on the true nature of growth in these societies, on who benefits and who is h

34、armed on where growth is leading these people and where it has left them. When considered in this way, it just might be that in the present context growth is more detrimental to the well-being of the wretched of the earth than beneficial.So, do we need growth for prosperity? Only the adoption of zer

35、o growth can provide the answer. But that is a test not easily undertaken. Modern economies are incredibly complex phenomena, a tribute to mans ability to organize and a challenge to his ability to understanding. Anything that affects their functioning, such as a policy of zero growth, should not be

36、 proposed without a wary prudence and a self-doubting humility. But if the prospect of leaping into the economic unknown is fear-inspiring, equally so is the prospect of letting that fear prevent us from acting when the failure to act could mean untold misery for future generations and perhaps envir

37、onmental catastrophes which threaten our very existence. 1.Which of the following statements does the author support?2.It is implied in Paragraphs 2 and 3 that（ ）.3.With regard to the economic development in Third World countries the author is actually saying that（ ） .4.The author seems to believe t

38、hat prosperity（ ）.5.The answer of the author to the question Do we need growth for prosperity is （ ）.问题1选项A.Gross National Product is a safe measure for economic growth.B.Diminishing natural resources will prove harmful to the well-being of humanity.C.A decline in prosperity will inevitably lead to

39、a growth in population.D.Growth in population will be a chief threat to economic prosperity.问题2选项A.the smooth functioning of the economic system is dependent on sustained prosperityB.economic growth has not contributed to the poverty of the Third World countriesC.growth in richer countries is achiev

40、ed at the expense of the Third World countriesD.the stages of economic growth cannot be superseded or modified by social mechanisms问题3选项A.the people in these countries have not actually benefited from itB.inadequate investment has seriously affected the developmentC.deep debt virtually makes further

41、 growth in these countries impossibleD.agriculture in these countries should have been left intact问题4选项A.can be achieved without economic growthB.can only be achieved with economic growthC.is a tribute to mans ability and creativityD.is fragile in face of environmental catastrophes问题5选项A.negativeB.p

42、ositiveC.vagueD.inconclusive【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:A第5题:A【解析】第1题:1.根据文章第一段第三句Equally axiomatic, ., especially when accompanied by a growth in population.同样不言自明的是, 对日益减少的自然资源施加越来越大的压力必然导致繁荣的衰落, 特别是在伴随人口增长的情况下。选项B符合原文。2.根据原文二三段的内容可知, 作者在第二段提出问题：富裕国家的增长是否导致了第三世界国家的贫困, 而不是进步？如果不是这样的话, 那么又怎么解释这些国家为什么在致力于

43、增长的一个世纪之后, 今天仍处于绝望而不可自拔的境地呢？作者在第三段给出了答案, 这种增长并没有给这些国家的人们带来好处, 而是让外国投资者及少数本地合作者获益。 选项C符合原文。3.根据第三段的内容可知：经济增长对第三世界国家的人们并无好处, 因为他们的农产品是为了出口, 矿产和其他资源被剥夺, 而他们却要背负沉重的外债, 这只会让国外投资者和少数本地人获益。所以选项A符合原文。4.根据第五段的一二句So, do we need growth for prosperity? Only the adoption of zero growth can provide the answer.我们需

44、要增长来实现繁荣吗?采用零增长也可以保持社会经济的繁荣。选项A符合原文。5.结合文章内容可知, 作者对增长持否定的态度, 因为增长给第三世界国家以及环境带来了种种危害, 所以本题选A。第2题:第3题:第4题:第5题:7. 单选题The senator of New York courted black voters,considered crucial to_the Democratic presidential nomination, in a series of campaign stops.问题1选项A.confiningB.securingC.tamperingD.pervading【

45、答案】B【解析】confine限制; secure保护,固定; tamper干预,削弱; pervade遍及。句意：这位来自纽约的参议员在一系列竞选活动中设法争取黑人选民的支持, 黑人选民被认为是确保民主党总统候选人提名的关键。选项B符合句意。8. 单选题For the first time,we found_that allow us to connect the first phase of human evolution and the second phase.问题1选项A.theoriesB.morassesC.frescosD.fossils【答案】D【解析】theory理论, 学

46、说; morass沼泽; fresco壁画; fossil化石。句意：我们第一次发现了化石, 它使我们能够把人类进化的第一阶段和第二阶段联系起来。选项D符合句意。9. 单选题The Bush Junta is using the_of Hurricane Katrina to cut the wages of people desperately trying to rebuild their lives and their communities.问题1选项A.dismantlementB.devastationC.scuttleD.wreckage【答案】B【解析】dismembermen

47、t分割，肢解; devastation毁坏；scuttle逃避；wreckage失事。句意：布什政府正利用Katrina飓风带来的破坏，削减那些拼命试图重建生活和社区的人们的工资。选项B符合句意。10. 案例题Most of us tell one two lies a day,according to scientists who study these things. And we rarely get caught,because the lies we tell are usually little ones: I got stuck in traffic. That color lo

48、oks good on you. I was just about to call. But even the smallest fib may soon be systematically exposed,at least in the virtual World. Researchers at several universities are developing software that can detect lies in online communications such as instant messages e-mails and chatrooms. The ability

49、 to spot digital deception, as researchers call it,has never been more crucial. Today,much of our business and social life is conducted online, making us increasingly vulnerable. White collar criminals,sexual predators, scammers, identity thieves and even terrorists surf the same Web as the rest of

50、us.Conventional lie detectors look for physiological signs of anxietya bead of sweat or a racing pulse but online systems examine only the liars words. When were looking at language, were looking at the tool of the lie, says Jeff Hancock,an assistant professor of communication and a member of the fa

51、culty of computing and information science at Cornell University.Hancock,who recently received a $680,000 grant from the National Science Foundation to study digital deception, says there is a growing body of evidence that the language of dishonest messages is different than that of honest ones. For

52、 example,one study led by Hancock and due to be published this spring in Discourse Processes found that deceptive e-mail messages contained 28 percent more words on average and used a higher percentage of words associated with negative emotions than did truthful messages. Liars also tend to use fewe

53、r first-person references (such as the pronoun I) and more third- person references (such as he and they). This may be the liars subconscious way of distancing himself from his lie.More surprising,Hancock and his colleagues have observed that the targets of liars also exhibit distinctive language pa

54、tterns. For instance,people who are being deceived often use shorter sentences and ask more questions. Even though they may not be aware that they are being lied to,people seem to exhibit subconscious suspicions.To identify the patterns of deceit,Hancock has developed an instant-messaging system at

55、Cornell that asks users to rate the deceptiveness of each message they send. The system has already collected 10,000 messages,of which about 6 percent qualify as patently deceptive. Eventually the results will be incorporated into software that analyzes incoming messages.For now,the Cornell research

56、ers are working only with the kinds of lies told by students and faculty. It remains to be seen whether such a system can be scaled up to handle big lies, such as messages sent by conartists and terrorists.Fortunately, the research so far suggests that people lie less often in e-mail than face-to-fa

57、ce or on the phone. Perhaps this is because people are reluctant to put their lies in writing. Hancock speculates. An e-mail generates multiple copies, he says.It will last longer than something carved in rock. So choose your words carefully. The internet may soon be rid not only deceit but also of

58、lame excuses.1.The digital polygraph conducts testing based on （ ）.2.List one of the differences between false pretences and unfeigned messages,according to Hancocks study.3.The language patterns of those harboring suspicious perspectives would be characteristics of .4.Why does Hancock need the rati

59、ng results of the message deceptiveness?5.Why do people lie less in e-mail messages than confronting with each other according to Hancocksspeculation?【答案】1.the liars words.2.According to Hancocks study,deceptive e-mail messages contained 28 percent more words on average and used a higher percentage

60、of words associated with negative emotions than did truthful messages.3.the targets of liars.4.To identify the patterns of deceit.5.Perhaps this is because people are reluctant to put their lies in writing.【解析】1.根据第三段的第一句“Conventional lie detectors look for physiological signs of anxietya bead of sw

61、eat or a racing pulsebut online systems examine only the liars words.”传统的测谎仪寻找焦虑的生理信号, 而电子测谎仪只检测说谎者的话语。所以这里应填入“the liars words.”2.根据第四段的第二句“Processes found that deceptive e-mail messages contained 28 percent more words on average and used a higher percentage of words associated with negative emotion

62、s than did truthful messages.”研究发现, 欺骗性的电子邮件比真实的邮件平均多包含28%的词汇, 使用的与负面情绪有关的词汇比例也更高。3.根据第五段的第一句“More surprising,Hancock and his colleagues have observed that the targets of liars also exhibit distinctive language patterns.”更令人惊讶的是, Hancock和他的同事们发现, 说谎者的目标也表现出独特的语言模式。结合第五段的内容可知这里应填入“the targets of liar

63、s.”.4根据第六段的第一句“To identify the patterns of deceit,Hancock has developed an instant- messaging system at Cornell that asks users to rate the deceptiveness of each message they send.”Hancock需要欺骗性信息的评级结果是为了识别欺骗的模式。5.根据最后一段的一二句“the research so far suggests that people lie less often in e-mail than face-to-face or on the phone. Perhaps this is because people are reluctant to put their lies in writing.”迄今为止的研究表明, 人们通过电子邮件说谎的频率低于面对面或电话。汉考克推测, 也许这是因为人们不愿意把谎言写下来。11. 案例题Everybody wastes time. Instead of doing his homework, the schoolboy watches tel