2022-2023年考博英语-中国矿业大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第16期

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1、2022-2023年考博英语-中国矿业大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The

2、development of automation in American industry has been called the Second Industrial Revolution.Labors concern over automation arises from uncertainty about the effects on employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labor has taken the view that resistance to technical change is unf

3、ruitful. Eventually the result of automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. The interest of labor lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum of inconvenienc

4、e and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards.To protect the interests of their memb

5、ers in the era of automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong dr

6、ive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the improve

7、ment factor, which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labor will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of automation.1.Though the labor worries about the effects of automation, it never doubts tha

8、t （ ）.2.The idea of the improvement factor (Para. 3) implies roughly（ ）.3.In order to get the full benefits of automation, labor will depend mostly on（ ）.4.Which of the following can best sum up the passage?问题1选项A.automation will eventually prevent unemploymentB.automation will help workers acquire

9、new skillsC.automation will eventually benefit the workers no less than the employersD.automation is a trend which cannot be stopped问题2选项A.wages should be paid on the basis of length of serviceB.the benefit of the increased production and lower costs should be shared by workersC.supplementary unempl

10、oyment benefit plans should be promotedD.the transition to automation should be brought about with the minimum of inconvenience and distress to workers问题3选项A.shorter working hours and more leisure timeB.the increase of wages in proportion to the increase in productivityC.additional payment to the pe

11、rmanently dismissal workersD.strong drive for planning new installations问题4选项A.Advantages and disadvantages of automationB.Labor and the effects of automationC.Unemployment benefits plans and automation.D.Social benefits of automation【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。题目提问尽管工人们担心自动化的影响，但他们从不怀疑？根据第二

12、段中“In the main, labor has taken the view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful.劳工基本上的观点是抵抗技术变革是徒然的”确定D选项“自动化是一种不能被阻止的趋势”正确。2.推理判断题。题目提问“改善因素”的概念(第3段)粗略地表示？根据第三段中 “Another approach is the idea of the improvement factor, which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. 另一

13、种方法是“改善因素”的想法，它要求在提高生产力的基础上增加工资。”确定B选项“工人应该共享生产增加和成本降低的福利”正确。3.细节事实题。题目提问为了获得自动化的全部好处，劳动力将主要依靠？根据最后一段中 “It is possible, however, that labor will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of automation. 然而，劳动力有可能主要依靠减少工作时间来充分分享自动化的成果。” 确定A选项“更短的工作时间和更多的休闲吋间

14、”正确。4.主旨大意题。全文主要是讲“自动化的发展对劳工在工作与就业等方而带来的影响”，所以B选项“劳工与自动化的影响”正确。文章并没有对自动化的劣势展开讨论，所以A选项“自动化的优势与劣势”错误，C选项“失业福利计划和自动化”和D选项“自动化的社会效益”只是文中提及的一部分内容，排除。2. 单选题Every day, many people come to visit the（ ）of the old castle.问题1选项A.locationB.highlandC.siteD.desert【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：每天都有人来参观城堡的遗址。location “场所”；

15、highland “高低”；site “遗址”；desert “沙漠”。根据句意，选项C符合题意。3. 单选题People are getting a better idea of the need to protect（ ）property rights.问题1选项A.knowledgeB.intelligenceC.intellectualD.leaning【答案】C【解析】固定搭配辨析题。knowledge “知识，学问，知道”；intelligence “智力，情报工作，理解力”：intellectual “智力的，聪明的，理智的”；intellectual property righ

16、ts “知识产权”；leaning “倾向，爱好；倾斜”。本题考察固定搭配intellectual property rights “知识产权”，句意是大家正更好地理解保护知识产权的需要。C选项正确。4. 单选题Atmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to 10 meters high. But plants can move water much higher, the sequoia tree can pump water to its very top, more than 100 meters above the gr

17、ound. Until the end of the nineteenth century, the movement of water in trees and other tall plants was a mystery. Some botanists hypothesized that the living cells of plants acted as pump. But many experiments demonstrated that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killed can still move wa

18、ter to appreciable heights. Other explanations for the movement of water in plants have been based on root pressure, a push on the water from the roots at the bottom of the plant. But root pressure is not nearly great enough to push water to the tops of tall trees. Furthermore, the conifers, which a

19、re among the tallest trees, have unusually low root pressures.If Water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, and if it is not pushed to the top of a tall tree, then we may ask: How does it get there? According to the currently accepted cohesion-tension theory, water is pulled there. The pull on a

20、 rising column of water in a plant results from the evaporation of water at the top of the plant. As water is lost from the surface of the leaves, a negative pressure, or tension, is created. The evaporated water is replaced by water moving from inside the plant in unbroken columns that extend from

21、the top of a plant to its roots. The same forces that create surface tension in any sample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columns of water. When water is confined in tubes of very small bore, the forces of cohesion (the attraction between water molecules) are so great

22、 that the strength of a column of water compares with the strength of a steel wire of the same diameter. This cohesive strength permits columns of water to be pulled to great heights without being broken.1.The passage answers which of the following questions?2.What do the first experiments mentioned

23、 in paragraph one prove?3.How do botanists know that root pressure is not the only force that moves water in plants?4.Which of the following statements does the passage support?问题1选项A.What is the effect of atmosphere pressure on foliage?B.When do dead cells harm plant growth?C.How does water get to

24、the tops of trees?D.Why is root pressure weak?问题2选项A.Plant stems die when deprived of waterB.Cells in plant stems do not pump waterC.Plants cannot move water to high altitudesD.Plant cells regulate pressure within stems问题3选项A.Some very tall trees have weak root pressureB.Root pressures decrease in w

25、inter.C.Plants can live after their roots die.D.Water in plants roots is not connected to water in its stem.问题4选项A.Water is pushed to the tops of treesB.Botanists have proven that living cells act as pumpsC.Atmospheric pressure draws water to the tops of tall treesD.Botanists have changed their theo

26、ries of how water moves in plants【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。题目提问这篇文章回答了下列哪个问题?根据第二段第一句中 “If Water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, and if it is not pushed to the top of a tall tree, then we may ask: How does it get there?如果水不是被泵到高树的树顶，也不是被推到树顶，那么我们会问：它是怎样到达树顶的呢？” 以及第二段第二句According t

27、o the currently accepted cohesion-tension theory, water is pulled there.最近公认的内聚压力理论解答了 “水移动到树顶端的原因。”确定C选项“水如何到达树的顶端”正确。2.推理判断题。题目提问第一段中提到的第一个实验证明了什么?根据第一段中“But many experiments demonstrated that the stems of plants, in which all the cells are killed can still move water to appreciable heights. 但许多实验

28、表明，在杀死所有细胞的植物茎干中，水仍然可以移动到相当高的高度。”确定B选项“植物的茎的细胞不能抽水”正确。3.推理判断题。题目提问植物学家是如何知道根压并不是推动植物水分流动的唯一力量的?根据第一段中“But root pressure is not nearly great enough to push water to the tops of tall trees. Furthermore, the conifers, which are among the tallest trees, have unusually low root pressures.但根压完全不足以将水推到树顶。此

29、外，作为最高树木之一的针叶树，其根压也低得异乎寻常。”确定A选项“一些非常高的树木有微弱的压力”正确。4.推理判断题。题目提问这篇文章支持下列哪个陈述?根据第二段中“ According to the currently accepted cohesion-tension theory, water is pulled there.根据目前为人们所接受的内聚压力的理论，水是被拉到上面去的。”确定D选项“植物学家已经改变他们有关水在植物中移动的理论” 正确；也由此知A选项“水是被推到树的顶端的”和C选项“大气压力把水吸到高大树木 的顶端”不正确，排除；根据第一段中 “But many exper

30、iments demonstrated that the stems of plants, in which all the cells are killed can still move water to appreciable heights. 但许多实验表明，在杀死所有细胞的植物茎干中，水仍然可以移动到相当高的高度。”确定B选项“植物学家己经证明活细胞能充当泵”不正确。5. 单选题My second claim concerns individual differences. Owing to the accidents of（ ）,environment, and their inte

31、raction, no two of us exhibit the same intelligence in precisely the same proportions.问题1选项A.heredityB.heirC.heritageD.supplement【答案】A【解析】名词辨析题。heredity “遗传，遗传性”；heir “继承人，后嗣”； heritage “遗产，传统，继承权”；supplement “补充，补充物，附录”。根据句意我的第二个声称关于个人差异。由于（ ）、环境及它们之间的相互作用， 我们中没有两个人以恰好同样的比例显示同样的智力。 确定A选项heredity “遗

32、传，遗传性”的正确。6. 单选题Since the townspeople were so dissatisfied, various methods to（ ）the situation were debated.问题1选项A.alleviateB.tolerateC.clarifyD.intensify【答案】A【解析】动词辨析题。alleviate “减轻，缓和”；tolerate “忍受，容忍”；clarify “使（头脑、神智等）清醒，澄清”；intensify “增强，増加”；根据句意因为小镇居民极其不满，所以讨论了各种（ ）形势的方案。确定A选项“减轻，缓和”符合题意。7. 单选

33、题The most familiar headache comes from（ ）tightness in the back, head and neck, which might be caused in turn by exertion, or worry or stress.问题1选项A.monopolyB.muscleC.murmurD.monster【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：最常见的头痛来自于后背、头部和脖子处的肌肉紧张，这些可能是由过度工作、担忧和压力造成的。Monopoly “垄断”；muscle “肌肉”；murmur “低语”；monster “怪物”。根据句

34、意，选项B符合题意。8. 单选题Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take extra precautions to shed any biases they bring with them from their own culture. For example, they must make sure they construct measures that are meaningful for each of the cultural or et

35、hnic minority groups being studied.In conducting research on culture and ethnic minority issues, investigators distinguish between the emic approach and the etic approach. In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and wit to th

36、e People in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultures. If researchers construct a questionnaire in an emic fashion, their concern is only that the questio

37、ns are meaningful to the particular culture or ethnic group being studied. If, however, the researchers construct a questionnaire in an etic fashion, they want to include questions that reflect concepts familiar to all cultures involved.How might the emic and etic approaches be reflected in the stud

38、y of family processes? In the emic approach, there searchers might choose to focus only on middle-class White families, without regard for whether the information obtained in the study can be generalized or is appropriate for ethic minority groups. In a subsequent study there searchers may decide to

39、 adopt an etic approach by studying not only middle-class, White families, but also lower-income White families, Black American families, Spanish American families, and Asian American families. In studying in ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely discover that the extended family is

40、 more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. If so, the emic approach would reveal a different pattern of family interaction than would the etic approach, documenting that research with middle-class White families cannot always be generalized to all

41、ethnic groups.1.According to the first paragraph, researchers unfamiliar with the target cultures are inclined to（ ）.2.What does the author say about the emic approach and the etic approach?3.Compared with the etic approach, the emic approach is apparently more（ ）.4.The etic approach is concerned wi

42、th（ ）.5.Which of the following is true of the ethnic minority families in the U.S. according to the passage?问题1选项A.be overcautious in constructing meaningfi.il measuresB.view them from their own cultural perspectiveC.guard against interference from their own cultureD.accept readily what is alien to

43、their own culture问题2选项A.They have different research focuses in the study of ethnic issues.B.The former is biased while the latter is objective.C.The former concentrates on the study of culture while the latter on family issues.D.They are both heavily dependent on questionnaires in conducting survey

44、s.问题3选项A.culturally interactiveB.culture-orientedC.culturally biasedD.culture-specific问题4选项A.the general characteristics of minority familiesB.culture-related concepts of individual ethnic groupsC.features shared by various cultures or ethnic groupsD.the economic conditions of different types of fam

45、ilies问题5选项A.Their cultural patterns are usually more adaptable.B.Their cultural concepts are difficult to comprehend.C.They dont interact with each other so much as White families.D.They have closer family ties than White families.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。由题干关键信息定位到文章一段第一句“Researcher

46、s who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take extra precautions to shed any biases they bring with them from their own culture.不熟悉他们所研究的文化和种族的研究人员必须采取额外的预防措施，以摆脱他们从自己的文化带来的任何偏见。”可知研究人员很容易带着文化偏见（从自己的文化角度）去研究其他文化。B选项“从他们自己的文化角度来看待（其他文化）”符合题意。2.判断推理题。the emic appr

47、oach and the etic approach“主位法和非位法”出现在第二段中，“In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and wit to the People in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is t

48、o describe behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultures. 在主位方法中，研究者的目标是描述一个文化或种族群体的行为，这个行为明确对那个文化或种族群体的人来说是有意义的或智慧的，而不考虑其他文化或种族群体。在非遗传方法中，研究者的目标是描述行为，以便对不同文化群里中的行为进行归纳。”也就是说，这两种方法的区别在于侧重点不同，因此，A选项“他们对民族问题的研究重点不同”正确。3.事实细节题。由上题分析可知，the emic approach专注于对特定文化群体的行为进行描述，因此D选项“文化特异性”正确。A选项

49、“文化互动性”；B选项“文化导向性”；C选项“文化偏见性”。4.事实细节题。由27题分析可知，the etic approach专注于比对不同文化群体的行为特征，因此C选项“不同文化或民族的共同特征”符合题意。5.判断推理题。由题干定位到文章最后一段中“In studying in ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than

50、in White American families. 通过对少数民族家庭的研究，研究人员可能会发现，与美国白人家庭相比，少数民族家庭的大家庭更是一个支持系统。”因此，比起白人家庭，少数民族家庭成员间的联系应更为紧密。因此D选项“他们的家庭关系比白人家庭更紧密”符合题意。9. 单选题The mayor（ ）his speech to suit the crowd of homeless people gathered in his office.问题1选项A.intonedB.expandedC.tailoredD.shortened【答案】C【解析】动词辨析题。intone “吟诵，吟咏”；

51、expand “扩大，扩展”；tailor “剪裁; 使合适”；shorten “缩短，变短”。根据句意为了迎合聚集于自己办公室的无家可归的人，市长（ ）自己的演说。确定C选项正确。10. 翻译题After I gave a talk on the subject of happiness, a woman in the audience stood up and said, “I wish my husband had come.” “Much as I loved him,” she explained, “it wasnt easy being married to someone so

52、 unhappy.” This woman enabled me to put into words what I had been searching foraltruistic, as well as the personal, reasons for taking happiness seriously. I told her that each of us owes it to our spouse, our children, and our friends to be as happy as we can.I was not a particularly happy child,

53、and like most teenagers, I took pleasure in my anguish. One day, however, it occurred to me that I was taking the easy way out. Anyone could be unhappy; it took no courage and effort. True achievement lay in struggling to be happy. The notion that we have to work at happiness comes as news to many p

54、eople. We assume its a feeling that comes as a result of good things that just happen to us, things over which we have little or no control. But the opposite is true: happiness is largely under our control. It is a battle to be fought and not a feeling to be awaited. To achieve a happy life, its nec

55、essary to overcome some stumbling blocks.We all know people who have had a relatively easy life yet are essentially unhappy. And we know people who have suffered a great deal but generally remain happy. The first secret is gratitude. All happy people are grateful. Ungrateful people cannot be happy.

56、We tend to think that being unhappy leads people to complain, but its truer to say that complaining leads to people becoming unhappy.【答案】在我做了一场以快乐为主题的报告之后，一位女士听众站起来说：“要是我丈夫也能来听报告就好了。”她解释说：“虽然我很爱他，可是同一个不快乐的人做夫妻真不是件容易的事情。”这位女士用语言表达出了我一直在探索的一个道理认真对待快乐，即可利己，也有利于他人。我告诉她，为了我们的配偶、孩子和朋友，我们每个人都应尽可能快乐。以前，我像大多

57、数十几岁的少年一样，并不是一个特别快乐的孩子，经常在苦中求乐。然而，有一天，我突然意识到，我是在贪图省事。任何人都可以不开心，这不需要勇气和努力。真正的成就在于努力奋斗去获得快乐。对许多人来说，我们必须努力去正确快乐这一概念是一件新鲜事。我们以为，快乐是一种感觉，是我们碰到好事的结果，我们很难掌控它。然而事实恰好相反，在很大程度上我们可以控制快乐。这是一场需要为之拼搏，而不是坐等。为了实现快乐的人生，我们需要克服一些障碍。众所周知，生活相对简单的人基本上并不快乐。而有一些人，他们经历了巨大的痛苦却往往仍然是快乐的。第一大秘诀就是感恩。所有快乐的人都怀有感恩的心。没有感恩之心的人不可能快乐。我们

58、往往认为，不快乐会导致人们抱怨。但事实却是抱怨让人变得不快乐。11. 单选题It was a foolish question to ask. It（1）more sense for me to have learned if she had（2） or a point of view, but it was（3） for that now and I supposed that the（4） Relation Office had（5） her before granting the interview. I didnt have time to read（6） pieces about c

59、orporate rainmakers and their golden parachutes or women at a midtown law firm（7） six times my salary but whining about breaking the（8） ,ceiling.“Wont waste your time,” she （9）. “ if the details on your（10） are accurate and the articles Laura（11） me have correct background, we wont have to（12）that.”

60、 I（13） . in approval. She was obviously a（14） , and an intelligent one（15） . It was always（16） to sit for a（17） when the questioner spent the first hour asking what schools I had（18） , how long（19） ,and whether I liked my job. “Is it all right （20）you if we start with some information about the Sex

61、Crimes Prosecution Unit?”“Id like that, I replied.问题1选项A.madeB.would makeC.would have madeD.would be问题2选项A.a fish to fryB.a nut to crackC.a song to singD.an axe to grind问题3选项A.still lateB.too lateC.so lateD.past问题4选项A.CommonB.FinancialC.LocalD.Public问题5选项A.vettedB.calledC.connected withD.contacted w

62、ith问题6选项A.rushedB.windyC.puffD.blowing问题7选项A.takingB.makingC.slaving forD.osing问题8选项A.plasteredB.glassC.fragileD.limited问题9选项A.rambledB.carried onC.lecturedD.went on问题10选项A.applicationB.curriculum vitaeC.reportD.folder问题11选项A.phonedB.faxedC.had phonedD.had faxed问题12选项A.repaintB.remixC.rewriteD.rehash问题13选项A.trembledB.grimacedC.smiledD.winked问题14选项A.girlB.proC.tyroD.mogul问题15选项A.at thatB.at thisC.to rebootD.added问题16选项A.agreeableB.