2022年考博英语-清华大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第30期

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1、2022年考博英语-清华大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题The government is trying to help these enterprises out of the（ ）by various means.问题1选项A.flightB.plightC.delightD.twilight【答案】B【解析】近义词辨析。flight 航班，航机；plight 境况，困境；delight 高兴，快乐；twilight 黄昏，黎明。plight放在此处比较适合, out of the plight意为“走出困境”。2. 单选题Some African America

2、ns have had a profound impact on American society, changing many peoples views on race, history and politics. The following is a sampling of African Americans who have shaped society and the world with their spirit and their ideals.Muhammad Ali Cassius Marcellus Clay grew up a devout Baptist in Loui

3、sville, Kentucky, learning to fight at age 12 after a police officer suggested he learn to defend himself. Six years later, he was an Olympic boxing champion, going on to win three world heavyweight titles. He became known as much for his swagger （趾高气扬）outside the ring as his movement in it, convert

4、ing to Islam in 1965, changing his name to Muhammad Ali and refusing to join the U. S. Army on religious grounds. Ali remained popular after his athletic career ended and he developed Parkinsons disease, even lighting the Olympic torch at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics and conveying the peaceful virtues

5、of Islam followingthe September 11 terrorist attacks.W. E. B. Du Bois Bom William Edward Burghardt Du Bois in 1868, this Massachusetts native was one of the most prominent, prolific intellectuals of his time. An academic, activist and historian, Du Bois co-founded the National Association for the Ad

6、vancement of Colored People (NAACP), edited “The Crisis” magazine and wrote 17 books, four journals and many other scholarly articles. In perhaps his most famous work, “The Souls of Black Folk,” published in 1903, he predicted “the problem of 20th century would be the problem of the color-line. Mart

7、in Luther King Jr. The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. is considered one of the most powerful and popular leaders of the American civil rights movement. He spearheaded (带头，做先锋)a massive, nonviolent initiative of marches, sit-ins, boycotts and demonstrations that profoundly affected Americans attitudes t

8、oward race relations. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.Malcolm X Black leader Malcolm X spoke out about the concepts of race pride and black nationalism in the early 1960s. He denounced the exploitation of black people by whites and developed a large and dedicated following, which contin

9、ued even after his death in 1965. Interest in the leadersurged again after Spike Lees 1992 movie “Malcolm X” was released.Jackie Robinson In 1947, Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier by joining the Brooklyn Dodgers, becoming the first black baseball player in the U. S. major leagues. After retir

10、ement from baseball in 1957, he remained active in civil rights and youth activities. In 1962, he became the first African-American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.1.Which of the following is NOT true about Muhammad Ali?2.The italicized word “prolific” (Line 2, Para. 3) is synonymous t

11、o（ ）.3.According to the passage, which of the following statement is NOT true?4.What is common among the celebrities mentioned in the passage?5.Which of the following can be a title of the passage?问题1选项A.He never served in the army.B.He learned to fight at an early age.C.His popularity decreased aft

12、er his retirement from boxing.D.He loves peace.问题2选项A.smartB.skilledC.productiveD.pioneering问题3选项A.W . E . B . Du Bois was engaged in the cause of promoting the status of colored people.B.Jackie Robinson was denied by U. S. major baseball leagues throughout his life.C.Martin Luther King Jr. was high

13、ly awarded for his contributions to the civil rights movements.D.Malcolm X directly or indirectly inspired interest in leadership even after his death.问题4选项A.Each achieved enormous success in his / her field and was highly recognized.B.Each was devoted to his / her cause but didnt win recognition un

14、til death.C.All were active and famous in several fields in their lifetime.D.All loved peace and remained active in civil rights activities.问题5选项A.Life of Famous African AmericansB.Influence of Famous African AmericansC.Political Pioneers: Icons and IntellectualsD.Cultural Pioneers: Icons and Intell

15、ectuals【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.细节判断题。原文第二段尾句指出Ali remained popular after his athletic career ended( Ali 在运动生涯结束后仍然很受欢迎)。C选项说从拳击退役后，他的声望下降了,与原文不符。2.语义题。Prolific形容intellectuals, 原文第三段第二句wrote 17 books, four journals and many other scholarlyarticles可知，这里要表达的是 “丰富的才能,足智多谋”，productive最相符。3.细节判

16、断题。根据题干定位到Jackie段落，Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier .first black baseball player(Jackie Robinson打破了肤色障碍, 成为第一个黑人棒球运动员)。B选项与此不符。4.细节归纳题。文中提到的每个名人在其领域都取得了巨大的成就并且被高度认可。5.主旨大意题。本文只介绍了一些非裔美国人在政治和文化方面的生平事迹，但是并没有着重于他们带来的影响。3. 单选题The collapse of the Earths magnetic field which guards the planet and g

17、uides many of its creatures appears to have started seriously about 150 years ago, the New York Times reported last week.The fields strength has decreased by 10 or 15 percent so far and this has increased the debate over whether it signals a reversal of the planets lines of magnetic force.During a r

18、eversal, the main field weakens, almost vanishes, and reappears with opposite polarity （极）.The transition would take thousands of years. Once completed, compass needles that had pointed north would point south. A reversal could cause problems for both man and animals. Astronauts and satellites would

19、 have difficulties. Birds, fish and animals that rely on the magnetic field for navigation would find migration confusing. But experts said the effects would not be a big disaster, despite claims of doom and vague evidence of links between past field reversals and species extinctions.Although a tota

20、l transition may be hundreds or thousands of years away, the rapid decline in magnetic strength is already affecting satellites. Last month, the European Space Agency approved the worlds largest effort at tracking the fields shifts. A group of new satellites, called Swarm, is to monitor the collapsi

21、ng field with far greater precision. “ We want to get some idea of how this would evolve in the near future, just like people trying to predict the weather，” said Gauthier Hulot, a French geophysicist working on the satellite plan. “Im personally quite convinced we should be able to work out the fir

22、st predictions by the end of the mission. No matter what the new findings, the public has no reason to panic. Even if a transition is coming on its way, it might take 2, 000 years to mature. The last one took place 780,000 years ago, when early humans were learning how to make stone tools. Deep insi

23、de the Earth flow hot currents of melted iron. This mechanical energy creates electromagnetism. This process is known as the geophysical generator. In a cars generator, the same principle turns mechanical energy into electricity.No one knows precisely why the field periodically reverses. But scienti

24、sts say the responsibility probably lies with changes in the disorderly flows of melted iron, which they see as similar to the gases that make up the clouds of Jupiter.1.According to the passage, the Earths magnetic field has（ ） .2.During the transition of the Earths magnetic field （ ）.3.The author

25、says the public has no reason to panic” because（ ） .4.The cause of the transition of the Earths magnetic field comes from（ ） .问题1选项A.misguided many a man and animalB.begun to change in the opposite directionC.caused the changes on the polaritiesD.been weakening in strength for a long time问题2选项A.the

26、compass will become uselessB.man and animals will be confused in directionsC.the magnetic strength of the Earth will disappearD.the magnetic strength of the Earth will be stronger问题3选项A.the transition is still thousands of years from nowB.the transition can be precisely predicted by scientistsC.the

27、process of the transition will take a very long time to finishD.the new transition will come 780, 000 years from now问题4选项A.the movement deep inside the EarthB.the periodical reverses of the EarthC.the force coining from outer spaceD.the mechanical movement of the Earth【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D【解析】1.细

28、节题。文章前两段指出地球磁场开始发生变化，后来指出正在向相反的方向发生变化。故选B。2.细节题。根据题干关键词transition 定位至第三段。由此推测B项 “人和动物在方向上会混淆”正确。3.细节题。根据题干关键词public has no reason to panic定位至第五段。由此推测B项 “人和动物在方向上会混淆”正确。关键词public has no reason to panic后面就讲了原因: it might take 2, 000 years to mature(可能要2000年才能成熟)。 故选C。4.细节题。根据题干关键词cause of the transitio

29、n of the Earths magnetic field 定位至最后一段:changes in the disorderly flows of melted iron, 即原因是地球内部深处流动着液体铁，这种机械能会产生电磁。4. 单选题The energy（ ）by the chain reaction is transformed into heat.问题1选项A.transferredB.releasedC.conveyedD.delivered【答案】B【解析】动词辨析。Transfer 转让, 转移; release 释放; convey 传达,运输; deliver 递送, 释

30、放。句意: 链式反应 的能量被转化为热量。故B项符合句意。5. 写作题You are asked to write in no less than 200 words about the title of Harmful Plagiarism in Academic Field in China. You should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below.Remember to write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.目前在学术界出现了剽窃和抄袭等不良现象。作为一名未来的博士研究生，你

31、如何看待这些现象，你认为应该如何制止，以及你应该如何从自身做起。【答案】Harmful Plagiarism in Academic Field in China6. 单选题Todays college students are more narcissistic （自恋的）and self-centered than their predecessors, according to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend could be harmful to personal rela

32、tionships and American society.“We need to stop endlessly repeating Youre special and having children repeat that back,” said the studys lead author, Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University. “Kids are self-centered enough already.” “Unfortunately, narcissism can also have very negative c

33、onsequences for society, including the breakdown of close relationships with others,” he said. The study asserts that narcissists “are more likely to have romantic relationships that are short-lived, at risk for infidelity, lack emotional warmth, and to exhibit game-playing, dishonesty, and over-con

34、trolling and violent behaviors”. Twenge, the author of “Generation Me: Why Todays Young Americans Are More Confident,Assertive, Entitled and More Miserable Than Ever Before”, said narcissists tend to lack empathy, react aggressively to criticism and favor self-promotion over helping others.Some anal

35、ysts have commended todays young people for increased commitment to volunteer work. But Twenge viewed even this phenomenon skeptically, noting that many high schools require community service and many youths feel pressure to list such endeavors on college applications.Campbell said the narcissism up

36、surge seemed so pronounced （非常明显的）that he was unsure if there were obvious remedies. “Permissiveness seems to be a component,” he said. “A potential antidote would be more authoritative parenting. Less indulgence might be called for.”Yet students, while acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings

37、, dont necessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation.Hanady Kader, a University of Washington senior, said she worked unpaid last summer helping resettle refugees and considers many of her peers to be civic-minded. But she is dismayed （气馁，灰心） by the competitiveness of some stude

38、nts who seem prematurely focused on career status. “Wereencouraged a lot to be individuals and go out there and do what you want, and nobody should stand in your way, ” Kader said. “I can see goals and ambitions getting in the way of other things like relationships.”Kari Dalane, a University of Verm

39、ont sophomore, says most of her contemporaries are politically active and not overly self-centered. “People are worried about themselves but in the sense of where theyre going to find a place in the world,” she said. “People want to look their best, have a good time, but it doesnt mean theyre not co

40、ncerned about the rest of the world.”Besides, some of the responses on the narcissism test might not be worrisome, Dalane said, “It would be more depressing if people answered, No, Im not special.”1.According to the passage, a narcissistic person may（ ）.2.The italicized word “commended” （Line 1, Par

41、a. 3） means（ ）.3.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?4.It is implied that（ ）.5.It is proper to be（ ）when you hear someone say “Im special”.问题1选项A.hate criticismB.be dishonest to his / her partnerC.be unwilling to help othersD.all the above问题2选项A.praisedB.criticizedC.recommend

42、edD.disfavored问题3选项A.Narcissism may result in bad consequences.B.College students are active to participate in volunteer work.C.Some people doubt whether there are remedies to counter the narcissism upsurge.D.Some college students are overly engaged in self-promotion.问题4选项A.both the researchers and

43、college students are worried about the trend of narcissismB.the researchers and college students disagree on the findings of the studyC.the researchers and college students disagree on some of the findings of the studyD.college students are pessimistic about their future问题5选项A.objectiveB.pessimistic

44、C.optimisticD.worried【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.细节判断题。根据题干关键词narcissistic定位到原文第二段第四句，原文指出atriskforinfidelity,lackemotionalwarmth，andtoexhibitorgame-playing，dishonesty 是选项 C，B，A 的同义表达。2.语义题。第三段第一行句中,研究人员commended的是increasedcommitmenttovolunteerwork(年轻人参加志愿活动的责任心增加),所以应该是肯定的态度。句后ButTwengeviewe

45、deventhisphenomenonskeptically (Twenge对此现象持否定怀疑态度)更加断定,commended为肯定,选项A与之对应。3.细节判断题。根据原文第四段首句unsureiftherewereobviousremedie可知不明确的是是否有明显的治疗法，而不是没有治疗法，而且之后文章举了一些治疗法的例子。4.细节判断题。关键词college students体现到文章第五段acknowledgingsomelegitimacytosuchfindings,dontnecessarilyacceptnegativegeneralizationsabouttheirge

46、neration,因此研究者和学生只是部分意见不符。5.态度题。文章最后一句说到Itwouldbemoredepressingifpeopleanswered,No,Imnotspecial(如果有人回答，不，我不特别，这可能更让人沮丧)，由此判断，当听人说Imnotspecial，应该持积极乐观的态度。7. 单选题These samples have to be（ ）in certain kind of chemical water in order to protect them.问题1选项A.immersedB.crispedC.armoredD.arrayed【答案】A【解析】动词词义

47、辨析。Immerse浸没, 陷入； crisp 变脆,卷曲；armor 为穿盔甲；为提供防御；array 部署，排列。句意:这些样品必须 在某种化学水中。选项A符合句意。8. 翻译题For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side. Inadequacy of energy resources of the technologies for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources

48、has meant insufficient energy benefits to human beings and hence inconvenience, and constraints on its growth. The 1970s，then, represented a turning point. Energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be believable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on a par with t

49、hose of insufficient supply. It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.The crucial question at the beginning of the 1990s is whether the trend that began in the 1970s will prove to be temporary or permanent. Is the era of ch

50、eap energy really over, or will a combination of new resources, new technology and changing geopolitics bring it back? One key determinant of the answer is the staggering scale of energy demand brought forth by 100 years of population growth and industrial demand.Except for the huge pool of oil unde

51、rlying the Middle East, the cheapest oil and gas are already gone. Even if a few more giant oil fields are discovered, they will make little difference against consumption on todays scale. Oil and gas will have to come increasingly, for most countries, from deeper in the earth and from imports whose

52、 reliability and affordability cannot be guaranteed.【答案】在人类历史发展的长河中，人们主要关心的是能源有利的一面。能源资源不足，或者为开采、加工和分配这些资源所需技术的不足，会影响能源为人类带来的利益，同时意味着能源的增长遭到干扰和限制。到了 20世纪70年代，出现了一个转折点，能源多方成本所带来的威胁已同能源供应不足所产生的威胁不相上下。同时，也有人担心，依靠扩大能源资源增加供应所需付出的代价，也许大于其所带来的利益。20世纪90年代初期人们关注的焦点在于，这种始于70年代的能源发展趋势是暂时的还是长远的。廉价能源时代真的一去不返，还是通

53、过开发新能源、应用新技术、改革地缘政治秩序等措施，有可能重登历史舞台？这个问题的一个关键因素是过去100年以来因人口空前增长带来巨大的能源需求以及工业需求。除了中东地区蕴藏着巨大的石油资源以外，地球上廉价的油气资源已经不复存在。即使偶尔找到几个大油田，同当今巨大的能源消耗相比，也是杯水车薪。对于大多数国家来说，资源越来越多地依赖于深层埋藏，越来越多地依赖进口，且不说进口油气资源的可靠性无法得到保障，其对于进口国的购买力也是一个考验。9. 单选题It is apparent that winning the scholarship is （ ）of ones intelligence in th

54、e field of physics.问题1选项A.parallelismB.alliterationC.testimonyD.rhythm【答案】C【解析】名词辨析。parallelism 平行，对应；alliteration 头韵；testimony 证词，证明；rhythm 节奏，韵律。句意:获得奖学金应该是一个人智力的 。故C项符合句意。10. 写作题Directions: For this part, you are allowed 50 minutes to write a composition of no less than 300 words under the title

55、of “Advantages and Disadvantages of Doing Research Online.” Your composition should be based on the following outline:1) Present situation about doing research online;2) Advantages for online research;3) Disadvantages for online research.【答案】Advantages and Disadvantages of Doing Research Online11. 单

56、选题The changes in globally averaged temperature that have occurred at the Earths surface over the past century are similar in size and timing to those（1）by models that take into account the combined influences of human factors and solar variability. To （2） the question of attribution requires the （3）

57、 of more powerful and complex methods beyond the use of global averages alone. New studies have focused on（4） maps or patterns of temperature change in （5） and in models. Pattern analysis is the climatologically equivalent of the more comprehensive tests in the medical analogy mentioned（6）, and make

58、s it possible to achieve more definitive（7）of the observed climate changes to a particular cause or causes. The expected influence of human activities is thought to be much more complex than uniform warming over the entire surface of the Earth and over the whole（8） cycle. Patterns of change over spa

59、ce and time therefore provide a more powerful （9） technique. The basic idea（10）pattern-based approaches is that different（11）causes of climate change have different characteristic patterns of climate response or fingerprints. Attribution studies seek to（12） a fingerprint match between the patterns o

60、f climate change（13） by models and those actually observed.The most recent assessment of the science suggests that human activities have led to a discernible （14）on global climate and that these activities will have an increasing influence on future climate. The burning of coal, oil and natural gas,

61、 as well as various agricultural and industrial practices, are（15）the composition of the atmosphere and contributing to climate change. These human activities have led to increased atmospheric （16） of a number of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane and so on in the lower atmosphere.H

62、uman activities, such as the burning of fossil, have also increased the （17） of small particles in the atmosphere. These particles can change the（18） of energy that is absorbed and reflected by the atmosphere. They are also believed to modify the（19） of air and clouds, changing the amount of energy

63、that they absorb and reflect. Intensive studies of the climatic effects of these particles began only recently and the overall（20）is uncertain. It is likely that the net effect of these small particles is to cool the climate and to partially offset the warming of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases.问题1选项A.incensedB.personifyC.interactD.predicted问题2选项A.arrayB.ascertainC.probeD.perturb问题3选项A.appli