考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学模拟考试题含答案32

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1、考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学模拟考试题含答案1. 单选题The little girl is ignorant （ ）the basic rules of English grammar.问题1选项A.forB.ofC.withD.against【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。ignorant of意为“不知道, 不了解”，为固定搭配。选项B正确。2. 写作题Write an essay in no less than 200 words with the title “The Rise of Intellectual Property Protection”.【答案】The Rise of

2、Intellectual Property Protection3. 单选题The Internet has been around for an almost equal amount of time as most forms of media, but only recently（ ）a popular way of retrieving information.问题1选项A.has it becomeB.it has becameC.it becomesD.does it become【答案】A【解析】语法知识。根据only可知这里应该用倒装，首先排除选项B和C；填空处应用现在完成时表

3、示过去对现在产生影响，所以选项A正确。4. 单选题“Two hundred eight million, two hundred nine million, two hundred ten million.” That is the sound of solid waste hitting the bottom of garbage cans all over United States in 1996. Solid wastes are materials that are discarded or thrown away after use by consumers and busines

4、ses. This does not include fluid materials. During that year, Americans threw away 210 million tons (about 43 pounds/20 kilograms per person daily) of garbage. We throw away 12. 4 million tons of glass and about 80 million tons of paper products. America also throws away large amounts (in tons) of f

5、ood scraps, yard wastes, plastics, sludge from sewage treatment plants, and other materials. That is almost a mountain of garbage.Even though we make an effort to recycle and compost our solid waste, the amount of waste keeps increasing each year. Our biggest problem is where to put the solid waste

6、and how to keep it from polluting our environment. If solid waste is disposed of incorrectly, it can contaminate our surface and underground water supplies. Currently, our municipal waste or waste collected by our cities and towns, goes to landfills. Today, about 85% our garbage goes to landfills or

7、 garbage dumps. This waste must be treated to keep rats, flies and other animals from building their home in the landfills. The treat also prevents the growth of bacteria and other organism that carry diseases. So, how do we handle this mountain of garbage? Scientists have come up with different met

8、hods for handling our waste problem.One type of waste disposal called sanitary landfill was first used in Fresno California, in 1937. In sanitary landfill, the solid waste is spread in thin layers that compacted and covered with a layer of earth. This is a more expensive method, but it takes away th

9、e hazards that are caused by landfills. It also allowed the land to be used for building or recreation. The negative of the landfills is that its tough to find open land and this process is very expensive. The land also needs its water sources protected so that the water will not pollute the water s

10、upply. Landfill (water dumps) and sanitary landfills rely on the natural biodegradability of the solid wastes. Solid waste are biodegradable if they can decay or break down through the action of living organisms and return to the earth. However certain materials take longer to decay than others, and

11、 some materials do not decay or decompose at all. Scientists need to find other methods of waste disposal. Incineration and recycling are methods that are currently in use today.1.This passage is about disposal problem of solid waste（ ）.2.From the article we can infer that（ ）.3.According to the arti

12、cle, about（ ）is dumped to landfills.4.The word “recycle”( Line 1, Paragraph 2) means（ ）.5.According to the article, which one of the following is NOT true?问题1选项A.by consumersB.in CaliforniaC.by municipal governmentD.in America问题2选项A.treatment of the solid is a hard nut to crackB.solution for proper

13、disposal will be found soonC.California set a good example in solid waste in 1930sD.the government remains confident about the solid waste问题3选项A.12. 4 million tons of garbageB.80 million tons of garbageC.85% of the garbageD.92. 4 tons of garbage问题4选项A.to send something far awayB.to throw something a

14、way to the right placeC.to convert waste into reusable materialD.to turn into fertilizers问题5选项A.Solid waste does not include fluid materials.B.Sanitary landfill is a type of waste disposal method once used in California.C.Burning is not a method that is used today.D.Composting is still one of the wa

15、ys to handle the mountain of garbage【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.事实细节题。根据第一段第二句“That is the sound of solid waste hitting the bottom of garbage cans all over United States.”可知，本文主要讲的是全美国的固体垃圾处理问题，所以选项D正确。2.信息归纳题。根据原文可知，尽管我们一直在为处理固体垃圾不断努力，但每年废弃物的数量都在不断增加，由此可知，这是一个棘手的难题，选项A正确；焚烧和回收是目前正在使用的方法，科学家需

16、要找到其他废物处理方法，由此可知这是一个漫长的过程，所以选项B不正确；根据最后一段，加州虽然首次使用了卫生填埋的方法，但存在很多弊端，所以选项C不正确；选项D在文中没有提及。3.事实细节题。根据第二段“Today, about 85% our garbage goes to landfills or garbage dumps.”大约85%的垃圾进入了垃圾填埋场或垃圾场。选项C符合原文。4.词义推断题。“recycle”指循环利用。选项C将废物转化为可重复使用的材料，正确。5.是非判断题。根据第一段“This does not include fluid materials.”可知选项A正确；

17、根据第三段第一句“One type of waste disposal called sanitary landfill was first used in Fresno California.”可知选项B正确;根据最后一段最后一句“Incineration and recycling are methods that are currently in use today.”可知选项C错误；根据第二段第一句“Even though we make an effort to recycle and compost our solid waste”可知选项D正确。所以本题选C。5. 单选题Acco

18、rding to a recent publication of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, at the present rate of progress, it will take forty-three years to end job discriminationhardly a reasonable timetable.If our goal is educational and economic equity and parity, it is then we need affirmative action to cat

19、ch up. We are behind as a result of discrimination and denial of opportunity. There is one white attorney for every 680 whites, but only one black attorney for every 4,000 blacks; one white physician for every 659 whites, but only one black physician for every 5, 000 blacks; and one white dentist fo

20、r every 1, 900 whites, but only one black dentist for every 8, 400 blacks. Less than 1 percent of all engineers or of all practicing chemists is black. Cruel and uncompassionate injustice created gaps like these. We need creative justice and compassion to help us close them.Actually, in the U. S. co

21、ntext, “reverse discrimination” is illogical and a contradiction in terms. Never in the history of mankind has a majority, with power, engaged in programs and written laws that discriminate against itself. The only thing whites are giving up because of affirmative action is unfair advantage somethin

22、g that was unnecessary in the first place.Blacks are not making progress at the expense of whites, as news accounts make it seem. There are 49 percent more whites in medical school today and 64 percent more whites in law school than there were when affirmative action programs began some eight years

23、ago.In a recent column, William Raspberry raised an interesting question. Commenting on the Bakke case, he asked, “What if, instead of setting aside 16 of 100 slots, we added 16 slots to the 100?” That, he suggested, would not interfere with what whites already have. He then went on to point out tha

24、t this, in fact, is exactly what has happened in law and medical schools. In 1968, the year before affirmative action programs began to get under way, 9,571 whites and 282 members of minority groups entered U. S. medical schools. In 1976, the figures were 14,213 and 1,400 respectively. Thus, under a

25、ffirmative action, the number of “white places” actually rose by 49 percent; white access to medical training was not diminished, but substantially increased. The trend was even more marked in law schools. In 1969, the first year for which reliable figures are available, 2,933 minority-group members

26、 were enrolled; in 1976, the number was up to 8,484. But during the same period, law school enrollment for whites rose from 65,453 to 107,064 an increase of 64 percent. In short, it is a myth that blacks are making progress at white expense.Allan Bakke did not really challenge preferential treatment

27、 in general, for he made no challenge to the preferential treatment accorded to the children of the rich, the alumni and the faculty or to athletes or the very talented only to minorities.1.The author is for affirmative action（ ） .2.It requires（ ） to close the gaps between the whites and the blacks

28、in the U. S.3.Blacks are not making progress at the expense of whites, according to the author, because（ ） .4.William Raspberry, while commenting on the Bakke case, suggests（ ） .5.What Allan Bakke challenged was（ ） .问题1选项A.because there is discrimination and denial of opportunity in the U. S.B.if we

29、 aim at educational and economic equity and parityC.because it will take 43 years to end job discriminationD.when there is no reasonable timetable in the U. S.问题2选项A.one black attorney for ever 4,000 blacksB.a lot more black engineers and chemistsC.education and economic developmentD.creative justic

30、e and compassion问题3选项A.what white give up is only unfair advantageB.there are 49 percent more white in medical school today alreadyC.whites, the majority in the U. S. , will never discriminate against themselvesD.there are 64 percent more whites in law schools today问题4选项A.to offer 100 slots to white

31、s and 16 to blacksB.to offer 84 slots to whites and 16 to blacksC.to follow what has happened in law and medical schoolsD.to interfere with what whites already have问题5选项A.the myth that blacks are making progress at white expenseB.unfair treatment accorded to blacksC.preferential treatment in general

32、D.preferential treatment to minority-group members【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.根据第二段第一句“If our goal is educational and economic equity and parity, it is then we need affirmative action to catch up.”如果我们的目标是教育和经济公平与平等，那么我们就需要积极地开展平权行动。选项B符合原文。2.根据第二段最后两句“Cruel and uncompassionate injustice crea

33、ted gaps like these. We need creative justice and compassion to help us close them.”残酷无情的不公正造成了这样的差距。我们需要创造性的公正和同情来消除差距。选项D符合原文。3.根据第三段最后一句“The only thing whites are giving up because of affirmative action is unfair advantage something that was unnecessary in the first place.”白人因为平权法案而放弃的唯一一件事是不公平的优

34、势，这在一开始是不必要的。选项A符合原文。4.根据关键词“William Raspberry”定位到倒数第二段，根据“What if, instead of setting aside 16 of 100 slots, we added 16 slots to the 100?”“如果我们不是在100个位置中留出16个位置，而是在100个位置中增加16个位置，那会怎么样?”他表示，这不会影响白人已经拥有的东西。所以选项A正确。5.根据原文内容可知，Allan Bakke挑战的是“it is a myth that blacks are making progress at white expe

35、nse.”选项A正确。6. 单选题Topics for composition should be （ ） to the experiences and interests of the students.问题1选项A.concernedB.dependentC.connectingD.relevant【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。选项A一般与with搭配；选项B一般与on/upon搭配；选项C可与with和to搭配，意为“与相连”；be relevant to意为“与有关的”。选项D符合语境。7. 单选题（ ） the heavy pollution, the city officials h

36、ave decided to cancel school for the day.问题1选项A.PriorB.By means ofC.Due toD.Through【答案】C【解析】prior在前的，优先的；by means of依靠；due to由于；through从头到尾，彻底。句意：由于污染严重，市政官员已决定停课一天。选项C符合句意。8. 单选题The （ ）emphasis on examinations is by far the worst form of competition in schools.问题1选项A.negligentB.edibleC.fabulousD.di

37、sproportionate【答案】D【解析】形容词词义辨析。negligent疏忽的；edible可食用的；fabulous极好的；disproportionate不成比例的。句意：过分强调考试是学校里最糟糕的竞争形式。选项D符合句意。9. 单选题In 1987, H.I.V/AIDS joined a list of diseases that could keep a person out of the United States. The government later tried to cancel, its decision, but congress made the trav

38、el ban a part of immigration law. People with H.I.V., the virus that causes AIDS, could seek an exception, but that meant extra work.Last year, Congress and President George W. Bush began the process of ending the travel ban. Now President Obama is finishing the process.BARACK OBAMA : “We talk about

39、 reducing the stigma of this disease, yet we have treated a visitor living with it as a threat. We lead the world when it comes to helping the AIDS pandemic, yet we are only a dozen countries that still bar people H.I.V. from entering our country.”A final rule published Monday will end the travel ba

40、n effective January fourth. H.I.V. will no longer be a condition that can exclude people. And H.I.V. testing will no longer for those who need a medical examination for immigration purposes. AIDS has killed more than twenty-five people since the early 1980s.In September, there was news that a vaccin

41、e showed some ability to prevent H.I.V. infection in humans for the first time. The full results of the vaccine study were presented in later October at an international conference in Paris. They were also reported in the New England Journal of Medicine. The researchers confirmed that the study in T

42、hailand produced only “modest” results.The United States Army sponsored the vaccine trial. The study combined two vaccines, using versions of H.I.V. common in Thailand. Neither vaccine alone had shown success in earlier studies.Thai researchers tested the combination in more than 16, 000 volunteers.

43、 Half of the volunteers got the vaccine. The others got a placebo, an inactive substance. All were given condoms and counseling on AIDS prevention for three years. The study found 31 percent fewer cases of infection in the vaccine group than in the placebo group.But critics said the findings could p

44、ossibly have resulted from chance. The announcement in September was based on all 16, 000 volunteers. Almost one-third of them, however didnt follow all the required steps in the study. Results just from those who did were similar to the larger group, but the influence of chance is way more of a pos

45、sibility.Still, the researchers said the study produced enough valuable information to offer new hopes for AIDS research.1.According to the article,（ ）did not want people with H. I. V. virus to seek entry to America twenty years ago.2.According to this article, it was（ ）who sponsored that medical ex

46、periment to find vaccine for H. I. V. carriers.3.From the article we can infer that 8,000 volunteers in（ ）were given the vaccine.4.According to the article, which one of the following statements is true?5.According to the critics, the findings of the test（ ）.问题1选项A.George BushB.ObamaC.the CongressD.

47、the Senate问题2选项A.the Thai GovernmentB.the French GovernmentC.the scientist from New EnglandD.the United States Army问题3选项A.ThailandB.the United States of AmericaC.FranceD.Canada问题4选项A.America was the only country that prevented people with H. I. V. from entering the country.B.Only a few countries ref

48、used to issue entry visa to people with H. I. V.C.The conference held in Paris was on AIDS prevention.D.The vaccine test conducted in Thailand produced important results.问题5选项A.has produced enough valuable informationB.should not be taken seriouslyC.has produced reliable statisticsD.has paved a soli

49、d foundation for further research【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.事实细节题。根据第一段第二句“The government later tried to cancel, its decision, but congress made the travel ban a part of immigration law.”政府后来试图取消这一规定，但国会将旅行禁令作为移民法的一部分。由此可知，选项C正确。2.事实细节题。根据第六段第一句“The United States Army sponsored the vaccine t

50、rial.”美国军方赞助了疫苗试验。由此可知，选项D正确。3.事实细节题。根据第七段的一二句“Thai researchers tested the combination in more than 16, 000 volunteers. Half of the volunteers got the vaccine. The others got a placebo.”泰国研究人员对1.6万多名志愿者进行了测试。一半的志愿者接种了疫苗。另一半则使用安慰剂。由此可知选项A正确。4.是非判断题。根据第三段最后一句“yet we are only a dozen countries that sti

51、ll bar people H.I.V. from entering our country.”我国（美国）也是仅有的十几个禁止艾滋病人入境的国家之一。由此可知，选项A错误，选项B正确；根据第五段第二句“The full results of the vaccine study were presented in later October at an international conference in Paris.”可知，在巴黎举行的会议是公布研究结果而不是预防艾滋，所以选项C错误；根据第五段最后一句“The researchers confirmed that the study in

52、 Thailand produced onlymodestresults.”研究人员证实，在泰国进行的这项研究只产生了“温和”的结果，所以选项D也错误。5.事实细节题。根据倒数第二段第一句“But critics said the findings could possibly have resulted from chance.”批评人士表示，这些发现可能是偶然的。选项B符合原文。10. 单选题The secretary didnt know who he was, or she（ ） him more politely.问题1选项A.will be treatingB.would have

53、 treatedC.was treatingD.would have been treated【答案】B【解析】句子是对过去发生的事进行推测，所以应该用虚拟语气，首先排除选项A和C；根据句意可知，主语是she，是动作的执行者，所以为主动语态，选项B正确。11. 单选题Housewives who do not go out to work often feel they are not working to their full（ ）. 问题1选项A.capacityB.strengthC.lengthD.possibility【答案】A【解析】名词词义辨析。句意：不外出工作的家庭主妇常常觉得

54、自己没有充分发挥自己的能力。选项A符合句意。12. 单选题The team leader of mountain climbers marked out（ ） .问题1选项A.that seemed to be the best routeB.what seemed to be the best routeC.which seemed to be tile best routeD.something that to be the best route【答案】B【解析】本句缺少的成分是宾语从句，只有选项B能作为宾语从句。that一般引导同位语从句；选项C缺少先行词；选项D用法不正确，所以本题选B

55、。13. 单选题Censorship, a word that seems to be（ ）quite controversy over certain people, may not be such a bad idea.问题1选项A.arguingB.attackingC.causingD.discussing【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析。根据句意可知这里指引发争议，选项C符合句意。14. 单选题The role of American women （ ）significantly from the time the nation was born, to the modern era

56、of the 1950s and 1960s.问题1选项A.has changedB.has been changedC.changedD.had been changed【答案】D【解析】语法知识。根据句意可知，这里应该用过去完成时态，首先排除选项A和C；role与change之间为被动关系,所以选项D正确。15. 单选题Organizational culture can be defined as a system of shared beliefs and values that develops within an organization and（ ） behaviors of i

57、ts members.问题1选项A.guidesB.indicatesC.controlsD.supervises【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。句意：组织文化能够被定义为一个共享信仰和价值观且对组织发展有益、对组织成员的行动具有指导意义的系统。选项A符合句意。16. 单选题Everyone in America these days seems to be（ ）with his or her physical fitness, and everyone is talking about getting in shape.问题1选项A.concernedB.alluredC.connected

58、D.attracted【答案】A【解析】固定搭配。be concerned with指涉及，关心。根据句意可知这里指如今的美国人关心自己的健康，选项A符合句意。17. 单选题For the last 20 years or so the subject of global warming has（ ）heated debate among the worlds brightest minds.问题1选项A.spawnedB.injectedC.modeledD.moved【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。句意：在过去20年左右的时间里，全球变暖这个话题在全球最聪明的头脑中引发了激烈的辩论。只有选

59、项A有引起的意思，所以正确。18. 单选题When he realized the police had spotted him, the man （ ） the exit as quickly as possible.问题1选项A.made forB.made outC.made up toD.made way【答案】A【解析】动词词组辨析。make for走向，有快速移动的意思；make out理解，辨认出；make up to接近，奉承；make way 让路，前进。根据句意可知，这里指快速朝出口走去。选项A符合句意。19. 单选题British food has a good repu

60、tation, but English cooking has a bad one. It is difficult to explain the reason for this. Unfortunately, however, superb raw ingredients are often mined from the kitchen so that they come to the table without any of the natural flavor and goodness.This bad reputation discourages a lot of people fro

61、m eating in an English restaurant. If they do go to one, they are usually full of prejudice against the food. It is a pity, because there are excellent cooks in England, excellent restaurants, and excellent home-cooking. How, then, has the bad reputation been built up?Perhaps one reason is that Brit

62、ains Industrial Revolution occurred very early, in the middle of the nineteenth century. As a result; the quality of food changed too. This was because Britain stopped being a largely agricultural country. The population of the towns increased enormously between 1840 and 1870, and people could no longer grow their own food, or buy it flesh from a farm. Huge quantities of food had to be taken to the towns, and a lot of it lost its freshness on the way.This lack of freshness was disguised by “dressing up” the food. The rich middle classes ate 16ng ela