2022年考博英语-江西财经大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第186期

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1、2022年考博英语-江西财经大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Her humorous remarks seemed （ ）, but were in fact carefully prepared beforehand.问题1选项A.intentionalB.spontaneousC.preciseD.crude【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项intentional“故意的；蓄意的；策划的”；B选项spontaneous“自发的；自然的”；C选项precise“精确的；明确的；严格的”；D选项crude“粗糙的；天然的，未加工的；粗鲁的”。句意：她的幽默的评论看起来好

2、像很自然，但是实际上是事先认真准备好的。but表转折，前后形成对比。由后一句的“prepared beforehand事先准备的”可知“seemed spontaneous看起来很自然”符合句意，因此B选项正确。2. 单选题From science to Shakespeare, excellent television and video programs are available （ ） to teachers.问题1选项A.in storeB.in operationC.in abundanceD.in stock【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项in store“贮藏着；准备着；

3、将要发生”；B选项in operation“生效；运转着”；C选项in abundance“大量的；丰富的；充足的”；D选项in stock“有存货；现有”。句意：从科学到莎士比亚，教师们可以大量使用优秀的电视和视频节目。由空格前的关键词“available可使用的”可知“大量的”符合句意，因此C选项正确。3. 单选题Able to go almost anywhere, even over the mountainous Allegheny barrier, the railroad（ ）terrain and weather.问题1选项A.defiedB.resistedC.counter

4、poisedD.suppressed【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项defy“藐视；公然反抗；挑衅”；B选项resist“抵抗，抗拒；忍耐”；C选项counterpoise“使平衡；均衡”；D选项suppress“抑制；镇压；废止”。句意：几乎可以去任何地方，甚至可以越过阿勒格尼山脉，铁路 地形和天气。根据句意可知，这里是指铁路可以不受地形和天气的影响，即“藐视”地形和天气，A选项正确。4. 单选题In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was

5、nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw, having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.Thats a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the

6、roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined his

7、tory from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nations early leaders and the fragile nature of the countrys infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong and yet most did little to fight it.More than an

8、ything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South coul

9、d not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar instituti

10、on,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation. And the statesmens political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the

11、southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemingss children, though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. W

12、ashington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required le

13、gislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washingtons dental surgery is mentioned to （ ）37. We may infer from the second paragraph that（ ）38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?39. Which of the following is true according to the text?40. Washingtons decision to free slaves originated from his（

14、）问题1选项A.show the primitive medical practice in the past.B.demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.C.stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.D.reveal some unknown aspect of his life.问题2选项A.DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.B.in its early days the U.S. was confron

15、ted with delicate situations.C.historians deliberately made up some stories of Jeffersons life.D.political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.问题3选项A.His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.B.His status as a father made him free the child slaves.C.His attitude to

16、wards slavery was complex.D.His affair with a slave stained his prestige.问题4选项A.Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.B.Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.C.Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.D.Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.问题5选项A.mor

17、al considerations.B.military experience.C.financial conditions.D.political stand.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B【解析】36.【试题答案】D【试题解析】作者意图题。分析出作者是如何从华盛顿的轶事过渡到下文主题的，是本题的解题关键。纵观全文，从“华盛顿使用奴隶的牙”，到“华盛顿看到樱桃树的典型形象”，再到“奴隶制在开国元勋的生活中扮演的角色”可知，华盛顿是行文的线索，作者从讲述他鲜为人知的故事入手，引出话题，因此D选项“揭示了他生活中未知的一面”正确。37.【试题答案】B【试题解析】判断推

18、理题。根据第二段第五句Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nations early leaders and the fragile nature of the countrys infancy（几位历史学家的著作揭示了美国早期领导人做出的道德妥协，以及这个国家初期的脆弱本质）可推断出，B选项“在建国初期，美国面临着微妙的局势”正确。38.【试题答案】C【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第三段第二句While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed

19、distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create（虽然华盛顿和杰斐逊私下里表达了对奴隶制的厌恶，但他们也明白，奴隶制是他们帮助创建的美国政治和经济基础的一部分）可知，虽然杰斐逊私下厌恶奴隶制，但也明白其政治生涯也得益于奴隶制，显然他对奴隶制的态度是复杂的，C选项正确。39.【试题答案】A【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第四段第五句中的The three-fifths formula

20、 handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800（这个五分之三的公式让杰斐逊在1800年的总统选举中以微弱优势获胜）可以推断出，A选项“一些开国元勋在政治上受益于奴隶制”符合题意。40.【试题答案】B【试题解析】事实细节题。根据文章最后一段第二句Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during th

21、e Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will（华盛顿在目睹了美国独立战争期间黑人士兵的英勇事迹后，开始相信人人生而平等。他克服了亲戚们的强烈反对，在遗嘱中赋予了他的奴隶自由）可知，B选项正确。5. 翻译题Directions: Translate the following passage into English. You should write your answer on the Answer Sheet

22、.42.人们学会了珍惜各自身上具有的一些品质，正是这些品质使群体生活愉悦美好。在这些品质中，最重要的是同情。你若是残忍地对待动物，你就不大可能对其他人善良体贴。你若是对其他人体贴入微，你就不大可能残忍冷漠地对待动物。古代的智者写道“仁者爱人及畜”，原因概出于此。善待动物并不是说我们永远不能让动物承受痛苦。人类自身就是在快乐中、也在痛苦中经受锻炼。因此，有时候也需要用惩罚来训练我们的狗和马，使他们听从我们的指令。在医生的手下，为了疗好创伤或医治疾病，我们得忍受痛苦。为了国家的利益，我们派遣最勇敢的人们直面创伤、疾病和死亡。同样，我们让战马和我们一起亲冒矢石。【答案】People have lea

23、rned to value the qualities that each of them possesses that make group life enjoyable. The most important of these qualities is compassion. If you are cruel to animals, you are less likely to be kind to other people. If you treat other people with consideration, you are less likely to treat animals

24、 with cruelty and insensitivity. This is why the wise men of ancient times wrote that “benevolent men love their animals.” Being kind to animals does not mean that we should never allow animals to suffer. Man himself is exercised in pleasure as well as in pain. Therefore, it is sometimes necessary t

25、o use punishment to train our dogs and horses to obey our commands. Under the hands of a doctor, we have to suffer in order to heal a wound or cure a disease. We have sent our bravest men and women to face trauma, disease and death in the face of what is good for our country. In the same way, we let

26、 our horses march with us through the hail of bullets.6. 单选题Some of the ideas are very simple and sound intuitively plausible. The underlined part means（ ）.问题1选项A.directlyB.reasonablyC.franklyD.instinctively【答案】D【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项directly“直接地；立即；马上”；B选项reasonably“合理地；相当地；适度地”；C选项frankly“坦率地；老实说”；D选项inst

27、inctively“本能地”。intuitively意为“直观地；直觉地”，D选项的意思最为接近。句意：有些想法非常简单，听起来觉得很有道理。7. 单选题There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. (1*10=10)Regardless of their political affiliation, in all

28、 countries women must overcome a host of stumbling blocks that limit their political careers. “Most obstacles to progress consist of（11）of various kinds,” says the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), a Geneva-based organization（12）139 parliaments, including the lack of time, training, information, self

29、-confidence, money, support, motivation, womens networks and solidarity between women.In every culture, prejudice and stereotypes（13）hard. The belief still holds（14）that women belong in the kitchen and with the children, not at election（15）or in the Speakers chair. The media often reinforce traditio

30、nal images of women, who upon entering politics, also bear the brunt（正面冲击）of verbal and physical（16）.In impoverished（贫穷的）countries racked by civil conflicts and deteriorating economic and social conditions, women are（17）by the tasks of managing everyday life and looking after their families.The IPU

31、stresses the general lack of child-care facilities often（18）a privileged few the reluctance of political parties to change the times and running of meetings and the weak backing women receive from their families. That support, which is（19）as well as financial, is all the more vital because women hav

32、e internalized（20）images of themselves since the dawn of time and often suffer from low self-confidence.问题1选项A.deficienciesB.deficitsC.defectsD.flaws问题2选项A.embracingB.composingC.comprisingD.constituting问题3选项A.persistB.vanishC.reviveD.die问题4选项A.swayB.waterC.truthD.proof问题5选项A.assembliesB.conventionsC

33、.associationsD.rallies问题6选项A.penaltiesB.attacksC.torturesD.abuses问题7选项A.strappedB.bandagedC.restrainedD.inhibited问题8选项A.allowed forB.put in forC.reserved forD.compensated for问题9选项A.moralB.mortalC.orthodoxD.sensible问题10选项A.negativeB.obsoleteC.undesirableD.vice【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A第5题:D第6题:B第7题:A第8

34、题:C第9题:A第10题:A【解析】11.【试题答案】A【试题解析】考查名词辨析。A选项deficiency“不足；缺乏”；B选项deficit“赤字”；C选项defect“缺点，缺陷”；D选项flaw“瑕疵，缺点”。该段介绍了阻碍妇女生涯的因素，如缺乏时间、培训等等，根据下文的关键词lack可以推断出，A选项符合题意。12.【试题答案】C【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项embrace“拥抱”；B选项compose“构成；写作”；C选项comprise“包含；由组成”；D选项constitute“组成，构成”。空格处可翻译为：一个 139个议会的总部设在日内瓦的组织，因此空格处为“包括”之意。

35、B、C、D选项均有此意，但B选项常用作被动形式，即be composed of；D选项constitute在这里应用作139 parliaments constitute the IPU的形式，因此C选项正确。13.【试题答案】D【试题解析】考查固定搭配。固定搭配die hard意为“非常顽固、难以根除”。句意：在每种文化中，偏见和成见都很难消除。14.【试题答案】A【试题解析】考查固定搭配。固定搭配hold sway意为“支配；统治”，句意：妇女应待在厨房里、应和孩子在一起这种观念仍然占主导地位。15.【试题答案】D【试题解析】考查近义词辨析。A选项assembly“集合；集会”；B选项co

36、nvention“大会；法惯例”；C选项association“协会；联盟”；D选项rally“集会（与政治相关的）”。由关键词election可以推断出D选项符合题意。16.【试题答案】B【试题解析】考查名词辨析。A选项penalty“罚款，罚金；处罚”；B选项attack“攻击；抨击”；C选项torture“折磨；拷问；歪曲”；D选项abuse“滥用；虐待；辱骂”。bear the brunt of verbal and physical 16 可翻译为“承受言语和身体 的冲击”，此处用attack“攻击；抨击”最为合适，C、D用在此处显得程度过于严重了。17.【试题答案】A【试题解析】考

37、查动词辨析。A选项strap“用带捆绑，用带固定；捆扎”；B选项bandage“用绷带包扎”；C选项restrain“抑制、控制做不好的事”；D选项inhibit“抑制；禁止”。women are 17 by the tasks of managing everyday life and looking after their families可翻译为“妇女被管理日常生活和照顾家庭的任务所 ”，因此A选项最符合文意，可翻译为“束缚”。18.【试题答案】C【试题解析】考查词组辨析。A选项allow for“考虑到，虑及”；B选项put in for“申请”；C选项reserve for“为而保留

38、”；D选项compensate for“赔偿，补偿”。根据前文可知，照顾儿童的设施是缺乏的，那么可以推断出，空格处是指少数享有特权的人还是可以享受到这些设施的，因此C选项符合题意。19.【试题答案】A【试题解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项moral“道德的；精神上的”；B选项mortal“凡人的；致死的”；C选项orthodox“正统的；传统的”；D选项sensible“明智的；通情达理的”。空格处是形容“妇女得到的支持”，根据financial可推断出，与经济支持相对应的一般是道德、精神上的支持，A选项符合文意。20.【试题答案】A【试题解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项negative“消极的”；B

39、选项obsolete“废弃的；老式的”；C选项undesirable“不良的；不受欢迎的”；D选项vice“副的；代替的”。根据often suffer from low self-confidence（经常缺乏自信）可推断出，A选项正确。8. 单选题The old mans face is（ ）the lines of pressure and exhaustion that have accumulated over the years.问题1选项A.branded withB.blended withC.complimented byD.complemented by【答案】A【解析】考

40、查词组辨析。A选项中brand意为“给打上烙印”；B选项中blend意为“混合”；C选项中compliment意为“恭维；称赞”；D选项中complement意为“补足，补助”。句意：老人脸上（ ） 岁月累积的压力和疲惫的皱纹。根据句意可推断出A选项正确，be branded with有“被打上烙印；带有的印记”的意思，在此句中可翻译为“布满”。9. 单选题In digital electronics, signals are broken down into thousands, maybe millions,（ ）, which are encoded as zeroes and ones

41、.问题1选项A.of bits of informationB.of much in formationC.of little in formationD.of information【答案】A【解析】information 是不可数名词，选项D错；little information 否定含义，不符合本题句意，C选项错；B选项语义不通。只有A选项正确。10. 单选题Online schools, which （ ） the needs of different people, have emerged as an increasingly popular education alternat

42、ive.问题1选项A.consent toB.stir upC.switch onD.cater to【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项consent to“同意；答应；赞成”；B选项stir up“激起；煽动；搅拌；唤起”；C选项switch on“接通，开启”；D选项cater to“迎合；为服务”。句意：满足不同人群需求的网上学校已经成为一种日益流行的教育方式。由空格后的关键词“the needs of 的需求”可知“迎合”符合句意，因此D选项正确。11. 单选题Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.The MIT

43、 Sloan School of Management strongly believes that its purpose is to give students the tools they will need to be effective change agents in the rest of their careers. To do this it is necessary to start off with an understanding of the essential driving forces that will be forcing organizations to

44、change. Change is not random, there are underlying processes. Three central driving forcesthe growth of the world economy, the changing nature of the work force, and the arrival of genuine technological competitionare now at work.The globalization of the world capital markets that has occurred in th

45、e past 20 years will be replicated right across the economy in the next decade. The need to produce goods and services at quality levels previously thought impossible to obtain in mass production and the spreading use of participatory management techniques will require a work force with much higher

46、levels of education and skills. Managers are increasingly shifting from a “dont think, do what you are told” to a “think, I am not going to tell you what to do” style of management.To be on top of this situation, tomorrows managers will have to have a strong background in organizational psychology,

47、human relations, and labor economics. The MIT Sloan School of Management attempts to advance our understanding in these areas through research and then quickly brings the fruits of this new research to our students so that they can be leading-edge managers when it comes to the human side of the equa

48、tion.What this means is that American managers have to understand the forces of, technical change in ways that were not necessary in the past. Conversely, managers from the rest of the world know that it is now possible for them to dominate their American competitor if they understand the forces of

49、technical change better than their American competitors do.In the world of tomorrow managers cannot be technologically illiterate regardless of their functional tasks within the firm. If they dont understand what is going on and technology effectively becomes a black box, they will fail to make the

50、changes that those who do understand what is going on inside the black box make. They will be losers, not winners.11. What is it essential for students to understand the driving forces that can force organizations to change?12. What will be needed to produce qualified goods and services in mass prod

51、uction and the spreading use of participatory management techniques?13. What does the MIT Sloan School of Management attempt to do in its research?14. What do we know about American managers from this passage?15. What can be inferred from this passage?问题1选项A.Because the MIT Sloan School of Managemen

52、t emphasized its importance.B.Because the world economy is changing.C.Because students need to be effective agents in their future careers.D.Because technological competition now is strong.问题2选项A.Employers should have a sense of globalization.B.Employees should be well-educated and skillful in their

53、 jobs.C.Employers should adapt themselves to different styles of management.D.Employees should shift their positions from one to another.问题3选项A.To help its students become first class managers.B.To test whether its students have a strong background in certain areas.C.To give some insights to those f

54、irst class managers.D.To help its students advance their understandings in certain areas.问题4选项A.They have been dominated by managers from other countries.B.They need to know more about technology.C.They know their competitors understand the forces of technical change better.D.They are technologicall

55、y ready to be managers in the world of tomorrow.问题5选项A.The MIT Sloan School of Management has revealed what is going on inside the black box.B.American managers know more about technical change than managers from the rest of the world.C.The style of management is changing constantly.D.Every future m

56、anager should have cross-disciplinary knowledge.【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D【解析】11、【试题答案】 C【试题解析】判断推理题。根据题干可以定位到第一段，believes that its purpose is to give students the tools they will need to be effective change agents in the rest of their careers.从这句话可以看出C项是它的转述句，因此C正确，A项是表面原因，B项不是本题干的原因，D项也是无关项，因此本

57、题答案为C。12、【试题答案】 C【试题解析】细节推断题。根据题干定位到第二段，Managers are increasingly shifting from a “dont think, do what you are told” to a “think, I am not going to tell you what to do” style of management.这一句我们可以看出，管理者们是需要重新开始调整新的管理方式了，因此答案为C。ABD均为错误项，题干中没有提到。13、【试题答案】 D【试题解析】判断推理题。本题的题干信息点在第三段的最后一句“brings the frui

58、ts of this new research to our students so that they can be leading-edge managers when it comes to the human side of the equation”这一句话的意思是致力于通过研究增进我们对这些领域的理解，然后迅速将这项新研究的成果带给我们的学生，这样当涉及到人力资源方面时，他们就能成为领先的管理者。那么我们可以看出MIT学校研究的目的就是帮助它的学生在特定的领域成为佼佼者。14、【试题答案】 B【试题解析】文章推断题。A项不对，后文只是说其他国家可能会超过美国，但是没有一定，C没有说

59、一定知道其他国家更了解，D错误，是作者希望他们可以变成行业的领先者，但是还没有成为也还在学习中；因此答案B正确。15、【试题答案】 D【试题解析】文章推断题。本题考查的是文章推断题。通过全文的阅读我们可以发现全文的主题就是MIT大学对于管理层的培养心得以及未来的打算。A不对，从最后一段的最后几句可以看出这个黑盒子是要管理者们自己去探索的；B也不对，B是美国管理者现在可能会面临的问题，也就是被其他国家的管理者超过，因此不对；C项全文并未着笔，D项正确，因为全文都有在讲未来的经理们要多学习各方面的知识，尤其是科技方面的，因为他们不仅需要管理能力，还需要有跨学科的能力，D正确。12. 单选题Ques

60、tions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Just over a decade into the 21st century, womens progress can be celebrated across a range of fields. They hold the highest political offices from Thailand to Brazil, Costa Rica to Australia. A woman holds the top spot at the International Monetary F

61、und; another won the Nobel Prize in economics. Self-made billionaires in Beijing, tech innovators in Silicon Valley, pioneering justices in Ghana-in these and countless other areas, women are leaving their mark.But hold the applause. In Saudi Arabia, women arent allowed to drive. In Pakistan, 1,000

62、women die in honor killings every year. In the developed world, women lag behind men in pay and political power. The poverty rate among women in the U.S. rose to 14.5% last year.To measure the state of womens progress. Newsweek ranked 165 countries, looking at five areas that affect womens lives: tr

63、eatment under the law, workforce participation, political power, and access to education and health care. Analyzing data from the United Nations and the World Economic Forum, among others, and consulting with experts and academics, we measured 28 factors to come up with our rankings.Countries with the highest scores tend to be clustere