2022年考博英语-西南交通大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解11

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1、2022年考博英语-西南交通大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题The computer revolution may well change society as （ ） as did the Industrial Revolution.问题1选项A.certainlyB.insignificantlyC.fundamentallyD.comparatively【答案】C【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项certainly“当然；必定”；B选项insignificantly“无关紧要地”；C选项fundamentally“ 根本地，从根本上；基础地”；D选项comparativ

2、ely“比较地；相当地”。句意：计算机革命可能会像工业革命一样从根本上改变我们的社会。因此C符合句意。2. 单选题Some pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into disuse. They see a day in the not-too-distant future when all autos will be abandoned and allowed to rust. Other authorities, however, think the auto is here to stay. They

3、 hold that the car will remain a leading means of urban travel in the foreseeable future.The motorcar will undoubtedly change significantly over the next 30 years. It should become smaller, safer, and more economical, and should not be powered by the gasoline engine. The car of the future should be

4、far more pollution-free than present types.Regardless of its power source, the auto in the future will still be the main problem in urban traffic congestion （拥挤）.One proposed solution to this problem is the automated highway system.When the auto enters the highway system, a retractable （可伸缩的）arm wil

5、l drop from the auto and make contact with a rail, which is similar to those powering subway trains electrically. Once attached to the rail, the car will become electrically powered from the system, and control of the vehicle will pass to a central computer. The computer will then monitor all of the

6、 cars movements.The driver will use a telephone to dial instructions about his destination into the system. The computer will calculate the best route, and reserve space for the car all the way to the correct exit from the highway. The driver will then be free to relax and wait for the buzzer （蜂鸣器）t

7、hat will warn him of his coming exit. It is estimated that an automated highway will be able to handle 10,000 vehicles per hour, compared with the 1,500 to 2,000 vehicles that can be carried by a present day highway.1.One significant improvement in the future car will probably be （ ）.2.What is the a

8、uthors main concern?3.What provides autos with electric power in an automated highway system?4.In an automated highway system, all the driver needs to do is to （ ）.5.What is the authors attitude toward the future of autos?问题1选项A.its power sourceB.its driving systemC.its monitoring systemD.its seatin

9、g capacity问题2选项A.How to render automobiles pollution-free.B.How to make smaller and safer automobilesC.How to solve the problem of traffic jamsD.How to develop an automated subway system问题3选项A.A railB.An engineC.A retractable armD.A computer controller问题4选项A.keep in the right laneB.wait to arrive at

10、 his destinationC.keep in constant touch with the computer centerD.inform the system of his destination by phone问题5选项A.Enthusiastic.B.PessimisticC.OptimisticD.Cautious【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C【解析】第1题:细节事实题。第二段指出：It should become smaller, safer, and more economical, and should not be powered by t

11、he gasoline engine. The car of the future should be far more pollution-free than present types（它应该变得更小、更安全和更经济且不再由汽油发动机提供动力，未来的汽车也应该比现在更环保）。因此A项“它的动力来源”正确。第2题:细节事实题。第三段指出：Regardless of its power source, the auto in the future will still be the main problem in urban traffic congestion（不管它的动力来源如何，在未来，

12、汽车也将仍然是导致城市交通拥挤的主要因素）。之后的两个段落就解决这个问题进行了论述。因此，作者主要关心如何解决交通堵塞的问题，故选C项。第3题:细节事实题。第四段指出: .make contact with a rail, which is similar to those powering subway trains electrically (与轨道接触，它类似于为地铁列车供电的东西)。因此，A项 “铁轨”正确。第4题:细节事实题。第五段指出：The driver will use a telephone to dial instructions about his destination

13、 into the system（司机将使用电话将目的地指示拨入系统）。因此D项 “用电话通知系统他的目的地”正确。第5题:观点态度题。作者在第一段指出了有关汽车未来的两个观点，一是汽车将会被人废弃，二是汽车依然会是城市交通的主要方式。随后提到其他权威人士认为汽车在可预见的未来将仍然是一个主要的城市交通工具，后面对未来发展问题的解决进行探讨。由此可见作者对于汽车的发展是持乐观态度的。故选C项。3. 单选题Putting in a new window will（ ）cutting away part of the roof.问题1选项A.includeB.involveC.containD.c

14、omprise【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项include“包含，包括，指包括属于整体的部分，可以是具体的或抽象的”；B选项involve“包含；牵涉；使陷于，指必然包括某种结果，所接的事物通常是抽象的”；C选项contain“包含；控制，指容器装有具体东西，含仍有剩余空间之意；也指包含具体之物或数据、信息等”；D选项comprise“包含；由组成，既可指整体包含若干部分，也可指若干部分或成员构成整体”。句意：新开一扇窗户就得拆掉部分屋顶。doing A involves(doing)B表示“做A事包含做B这部分工作”，因此B正确。4. 单选题Although Asian countr

15、ies are generally more（ ）in social customs than Western countries, there have been several notable examples of women leaders in both China and India.问题1选项A.conservativeB.confidentialC.comprehensibleD.consistent【答案】A【解析】句意:尽管亚洲国家在社会习俗上普遍比西方国家保守，但中国和印度都有几位女性领导人的典型例子。考查形容词辨析。conservative 保守的；confidenti

16、al 机密的；获信任的； comprehensible 可理解的；consistent 始终如一的，坚持的。此句后半部分表示:中国和印度都有几位女性领导人的典型例子，而且前面用了转折让步连词although，因此A符合句意。5. 单选题The two scholars worked at the task of writing a preface to the new dictionary for three hours （ ） last night.问题1选项A.at lengthB.in fullC.on endD.in time【答案】C【解析】考查短语词义辨析。选项A：at lengt

17、h “最后，详细地”；选项B：in full “全部，充分，充足”；选项C：on end “连续地；竖着”;选项D：in time “及时”。由题意可知，选项C正确。句意：为了给那本新词典写序，这两位学者昨晚连续花了三个小时。6. 单选题It is not easy to learn English well but if you （ ）, you will succeed in the end.问题1选项A.hang upB.hang aboutC.hang onD.hang onto【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。选项A：hang up “挂断电话，搁置”;选项B：hang about “

18、徘徊，闲荡”; 选项C:hang on “坚持下去，不挂断，握住不放”;选项C：hang onto “依附，继续保留，紧紧抓住”。句意：学好英语并不容易，但如果你坚持下去，你最终会成功的。根据句意可知，选项C更符合题意，正确。7. 单选题In the early 20th century, few things were more appealing than the promise of scientific knowledge. In a world struggling with rapid industrialization, science and technology seemed

19、 to offer solutions to almost every problem. Newly created state colleges and universities devoted themselves almost entirely to scientific, technological, and engineering fields. Many Americans came to believe that scientific certainty could not only solve scientific problems, but also reform polit

20、ics, government, and business. Two world wars and a Great Depression rocked the confidence of many people that scientific expertise alone could create a prosperous and ordered world. After World War II, the academic world turned with new enthusiasm to humanistic studies, which seemed to many scholar

21、s the best way to ensure the survival of democracy. American scholars fanned out across much of the world with support from the Ford Foundation, the Fulbright program, etc. to promote the teaching of literature and the arts in an effort to make the case for democratic freedoms.In the America of our

22、own lime, the great educational challenge has become an effort to strengthen the teaching of what is now known as the STEM disciplines （science, technology, engineering, and math）. There is considerable and justified concern that the United States is falling behind much of the rest of the developed

23、world in these essential disciplines. India, China. Japan and other regions seem to be seizing technological leadership.At the same time, perhaps inevitably, the humanities while still popular in elite colleges and universities have experienced a significant decline. Humanistic disciplines are serio

24、usly underfunded, not just by the government and the foundations but by academic institutions themselves. Humanists are usually among the lowest-paid faculty members at most institutions and are often lightly regarded because they do not generate grant income and because they provide no obvious cred

25、entials （资质）for most nonacademic careers.Undoubtedly American education should train more scientists and engineers. Much of the concern among politicians about the state of American universities today is focused on the absence of “real world” education which means preparation for professional and sc

26、ientific careers. But the idea that institutions or their students must decide between humanities and science is false. Our society could not survive without scientific and technological knowledge. But we would be equally impoverished （贫困的）without humanistic knowledge as well. Science and technology

27、 teach us what we can do. Humanistic thinking helps us understand what we should do.It is almost impossible to imagine our society without thinking of the extraordinary achievements of scientists and engineers in building our complicated world. But try to imagine our world as well without the remark

28、able works that have defined our culture and values. We have always needed, and we still need, both.1.In the early 20th century Americans believed science and technology could（ ）.2.Why did many American scholars become enthusiastic about humanistic studies after World War II?3.Why are American schol

29、ars worried about education today?4.What accounts for the significant decline in humanistic studies today?5.Why does the author attach so much importance to humanistic studies?问题1选项A.solve virtually all existing problemsB.help raise peoples living standardsC.quicken the pace of industrializationD.pr

30、omote the nations social progress问题2选项A.They wanted to improve their own status within the current education system.B.They believed the stability of a society depended heavily on humanistic studies.C.They could get financial support from various foundations for humanistic studies.D.They realized sci

31、ence and technology alone were no guarantee for a better world.问题3选项A.The STEM subjects are too challenging for students to learn.B.Some Asian countries have overtaken America in basic sciences.C.America is lagging behind in the STEM disciplines.D.There are not enough scholars in humanistic studies.

32、问题4选项A.Insufficient fundingB.Shortage of devoted facultyC.Shrinking enrollmentD.Dim prospects for graduates问题5选项A.They promote the development of science and technology.B.They help prepare students for their professional careers.C.Humanistic thinking helps define our culture and values.D.Humanistic

33、thinking helps cultivate students creativity.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:C【解析】第1题:细节事实题。第一段指出: science and technology seemed to offer solutions to almost every problem (科学与技术似乎几乎为所有问题提供了解决方案)。由此可知，A项“解决几乎所有存在的问题”正确。第2题:判断推理题。第一段指出: Two world wars and a Great Depression rocked the confidence of many

34、people that scientific expertise alone could create a prosperous and ordered world (两次世界大战和一次大萧条动摇了许多人的信心，他们曾认为只有科学知识才能创造一个繁荣有序的世界)。以及:After World War II, the academic world turned with new enthusiasm to humanistic studies, which seemed to many scholars the best way to ensure the survival of democra

35、cy (第二次世界大战后，学术界对人文主义研究产生了新的热情，这在许多学者看来是确保民主生存的最佳途径)。由此可知，D项“他们认识到仅有科学和技术不能保证一个更好的世界”正确。第3题:细节事实题。第二段指出: There is considerable and justified concern that the United States is falling behind much of the rest of the developed world in these essential disciplines (在这些基本学科方面，美国正落后于许多其他发达国家，这个担忧是相当合理的)。因

36、此C项“美国在STEM学科上正落后”正确。第4题:细节事实题。第三段指出: Humanistic disciplines are seriously underfunded, not just by the government and the foundations but by academic institutions themselves (政府、基金会和学术机构本身为人文学科所提供的资金都严重不足)。因此A项“资金不足” 正确。第5题:判断推理题。最后一段指出: But try to imagine our world as well without the remarkable w

37、orks that have defined our culture and values (然而，也试着去想象我们的世界没有定义我们文化和价值的引人注目的作品)。由此可知，作者认为人文主义研究重要是因为人文主义思想帮助定义了我们的文化和价值观。故选C。8. 单选题Their products are frequently overpriced and （ ） in quality.问题1选项A.influentialB.inferiorC.superiorD.subordinate【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项influential“有影响的；有势力的”；B选项inferior“差

38、的；自卑的；下级的”；C选项superior“ 上级的；优秀的，出众的”；D选项subordinate“从属的，隶属的；次要的”。句意：他们的产品时常定价过高且质量很差。并列连词and连接“定价过高的”和空格，因此空格处填入B项合适。9. 单选题The flowers in the vase（ ）because they had no water.问题1选项A.ripenedB.wrinkledC.witheredD.prospered【答案】C【解析】句意:花瓶里的花因为没有水而枯萎了。考查动词辨析。ripen (使)成熟；wrinkle 起皱；皱起；wither 枯萎;prosper 繁荣

39、，昌盛。根据原因状语“因为没有水”可知C项符合句意。10. 单选题To prevent flooding in winter the water flowing from the dam is constantly（ ）by a computer.问题1选项A.gradedB.managedC.conductedD.monitored【答案】D【解析】句意:为了防止冬季洪水泛滥，大坝流出的水由计算机不断监测。考查动词辨析。选项均为对应动词的过去分词形式表被动。grade 评分；把分等级；manage 管理；控制；设 法；conduct管理；引导；进行；monitor监控。由前半句句意“为了防止

40、冬季洪水泛滥”可知D项符合句意。11. 翻译题Translate the following sentences into Chinese and write your answers on the Answer Sheet.1. And giving should be strategic-philanthropy should not simply respond to needs but should look for investment opportunities that yield significance returns.2. What remains pertinent is

41、 the reports vision of the role of government in research, including his assertion that the federal government had both the authority and the obligation to support basic research.3. This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable development, which means that we must, for the benefit of coming

42、generations, leave enough environmental space so that these generations will be able to address their needs and fulfill their aspirations.4. The threat of the Cold War was a prime driving force leading to the expansion of U.S. science, national labs and academic institutions.5. It is worth noting th

43、at preventive measures involving smoking and diet are conveniently similar for cancer and heart disease; one exception is alcohol -a risk factor for the former, a preventive for the later.【答案】1.捐赠也应讲策略慈善事业应该不单是应人之需，而应该觅寻投资机会， 以求产生可观的回报。2.该报告对政府在研究中所扮演的角色的看法仍然中肯，包括他的主张，即联邦政府既有权力也有义务支持基础研究。3.这种需要体现在可持

44、续发展的概念中，这意味着为了后代的利益，我们必须留下足够的环境空间，以满足他们的需要，施展抱负。4.冷战的威胁曾是一个主要的驱动力，它导致了美国科学、国家实验室以及学术机构团体的扩张。5.值得注意的是，癌症和心脏病的预防措施与吸烟和饮食很相似;一个例外是酒精癌症的危险因子，但却是心脏病的预防因子。12. 单选题The white（ ）backed by white officers and native troops, was competent and generally well disposed toward the welfare of the Indian peasant masse

45、s.问题1选项A.eliteB.eclipseC.elapseD.clastic【答案】A【解析】句意:受白人军官和当地军队支持的白人精英很有能力，而且总体上对印度农民群众的福利很有好感。考查名词及形容词辨析。elite 精英；精华；eclipse 日蚀；月蚀；黯然失色；elapse流逝；吋间的过去；clastic碎片性的；碎屑状的。由关键词backed by white officers and native troops(受白人官员和本国军队支持的)可知A项正确。13. 单选题The threat of a general strike was（ ）only by prompt gover

46、nment action.问题1选项A.avertedB.divertedC.subvertedD.deviated【答案】A【解析】句意:只有政府迅速采取行动，才能避免大罢工的威胁。考查动词辨析。avert 避免；转移；divert 转移；使转向；subvert颠覆；破坏；deviate 偏离；越轨。该处动词主语是The threat of a general strike(大罢工的威胁)，故A项正确。14. 单选题Did you notice the （ ） on the doctors face when heard that Kino had found the pearl of th

47、e world?问题1选项A.appearanceB.expressionC.descriptionD.look【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。选项A：appearance “外貌，外观”；选项B：expression意为“脸色，表现， 表情，态度，腔调”；选项C：description “描述，描写，类型，说明书”；选项D：look意为“样子，面容，看”。根据题意，本题选项B更符合题意，正确。句意：听说Kino找到了世界明珠之后，你注意到医生脸上的表情了吗?15. 单选题The presidents（ ）remarks in his speech met with a lot of at

48、tacks from other countries.问题1选项A.offensiveB.impressiveC.permissiveD.expressive【答案】A【解析】句意:总统在演讲中的攻击性言论遭到了许多来自其他国家的攻击。考查形容词辨析。offensive 攻击的，冒犯的，令人不适的；impressive 令人赞叹的，令人钦佩的；permissive 许可的，自由的，放任的；expressive 表现的，有表现力的。根据题干关键词“遭到了许多来自其他国家的攻击”可知A符合句意。16. 单选题We should make a clear（ ）between the two scie

49、ntific terms for the purpose of our discussion.问题1选项A.separationB.discriminationC.deviationD.distinction【答案】D【解析】句意:为了讨论，我们应该把这两个科学术语明确区分开来。考查名词辨析。separation 分离；距离;法分居；discrimination 歧视；辨别；deviation 偏差；误差；背离；distinction 区分；差别。由关键词“between the two scientific terms在这两个科学术语之间”可知D项符合句意，且能和介词between进行搭配。

50、17. 单选题The （ ） stuck on the envelope says “By Air”.问题1选项A.diagramB.labelC.signalD.mark【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项diagram“图表；图解”；B选项label“标签；商标”；C选项signal“ 信号；暗号；导火线”；D选项mark“标志；马克；符号”。句意：信封上粘贴的标签说是“航空邮件”。信封上粘贴的应该是标签，故选B。18. 单选题（ ） as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.问题1选项A.Being publ

51、ishedB.PublishedC.PublishingD.To be published【答案】B【解析】语法题。考查倒装句。 前后句子是转折关系，“as it was at such a time”为as引导的倒装句作让步状语从句，因此as前应该是动词publish的过去分词形式，故选B。句意：尽管在如此一个时间被出版，但是他的作品却引起了很多关注。19. 单选题Obesity generally is defined as an accumulation of fat beyond what is considered normal for a persons age, sex, and

52、 body type. In todays society obesity is considered a disease, not a moral failing. It occurs when energy intake exceeds the amount of energy expended over time. Only in a small minority of cases is obesity caused by such illnesses as hypothyroidism, or the result of taking medications such as stero

53、ids(类固醇),that can cause weight gain.The more a person weighs, the more blood vessels the body needs to circulate blood throughout the body. The heart takes on a heavy burden as has to pump harder to force the blood flow through so many vessels. As a result; the heart grows in size and blood pressure

54、 tends to rise. Obesity is also a factor in osteoarthritis (because of the extra weight placed on the joints), bone and joint diseases, respiratory ailments, gallbladder disease, complications during pregnancy and delivery, and higher accidental death rate.Obesity can alter hormone levels, affect im

55、mune function, and cause impotence in men and reproductive problems in women. Women who are 30% overweight are twice as likely to die of endometrial cancer, and those who are 40% overweight have four times the risk. Obese women also are more likely to incur cancers of the breast, ovaries, and gallbl

56、adder. Obese men are more likely to develop cancers of the rectum, colon, bladder, pancreas, stomach, and prostate.Obesity can also cause psychological problems. Sufferers are associated with laziness, failure, or inadequate willpower. As a result, overweight men and women blame themselves for being

57、 heavy, thus causing feelings of guilt and depression.Scientific evidence has found an association between BMI (body mass index) and higher death rates. However, the relative risk of being heavy declines with age. Some researchers have found that data linking overweight and death are inconclusive, w

58、hile other researchers have found that losing weight may be riskier than dangers posed by extra pounds. Some researchers counter that overweight indirectly contributes to over 300, 000 deaths a year.A poll by Shape Up America found that 78% of overweight or obese adults have abandoned dieting as a m

59、eans of losing weight. Diets do not teach people how to eat properly. They merely restrict food intake temporarily, so when the diet ends, weight gain resumes.1.Which of the following expresses the main idea of this passage?2.According to the passage, （ ）.3.According to the passage, why does dieting

60、 not result in permanent weight loss?4.Which of the following is implied in Paragraph 5?5.Which of the following can be concluded from this passage?问题1选项A.Obesity puts a burden on the heart.B.Many people are constantly dietingC.Obesity is considered to be a disease.D.Obesity can lead to many serious

61、 health problems问题2选项A.obesity is often related to medications such as steroidsB.obesity does not affect a persons chance of getting cancerC.a diagnosis of obesity is based on a normal weight for ones age, sex and body type.D.obesity is becoming less of a problem in todays society问题3选项A.Diets dont t

62、each people good eating habits,B.Diets lead to peoples guilt and depressionC.There are too many diets and each has different requirements.D.Diets cause feeling of deprivation问题4选项A.Losing a lot of weight is not wise for older people.B.Some surgical methods for weight loss are better than dieting.C.All obese people need to shed their extra pounds.D.Obese people should consult their doctors about the pros and cons of losing weight问题5选项A.Obesity is not a major health risk.B.Scientists agree