2022年考博英语-中国科学院考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解6

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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学院考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题The old belief that the universe never changes is quite wrong. Even before the invention of the telescope, astronomers noticed that bright stars suddenly appear in the sky，and then later disappear. （1）In fact we now know that they are really old stars which a

2、re slowly dying. A recent case of a nova occurred in 1918，and one of the few people who saw this was the American astronomer Edward Barnard. He was driving along in a car, occasionally looking up into the sky. Suddenly he noticed a star that he had never seen before, and exclaimed, “That star should

3、 not be there!” He was in fact watching the explosion of a nova.（2）As they do so, they let out huge clouds of material. Sometimes as large as the earth, and these explode into space at a speed of about 8，000, 000 kilometers per hour. When this happens, the hotter parts of the star become visible, an

4、d this is why novae are so bright. Although the explosions are huge on a human scale, they only consume a small part of the dying stars energy. （3）Indeed, there are even some stars which explode once a fortnight.There are other old stars which do not die slowly, but are completely destroyed by one g

5、reat explosion. （4）The explosion of a supernova is equivalent to about a million, million, million, million hydrogen bombs going off at the same time. Just before the explosion the stars density become very great and it spins at a very high speed. A matchbox of material taken from the star at that t

6、ime would weigh about 1,000 tons, and the star would be turning at about 16,000, 000 kilometers per hour.（5）One supernova which Chinese astronomers observed in 1054 can still be seen by us today. It has been shining for at least nine hundred years.问题1选项A.Novae are old stars which are slowly dying.B.

7、They are known as “supernovae.”C.The death is a slow one, and the star may continue to explode for thousands of years.D.The explosion of a supernova is like a cosmic bomb.E.The explosion itself occurs suddenly, in the space of a minute, but the supernova continues to shine long after the event.F.The

8、se stars were called “novae” because they were thought to be new.问题2选项A.Novae are old stars which are slowly dying.B.They are known as “supernovae.”C.The death is a slow one, and the star may continue to explode for thousands of years.D.The explosion of a supernova is like a cosmic bomb.E.The explos

9、ion itself occurs suddenly, in the space of a minute, but the supernova continues to shine long after the event.F.These stars were called “novae” because they were thought to be new.问题3选项A.Novae are old stars which are slowly dying.B.They are known as “supernovae.”C.The death is a slow one, and the

10、star may continue to explode for thousands of years.D.The explosion of a supernova is like a cosmic bomb.E.The explosion itself occurs suddenly, in the space of a minute, but the supernova continues to shine long after the event.F.These stars were called “novae” because they were thought to be new.问

11、题4选项A.Novae are old stars which are slowly dying.B.They are known as “supernovae.”C.The death is a slow one, and the star may continue to explode for thousands of years.D.The explosion of a supernova is like a cosmic bomb.E.The explosion itself occurs suddenly, in the space of a minute, but the supe

12、rnova continues to shine long after the event.F.These stars were called “novae” because they were thought to be new.问题5选项A.Novae are old stars which are slowly dying.B.They are known as “supernovae.”C.The death is a slow one, and the star may continue to explode for thousands of years.D.The explosio

13、n of a supernova is like a cosmic bomb.E.The explosion itself occurs suddenly, in the space of a minute, but the supernova continues to shine long after the event.F.These stars were called “novae” because they were thought to be new.【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:E【解析】（1）空格处后面一句话有两个关键点，一是in fact,”实际上”的

14、意思，表示与前文（空格处所填入的句子）是转折关系；另一个关键点是old的这个词，既然前后是转折关系，那么空格处会有一个与old相反的表述。综上，These stars were called “novae” because they were thought to be new.符合题意。（2）空格处位于句首，因此可以考虑是一个主题句，即后面的内容都是围绕这个句子展开。因此需要把握整段文字的主要内容：讲述了一颗新星慢慢衰落的过程，因此Novae are old stars which are slowly dying符合题意。（3）空格处前面讲述了恒星爆炸，空格处后一句讲述的是”甚至有些恒星会

15、每两周爆炸一次”，言下之意是有些恒星的爆炸并不是只有一次，可能会延续很长时间，因此The death is a slow one, and the star may continue to explode for thousands of years.符合题意。（4）空格后的句子提到了一个关键词supernova，因此，空格处需要将这个概念引出来。再联系空格前一句中的other old stars可知They are known as “supernovae.”符合题意。（5）空格后的句子提到”中国天文学家在1054年观测到的一颗超新星至今仍可看见”，这个例子说明超新星爆炸后仍然可以长时间发光

16、，因此The explosion itself occurs suddenly, in the space of a minute, but the supernova continues to shine long after the event.符合题意。2. 单选题（ ） we continue to work hard, we can finish the task ahead of schedule.问题1选项A.As soon asB.As far asC.So long asD.So far as【答案】C【解析】考察固定搭配。as soon as 一就；as far as至于；

17、so far as到目前为止； so long as “只要”，句意：我们只要继续努力工作，就能在计划之前完成工作。选项C符合句意。3. 不定项选择题“The idea of death, the fear of it, haunts the human animal like nothing else,” wrote Ernest Becker in his book. But we dont need to worry so much, according to new research comparing our perception of what its like to die wi

18、th the accounts from people facing imminent death. Researchers analyzed the writings of regular bloggers with either terminal cancer who all died over the course of the study, and compared it to blog posts written by a group of participants who were told to imagine they had been diagnosed with termi

19、nal cancer and had only a few months to live. They looked for general feelings of positivity and negativity, and words describing positive and negative emotions including happiness, fear and terror. Blog posts from the terminally ill were found to have considerably more positive words and fewer nega

20、tive ones than those imagining they were dyingand their use of positive language increased as they got closer to death.Lisa Iverach, a research fellow at the University of Sydney, explained that the study highlights how the participants may have been less negative because the mystery around death wa

21、s removed. “Individuals facing imminent death have had more time to process the idea of death and dying, and therefore, may be more accepting of the inevitability of death.” But not all of us will know how, or when, were going to die in advance, and therefore will miss out on any benefits to be had

22、by uncovering its uncertainty.Havi Carel, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Bristol, agrees with the studys findings on how adaptable we are. “The initial shock after receiving a poor prognosis is horrific, but after months or years of living with this knowledge, the dread subsides,” she

23、said. However, Carel also pointed out that theres an important distinction between positive responses and pleasantness, and that there are some unpleasant and painful events wed still be positive about, such as childbirth.In Western culture, we tend to pretend death doesnt exist, whereas research ha

24、s indicated that the East Asian yin and yang philosophy of deathwhere life cant exist without deathallows individuals to use death as a reminder to enjoy life. “I think the UK and the US are death-denying cultures, in that death is mostly avoided as a topic.” Heflick said. “While avoiding talking ab

25、out death can reduce discomfort in the short term, it probably makes most of us much more anxious about death in the long term.”36. According to Ernest Becker, people usually _.37. According to the researchers, people faced with imminent death _ than those who imagined they have cancer.38. According

26、 to Lisa Iverach, people who have been diagnosed with cancer are more positive, because _.39. According to Havi Carel, the positive feeling and unpleasant feeling _.40. In Asian culture, people take death as something _.41. People in Western cultures avoid talking about death because _.问题1选项A.have m

27、ixed feelings about deathB.regard death as an adventureC.are puzzled by the real meaning of deathD.dread death most compared with other things问题2选项A.are more thoughtfulB.are more positiveC.more frightenedD.are more concerned with their later life问题3选项A.people uncover the mystery of deathB.people lea

28、rn to keep peaceful mindsC.people focus their minds on the familyD.people have to manage their time meaningfully问题4选项A.are difficult for people to distinguishB.are easy for people to get used toC.may be understood better by womenD.could be experienced at the same time问题5选项A.sensitiveB.deniableC.to r

29、emind people to treasure their lifeD.to be dealt with more seriously问题6选项A.they want to reduce their anxietyB.they enjoy every day of their livesC.they value the present more than the futureD.they prefer to process the idea individually【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C第6题:A【解析】36. 【选项释义】According to Ern

30、est Becker, people usually _. 根据欧内斯特贝克尔的说法，人们通常_。A. have mixed feelings about death A. 对死亡有不同的感受B. regard death as an adventure B. 视死亡为一种冒险C. are puzzled by the real meaning of death C. 对死亡的真正含义感到困惑D. dread death most compared with other things D. 与其他事物相比，最害怕死亡【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Ernest Becker可以

31、定位到文章第一段第一句“欧内斯特贝克尔在他的书中写道：死亡的想法和对其的恐惧，无与伦比地（like nothing else）萦绕着人类。”，说明欧内斯特贝克尔认为死亡是人类最害怕的事物。因此D选项“与其他事物相比，最害怕死亡”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“对死亡有不同的感受”，B选项“视死亡为一种冒险”和C选项“对死亡的真正含义感到困惑”在文章中均没有提及，属于无中生有。37. 【选项释义】According to the researchers, people faced with imminent death _ than those who imagined they have canc

32、er. 根据研究人员的说法，面对即将到来的死亡的人比那些想象自己患有癌症的人_。A. are more thoughtful A. 更加深思熟虑B. are more positive B. 更加积极C. more frightened C. 更加惊慌失措D. are more concerned with their later life D. 更关心自己的晚年生活【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】由题干关键词imagined可以定位到文章第一段最后一句“他们发现，与那些想象自己即将死亡的人（imagining they were dying）相比，身患绝症的人的博客文章中有更多积极的词汇（

33、more positive words），而消极的词汇则更少，而且随着他们离死亡越来越近，他们使用的积极语言也越来越多。”，说明研究人员发现即将面临死亡的人比想象自己患有癌症即将死去的人更加积极、乐观。因此B选项“更加积极”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“更加深思熟虑”和D选项“更关心自己的晚年生活”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有；C选项“更加惊慌失措”，文章中描述他们是积极乐观的，而不是慌张的，属于反向干扰。38. 【选项释义】According to Lisa Iverach, people who have been diagnosed with cancer are more positi

34、ve, because _. 根据丽莎伊维拉奇的说法，被诊断出患有癌症的人更加积极，因为_。A. people uncover the mystery of death A. 人们揭开了死亡的神秘面纱B. people learn to keep peaceful minds B. 人们学会保持平和的心态C. people focus their minds on the family C. 人们把心思放在家庭上D. people have to manage their time meaningfully D. 人们要有意义地管理自己的时间【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Li

35、sa Iverach可以定位到文章第二段第一句“悉尼大学的研究人员丽莎伊维拉奇解释说，这项研究强调了参与者可能因为死亡的神秘感被消除（the mystery around death was removed）而变得不那么消极。”，说明丽莎伊维拉奇对于参与者更加积极这种现象的解释是他们可能因为消除了围绕死亡的神秘感而减少了负面情绪。因此A选项“人们揭开了死亡的神秘面纱”正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“人们学会保持平和的心态”，C选项“人们把心思放在家庭上”和D选项“人们要有意义地管理自己的时间”在文章中均没有提及，属于无中生有。39. 【选项释义】According to Havi Carel, t

36、he positive feeling and unpleasant feeling _. 根据哈维卡瑞尔的说法，_积极的感觉和不愉快的感觉。A. are difficult for people to distinguish A. 人们很难区分B. are easy for people to get used to B. 人们容易习惯C. may be understood better by women C. 女性可能更容易理解D. could be experienced at the same time D. 可以同时体验【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Havi Ca

37、rel可以定位到文章第三段第一、二句“布里斯托尔大学哲学教授哈维卡瑞尔同意这项关于人类适应力的研究结果。她说：在得知对病情的不良预断后，最初的震惊是可怕的，但在了解了这种情况的几个月或几年之后（after months or years of living with this knowledge），这种恐惧就会消退（the dread subsides）。”，说明哈维卡瑞尔认为最初得知自己即将面临死亡的震惊是可怕的，这是一种不愉快的感觉，但在与这种感觉一起共存几个月或几年之后，人们会变得积极起来，也就是说积极和不愉快的感觉可以同时存在。因此D选项“可以同时体验”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“人们

38、很难区分”，文章中说的是积极的回应（positive responses）和愉悦（pleasantness）之间的区别，而不是积极的感觉和不愉快的感觉，属于曲解原文；B选项“人们容易习惯”和C选项“女性可能更容易理解”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有。40. 【选项释义】In Asian culture, people take death as something _. 在亚洲文化中，人们把死亡视为一种_的东西。A. sensitive A. 敏感B. deniable B. 可以否认C. to remind people to treasure their life C. 提醒人们要珍惜生活

39、D. to be dealt with more seriously D. 要更认真地对待【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Asian culture可以定位到文章第四段第一句“东亚的阴阳死亡哲学（East Asian yin and yang philosophy of death）没有死亡，生命就不存在允许个人将死亡作为享受生命的提醒（use death as a reminder to enjoy life）。”，说明亚洲文化认为没有死亡，生命就不可能存在，所以个人会用死亡来提醒自己去享受、珍惜生活。因此C选项“提醒人们要珍惜生活”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“敏感”，文章中

40、说到西方文化倾向于假装死亡不存在，说明对西方人来说死亡是敏感的，不属于亚洲文化对死亡的理解，属于张冠李戴；B选项“可以否认”，文章中说到英国和美国是否认死亡的文化，因为死亡基本上是一个被回避的话题，说明是英美文化认为死亡可以否认，而不是亚洲文化，属于张冠李戴；D选项“要更认真地对待”，文章中说的是通过死亡提醒自己要认真对待生命、享受生活，属于偷换概念。41. 【选项释义】People in Western cultures avoid talking about death because _. 西方文化中的人们避免谈论死亡，因为_。A. they want to reduce their a

41、nxiety A. 他们想减少自己的焦虑B. they enjoy every day of their lives B. 他们享受生命中的每一天C. they value the present more than the future C. 他们更重视现在而不是未来D. they prefer to process the idea individually D. 他们喜欢单独处理这个想法【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Western cultures可以定位到文章第四段第一句和最后一句“在西方文化（Western culture）中，我们倾向于假装死亡不存在。虽然避免谈论

42、死亡（avoiding talking about death）可以在短期内减少不适，但从长远来看，它可能会让我们大多数人对死亡更加焦虑（anxious）。”，说明西方人对于死亡的态度是避免谈论死亡，假装死亡并不存在，因为这样可以在短期内减少心理不适，也就是焦虑。因此A选项“他们想减少自己的焦虑”正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“他们享受生命中的每一天”，通过死亡的提醒来享受生命是东方文化的态度，属于张冠李戴；C选项“他们更重视现在而不是未来”和D选项“他们喜欢单独处理这个想法”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有。4. 单选题Bill was sitting and daydreaming so his

43、 mother told him to _ down to earth and to do his homework.问题1选项A.goB.comeC.narrowD.boil【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. go 去，走 B. come 来，到C. narrow 变窄，缩小 D. boil 沸腾，烧开【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】本句的主干部分是“Bill was sitting and daydreaming（比尔正坐着做白日梦）”，so引导了一个结果状语从句，说明导致的结果是妈妈叫他去做某事，和“daydreaming（白日梦）”相对立的应该是面对现实。come down to ea

44、rth是固定搭配，意为“回到现实，面对现实”，因此B选项come“来，到”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项go“去，走”，go down to指延续至，一直到某处；C选项narrow“变窄，缩小”，narrow down to指缩小到某个范围；D选项boil“沸腾，烧开”，boil down to指归结为，归根结底；均不能和“earth（土地）”构成固定搭配。【句意】比尔正坐着做白日梦，所以他妈妈叫他面对现实，去做家庭作业。5. 单选题As quickly as possible，the doctor applies ice packs to your injury. Ice （ ）swell

45、ing and inflammation.问题1选项A.fastensB.detersC.encouragesD.fixes【答案】B【解析】考察动词辨析。fasten “使固定”；deter “阻止”；encourage “鼓励”；fix “修理”。句意：冰能够阻止肿胀和发炎。选项B符合句意。6. 单选题Google is not the only search utility in town, but it comes with such a(n) （ ）collection of tools to focus your search that it is the engine of ch

46、oice for many of us.问题1选项A.comparableB.formidableC.innumerableD.compatible【答案】B【解析】考察形容词辨析。comparable “可比较的”；formidable “强大的”；innumerable “无数的”；compatible “兼容的”。句意：谷歌并非唯一的搜索工具，不过，它有强大的工具集合，使其能够强化搜索能力，因此谷歌是大多数人选择使用的搜索引擎。选项B符合句意。7. 填空题Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at

47、 a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick I in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.All the infants died before the first y

48、ear. (66) What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. (67) Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signa

49、ls of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquainting skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard

50、once the critical stage has passed.(68) At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sent

51、ences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.(69) What is special about mans brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”. (70)

52、A. Sensitivity to the childs non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.B. But clearly there was more than lack of language here.C. Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak.D. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking.

53、E. And even more incredible is the young brains ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.F. Experts suggested that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but t

54、here are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ.【答案】66.B67.D68.F69.C70.E【解析】【选项释义】A. Sensitivity to the childs non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language. A. 对儿童的非语言信号的敏感度对语言的成长和发展至关重要。B. But clearly there was more than

55、 lack of language here. B. 但显然这里不只是缺乏语言。C. Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. C. 最近的证据表明，婴儿天生就有说话的能力。D. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. D. 尽管如此，有些孩子在说话方面还是比较落后。E. And even more incredible is the young brains ability to pick out an

56、order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways. E. 而更令人难以置信的是，年轻的大脑有能力从周围的声音混合物中挑出语言的秩序来分析，以新的方式组合和重新组合语言的各个部分。F. Experts suggested that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there ar

57、e cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. F. 专家们认为，语言阶段是以固定的顺序和固定的年龄达到的，但也有这样的情况：一个孩子的语言能力开始得很晚，但最终却变成了高智商。66.【考查点】上下文关联。【解题思路】第一段提到“如果一个孩子没有听到母语，他会说什么语言（language）”，下文由说到“缺少的是良好的母亲教育（good mothering）”，这是两种不同的事物，由此可知空格处包含了一个转折的逻辑关系，B选项中的“But（但是）”表示转折，同

58、时“缺乏语言（lack of language）”也和下文的“缺少（missing）母亲教育”相对应。因此B选项“但显然这里不只是缺乏语言。”正确。67.【考查点】上下文关联。【解题思路】下文说到“最常见的原因（reason）是母亲对婴儿发出的信号不敏感”，由此可知空格处应该提及了某一问题，而下文是对该问题的原因分析。D选项中的“有些孩子在说话方面还是比较落后（backward）”就是该原因导致的问题。因此D选项“尽管如此，有些孩子在说话方面还是比较落后。”正确。68.【考查点】上下文关联。【解题思路】空格后按照时间顺序列举了婴幼儿学习语言的不同阶段，F选项中的“speech stages（语

59、言阶段）”和下文中“twelve weeks（十二周）、twelve months（十二个月）、eighteen months（十八个月）、three（三岁）和four（四岁）”相对应。因此F选项“专家们认为，语言阶段是以固定的顺序和固定的年龄达到的，但也有这样的情况：一个孩子的语言开始得很晚，但最终却变成了高智商。”正确。69.【考查点】上下文关联。【解题思路】本段将猴子的大脑和人类的大脑进行对比，从生物学的角度阐释了人类语言的习得能力，C选项中的“born with the capacity to speak（天生就有说话的能力）”表明了人类语言的习得能力是与生俱来的。因此C选项“最近的证

60、据表明，婴儿天生就有说话的能力。”正确。70.【考查点】上下文关联。【解题思路】上文说到“能使（enables）孩子把对玩具熊的视觉和感觉与玩具熊的发音模式联系起来”，这是人类习得语言的能力，E选项中的“ability to pick out an order in language（有能力挑出语言的秩序）”与上文的“enables（能使）”相对应，都说明了人类天生具有说话的能力。因此E选项“而更令人难以置信的是，年轻的大脑有能力从周围的声音混合物中挑出语言的秩序来分析，以新的方式组合和重新组合语言的各个部分。”正确。8. 单选题Parents often fall into the trap

61、 of offering other food in order to（ ） the child to eat.问题1选项A.temptB.manipulateC.incenseD.escort【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。tempt “吸引，诱使”；manipulate “操作，操控”；incense “使激怒”；escort“护送，陪同”。句意：家长们常常陷入困境，通过别的食物来吸引孩子好好吃饭。选项A符合句意。9. 单选题Its well known that the brain is a food-guzzling greedy guts, consuming 20% of the

62、bodys energy though it only _ 2% of its weight.问题1选项A.accounts forB.contributes toC.figures outD.makes up for【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. accounts for 占比例 B. contributes to 有助于，促成C. figures out 想出，弄明白 D. makes up for 补偿，弥补【考查点】动词词组辨析。【解题思路】though引导了一个让步状语从句，根据从句内容所得出的某种预期应与上文“consuming 20% of the bodys energy（

63、消耗着身体百分之二十的能量）”之间存在相反的逻辑关系，说明该预期应为“消耗的身体能量很少”。通常来说只有占了很多的身体重量，才会消耗更多的身体能量，由此可知从句部分所表达的应该是“只占很少的身体重量”。account for指组成或形成某物的一部分，因此A选项account for“占比例”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】B选项contributes to“有助于，促成”指作为促进某件事的因素，不能和“weight（体重）”进行搭配；C选项figures out“想出，弄明白”指通过思考理解某事物或找到解决办法，不符合题干的语义逻辑；D选项makes up for“补偿，弥补”指做出行动来纠正或改进某事物，不符合题干的语义逻辑。【句意】众所周知，大