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1、1. In the 100 elements available to us, about three quarters can be classified as metals. And, about half of these are of at least some industrial or commercial importance. Metals, be they pure or alloy, can be further defined as being ferrous or nonferrous in make up. Ferrous alloys are those in wh

2、ich the base or primary metal is iron, manganese, chromium. All other metallic materials automatically fall into the non-ferrous category%.在人类可获得的一百多种元素中， 约四分之三是金属。 而这些金属中又大约有一半至少在工业或商业上具有一定的重要性。所有的金属，不管是纯金属还是合金，都能根据成分进一步分成黑色金属或有色金属。黑色金属主要是以铁、锰、铬为主要成分的合金，其余金 属材料自然都属于有色金属的范畴。2. Direct reduction offer

3、s a number of advantages including low investment expenditure and the use of cheap primary energy instead of coke. Consequently,this technique offers may developing countries the possibility of building up a national steel industry. In fact, direct reduction combined with electric arc furnace must i

4、n future be considered among the important steel production techniques alongside the blast furnace and oxygen converter technique.直接还原法具有一些优点， 包括低投资成本和使用廉价的原始的能源代替焦炭， 所以这种技术为许多发展中国家提供了建设国家钢铁工业的可能性。事实上，与电弧炉结合，直接还原在今后与高炉和吹氧转炉技术一样一定会成为重要的钢铁生产技术。3. In September 2004, the National Cancer Institute announ

5、ced an initiative to bring new blood to an old and desperate fight. Called the NCI Alliance for Nanotechnology in cancer, the initiative will wager 144.3 million over the next 5 years that nanotechnology will open entirely new and effective strategies for diagnosing and treating cancer. It -funded s

6、ign that expe ctastiaonwselflor nanotech solutions to cancerextend to the highest governmentallevels, and it comes at a time when the battle against the disease seems to be at a standstill. Unlike death rates for heart diseaseand stroke, which have declined drastically, cancer mortalitynh ast change

7、d since the 1950s.2004 年 9 月， 美国国家癌症研究所宣布了一项重大举措，给这场古老而顽强的抗癌之战注入了新的活力。 这个被称为国家癌症研究所癌症纳米技术联盟的行动将在未来5 年投资1.443 亿美元促使纳米技术开辟一个全新、有效的诊断及治疗癌症的途径。这是一个资金雄厚的标志，也显示人们对纳米技术治疗癌症的关注程度已经上升到最高层的政府层面。在抗击癌症之战几乎陷入停顿之时， 它来的正是时候。 与近来死亡率处于下降趋势的心脏病和中风不同，自从20世纪50年代起，癌症的死亡率就一直居高不下。4. THE European Central Bank (ECB) decided

8、 a year ago to hold this week smonetary-policy meeting in Barcelona,but the timing turned out to be perfect. Spain is in the crosshairsof the markets, not least becauseof budgetary overruns by regional governments such as Catalonia s. And the contrasting economic fortunes of beaten-up Spain, where t

9、he jobless rate has reached 24%, and resilient Germany, where it is below 6%, exemplify the difficulty of finding the right monetary policy in a currency union of 17 members.欧洲中央银行(ECB)早在一年前就决定了将于本周在巴塞罗那召开货币政策会议，现今看来，会议召开的恰是时候。现在的西班牙正处在市场的风口浪尖，特别是因为加泰罗尼亚等自治区政府的预算超支才导致了西班牙到了这般田地。 同德国相比， 西班牙经济死气沉沉，失业率

10、飙升至24%；德国经济稳步反弹，失业率则低于6%。如此鲜明的对比恰也印证了，在这个由 17 名成员组成的货币区内制定出一项正确的货币政策确实不易。5. This study investigatesthe potential differences between American and Jordanianundergraduate students apology strategies. It attempts to bridge the existing gap in thliteerature since there are only few studies which discuss

11、 Jordanian apology strategies and fewer that compare them to their American counterparts. Not only do the authors tabulate and compare the strategies used by the two groups, as well as the male and female respondents in each group, but they also examine the potential differences in the use of these

12、strategies.本研究调查了美国大学生和约旦大学生道歉策略潜在的不同， 鉴于讨论约旦人道歉策略的文献几乎没有， 而且将之与美国大学生道歉策略进行对比的文献也为数不多， 本研究试图缩小这一差距。 作者不仅用表列出了两组研究对象所使用的道歉策略， 对组间和组内男女调查对象进行了对比，还考察了这些策略使用上潜在的差异。6. Yet there are clearly some very real issues that need to be resolved. Like any new product entering the food chain, genetically modified

13、foods must be subjected to rigorous testing. wIne alt hy countries, the debate about biotech is tempered by the fact that we have a rich arroafyf o ods t o choose from -and a supply that far exceeds our needs. In developing countriesd esperate to f eed fast-growing and underfed populations; the issu

14、e is simpler and much more urgent: Do the ben efits of biotech outweigh the risks?但是， 显然还有一些非常现实的问题需要解决。 就像任何一种要进入食物链的新食品一样，转基因食品必须经过严格的检验。在富裕的国家里，由于有大量丰富的食品可供选择，而且供应远远超过需求， 所以关于生物技术的争论相对缓和一些。 在迫切想要养活其迅速增长而又吃不饱的人口的发展中国家，问题比较简单，也更加紧迫：生物技术的好处是否大于风险呢 ?7. The statistics on population growth and hunger a

15、re disturbing. Last year the worlds population reac hed 6 billion. And by 2050, the UN estimates, it will probably near 9 billion. Almost all that growth will occur in developing countries. At the same time, the worlds available cultivable land per pe rson is declining. Arable land has declined stea

16、dily since 1960 and will decease byhalf over the next 50 years, according to the International Service for the Acquisition of A gri-Biotech Applications (ISAAA).关于人口增长和饥饿的统计数字读来令人感到不安。去年，世界人口达到了 60 亿。联合国预测， 到 2050年， 这个数字很可能将接近90亿， 而增加的人口几乎都来自发展中国家。与此同时，世界人均耕地正在减少。国际农业生物技术应用服务中心(ISAAA)称，自1960年以来，耕地面积

17、一直持续下降，并将在今后 50 年减少一半。8. By the beginning of last century a substantial body of evidence had been accumulated in support ofthe idea that the chemical elements consist of atoms.到上世纪初，已积累了大量的证据来支持这样的观点：化学元素是由原子构成的。The new ship was designedin accordancewith the most modern technology and built with par

18、ticularly advanced techniques. The whole process of design was checked by computer to ensure that the high strength requirements against underwater explosions were met.新的舰船是按照最现代化的技术设计， 并采用特别先进的方法建造的。 整个设计过程通过计算机的检查，以保证满足防止水下爆炸所需要的高强度要求。9. Over the past sixty yearsthe blast furnace processhas made t

19、remendous progress and attained remarkable performances. Nevertheless, the blast furnace is today strongly challenged by some new processes which should respond to the objectives of producing metallic iron directly from ore fines and from non coking coals without polluting the environment. These new

20、 processesare mainly direct reduction and smelting reduction.在过去的 60 多年里，高炉工艺取得了巨大的进步并获得了显著的成就。然而，如今高炉正受到一些新工艺的强烈挑战，这些新工艺应对了（实现了）在不污染环境的条件下从矿粉和非焦煤中直接生产铁的要求（目标） 。这些新工艺主要包括直接还原和熔融还原。* Between 1993 and 1997 the researchers questioned 20,000 healthy British men and women about their lifestyles. They als

21、o tested every participants blood to measure vitamin C intake, an indicator of how much fruit and vegetables people ate.Then they assigned the participants- aged 45-79 - a score of between 0 and 4, giving onepoint for each of the healthy behaviors.After allowing for age and other factors that could

22、affect the likelihood of dying, the researchers determined people with a score of 0 were four times as likely to have died, particularly from cardiovascular disease.The researchersw, ho tracked deaths among the participants until 2006, also said a person with a health score of 0 had the same risk of

23、 dying as someone with a health score of 4 who was 14 years older.The lifestyle change with the biggest benefit was giving up smoking, which led to an 80 percent improvement in health, the study found. This was followed by eating fruits and vegetables.Moderate drinking and keeping active brought the

24、 same benefits, Kay-Tee Khaw and colleagues at the University of Cambridge and the Medical Research Council said.Armed with this information, public-health officials should now be in a better position to encouragebehavior changeslikely to improve the health of middle-agedand older people, the resear

25、chers wrote.1993年至 1997年间，研究人员对英国 2 万名身体健康的男性和女性的生活习惯进行了调查，他们还检测了每名研究对象血液中的维生素 C 含量。维生素C 能够衡量人们的水果和蔬菜摄入量。之后，研究人员给每位研究对象打分，分值范围为 0 分到 4 分，每一种健康习惯得 1 分。研究对象的年龄在45 岁至 79岁之间。在综合考虑年龄及其它可能影响寿命的因素后，研究人员得出结论：得分为 0 分的研究对象死亡的风险为其他人的四倍，这些人尤其容易死于心血管疾病。 此外， 健康得分为 0 分的研究对象的死亡风险与比他们大14 岁、健康得分为 4 分的人相同。研究人员对研究对象死亡情

26、况的调查一直持续到 2006年。研究发现，最有益于健康的生活方式的改变是戒烟，戒烟后的健康状况能改善80%。其次是吃水果和蔬菜。剑桥大学及医学研究学会的 Kay-Tee Khaw 及其同事们称，适度饮 酒和锻炼身体带来的益处相同。10. Scientists have discovered how to edit DNA to repair broken genes to cure incurable diseases -andpotentially extend human lifespan. Until now, it has not been possible to alter gene

27、s in the brain, heart, liver and eyes - the root of many debilitating illnesses. Since the cells in these vital organs tend not to divide, it is difficult to gain access to make changes. However, researchers at the Salk Institute claim to have landed on the holy grail of gene editing, which can deli

28、cately and smoothly cut through DNA. So far the technique, called HITI, has been used to successfullyrestore blindness in lab mice. Lead researcherProfessor Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte insists that is nothing compared to the changes the technique could have in the decades to come.excited by the tec

29、hnology we discovered becuase its something that could not be done before, Dr Belmonte said. “ For the first time, we can enter into cells that do not divide and modify theDNA at will. The possible applications of this discovery are vast.” News ofday after Chinese scientists successfullytested a sim

30、ilar DNA-modifying technique, known as CRISPR. To date, CRISPR has been the most effective method for dividing cells in large organs like the skin or the gut.科学家已经发现如何通过编辑DNA 来修复“受损基因” ，从而治愈绝症并有可能延长人类寿命。目前为止，人们还无法改变人体大脑、心脏、肝脏和眼睛的基因，而这正是许多使人衰弱的疾病根源。 由于这些重要器官的细胞往往不能分裂， 因此很难做任何改变。然而，索尔克研究所(Salk Institu

31、te的研究人员声称，他们已经捧得“基因编辑的圣杯” ，可以精准而顺畅地切断DNA 。这种技术被称为 HITI ，目前已经成功应用于失明的试验小鼠身上。该研究领头人胡安.卡洛斯.依思皮舒.贝尔蒙特 (Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte)教授认为，这项技术在未来几十年将带来无可比拟的改变。贝尔蒙特教授表示， “发现这项技术让我们感到非常兴奋， 因为这在以前是无法做到的。” “人类首次攻入了不能分裂的该发现公布前一天，中国细胞，并随意修改其DNA 。这一发现具有巨大的可用价值。科学家成功测试了一种类似的 DNA改造技术，被称为CRISPR对皮肤、肠道等较大的器官来说，CRISPR是迄今为止最有效的分裂细胞的方法。