2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷52

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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题The physical devastation caused by the Civil War, the freeing of the slaves, and the chaos of the Reconstruction era had ruinous effects on Mississippis economy.问题1选项A.impactB.disorderC.offenceD.folly【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. impact 巨大影响，强大作用 B. disorder 杂乱，混乱C. off

2、ence 犯罪，罪行 D. folly 愚笨，愚蠢的想法（或事情、行为）【答案】B【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】chaos的意思为“混乱，杂乱”，指的是重建时期的混乱，disorder与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】南北战争造成的物质破坏，奴隶解放和重建时期的混乱给密西西比的经济带来了毁灭性的影响。2. 填空题When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Men are very clever to

3、let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of clothes reflect basic qualities of A B C Dstability and reliability?【答案】C very clever改为too clever【解析】【考查点】固定句型。【解题思路】too.to是固定句型，意思为“太而不能”，指的是男性非常聪明，不会让自己被服装设计师欺骗，因此C部分应为too clever。【句意】如果对比男性和女性对于时尚的看法，得出的结论显而易见。男性很聪明，不会让自

4、己被时装设计师欺骗。他们不变的服装款式是否反映了稳定可靠的基本品质呢？3. 填空题Shortly after World War II, American art began to gamer worldwide attention and _. This change was due to the innovative fervor of abstract expressionism in the 1950s. (admire)【答案】admiration【解析】【考查点】名词。【解题思路】根据关键词and，可知attention和横线所在内容为并列结构，应该和attention一样为名词，

5、admiration“赞赏”符合语境，指的是美国艺术引起全世界的赞赏。【句意】第二次世界大战后不久，美国艺术开始引起全世界的注意和赞赏。这种变化源于20世纪50年代抽象表现主义的创新热情。4. 填空题It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have something in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the need

6、s of that particular group. A B C D【答案】B something去掉【解析】【考查点】从句。【解题思路】that all leaders have something in common是修饰personal qualities的定语从句，其中that充当从句宾语，意思指的是personal qualities，所以B部分的something去掉句子才正确。【句意】似乎并没有所有领导人都具备的一系列个人品质；事实上，如果一个人的素质符合那个特定群体的需要，他就是公认的领导者。5. 翻译题As an adult I once did the same thin

7、g to Sophia, calling her garbage in English when she acted extremely disrespectfully toward me. When I mentioned that I had done this at a dinner party, I was immediately ostracized (excluded). One guest named Marcy got so upset she broke down in tears and had to leave early. My friend Susan, the ho

8、st, tried to rehabilitate me with the remaining guests.The fact is that Chinese parents can do things that would seem unimaginableeven legally actionable (可起诉的)to Westerners. Chinese mothers can say to their daughters, “Hey fattylose some weight.” By contrast, Western parents have to tiptoe around t

9、he issue, talking in terms of “health” and never ever mentioning the f-word, and their kids still end up in therapy for eating disorders (进食障碍) and negative self-image. (I also once heard a Western father toast his adult daughter by calling her “beautiful and incredibly competent”. She later told me

10、 that made her feel like garbage.)Chinese parents can order their kids to get straight As. Western parents can only ask their kids to try their best. Chinese parents can say, “Youre lazy. All your classmates are getting ahead of you.” By contrast, Western parents have to struggle with their own conf

11、licted feelings about achievement, and try to persuade themselves that theyre not disappointed about how their kids turned out.Ive thought long and hard about how Chinese parents can get away with what they do. I think there are three big differences between the Chinese and Western parental mind-set

12、s (心态，思维定式，思维取向).【答案】【参考译文】作为一个成年人，我曾对索菲亚做过同样的事。当她的行为举止对我极其不敬时，我大声用英语呵斥她是垃圾。有一次参加晚宴，我无意中提及到这件事，没想到立刻被在场的客人排斥了。一位叫玛西的客人竟然难过得哭了起来，不得不提前离开宴会。而我的朋友苏珊，也就是举办晚宴的主人，试图在留下的客人面前为我打圆场。事实上，中国父母可以做出一些在西方父母眼里无法想象的事情，甚至可以因为这些事被起诉。例如，中国的妈妈可以跟女儿说“嘿，胖妹，你该减减肥了！”相反，西方父母们对此话题小心翼翼，从“健康”的角度谈论，绝口不提“肥胖”二字。然后他们的孩子最终还是因为饮食失调和

13、体型不良接受治疗。（我曾听过一位西方父亲在为他成年女儿祝酒时，说他女儿“美丽无比，能力非凡”。他女儿事后告诉我，他父亲的话让她觉得自己像垃圾一样。）中国父母会要求自己的孩子必须每科都是优，而西方父母只让孩子尽力而为。中国父母会说：“你这么懒，班上的同学都超过你了。”相比之下，西方父母不得不在孩子的成绩问题上与自己的矛盾情绪作斗争，并试图说服自己，他们对孩子的表现并不失望。我想了很久，中国父母怎么能不受惩罚。我想主要是因为中西方父母在心态上的三大差异。6. 填空题In the 8th century gigaku fell into disfavor because its frivolous

14、(愚蠢的) character _ the Japanese rulers of the period. (please)【答案】displeased【解析】【考查点】动词。【解题思路】because引导原因状语从句，横线处为谓语动词。根据时间8th century，可知句子时态为一般过去时。这里指的是伎乐愚蠢可笑的特点让统治者_，因此伎乐不受欢迎，displease的意思为“使恼怒，使生气，使不悦”，符合语境，其过去式为displeased。【句意】在8世纪，伎乐因其愚蠢可笑的特点，当时的日本统治者听了不悦，因此不受欢迎。7. 单选题In the first year or so of We

15、b business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because businesspeople typicall

16、y know what product theyre looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limi

17、ting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the companys private internet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have foc

18、used on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the PointCast Network uses a scree

19、n saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a companys Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologie

20、s to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events.But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion be

21、gins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. Thats a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, A, and other pioneers sh

22、ow that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10

23、years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.1. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that _.2. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business _.3. In the view of Net purists, _.4. We learn from the last paragraph th

24、at _.问题1选项A.the technology is popular with many Web usersB.businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactionsC.there is a radical change in strategyD.it is accessible limitedly to established partners问题2选项A.has been striving to expand its marketB.intended to follow a fanciful fashionC.t

25、ried but in vain to control the marketD.has been booming for one year or so问题3选项A.there should be no marketing messages in online cultureB.money making should be given priority to on the WebC.the Web should be able to function as the television setD.there should be no online commercial information w

26、ithout requests问题4选项A.pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerceB.interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customersC.leading companies began to take the online plunge decades agoD.setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power【

27、答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B【解析】第1题:【选项释义】Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that _. 谈到可用于营销的在线技术，作者暗示_。A. the technology is popular with many Web users A. 这项技术受到许多网络用户的欢迎B. businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions B. 企业对网上交易的可靠性有信心C. ther

28、e is a radical change in strategy C. 战略发生了根本性的变化D. it is accessible limitedly to established partners D. 它仅限于建立的合作伙伴【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词technology available for marketing定位到第三段第一句，该处讲到“互联网商务（Internet commerce）模式的另一个重大转变是关于市场营销可用的技术（technology available for marketing）”，结合该段第二、三句“直到最近，网络营销活动

29、的策略（strategies）还集中在将顾客拉到网站上（pull customers into sites）。但是，在过去的一年间，软件公司已经使得公司可以直接将信息推给顾客(push information directly out to consumers)，直接把营销信息传递给目标顾客。”，可知在线营销最大的转变是策略性的根本性变化，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“这项技术受到许多网络用户的欢迎”：对应第四段第一句“推送技术为许多网络用户不齿（contempt of many Web users）。”，可知网络用户不欢迎这个技术，属于反向干扰；B选项“企业对网上交易的可靠性有信心”

30、：对应第二段第二句“许多公司（many companies）仍然对使用网络犹豫不决，因为他们怀疑其可靠性（because of doubts about its reliability）。”，可知企业不认为网上交易非常可靠，属于反向干扰；D选项“它仅限于建立的合作伙伴”：对应第二段最后一句“有的公司（Some companies）为了规避风险，只与已确立合作的商业伙伴（established business partners）进行在线交易。”，可知这是部分公司，而非所有，属于以偏概全。第2题:【选项释义】We learn from the beginning of the passage t

31、hat Web business _. 我们从这篇文章的开头了解到，网络商业_。A. has been striving to expand its market A. 在努力扩大市场B. intended to follow a fanciful fashion B. 试图采用一种不切实际的方式C. tried but in vain to control the market C. 试图控制市场，但失败了D. has been booming for one year or so D. 已经繁荣了一年左右【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中出处提示词the beginni

32、ng of the passage定位到第一段第一句，该处讲到“在网络商业的第一年左右，大部分的行动都围绕开发消费者市场而努力（efforts to tap the consumer market）。”，可知网络商业努力扩大市场，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“试图采用一种不切实际的方式”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有；C选项“试图控制市场，但失败了”：扩大市场不等同于控制市场，属于偷换概念；D选项“已经繁荣了一年左右”：这里指的是在做网络买卖的头一年左右，需要扩大市场，而不是繁荣了一年，属于偷换概念。第3题:【选项释义】In the view of Net purists, _. 在网络

33、纯粹主义者看来，_。A. there should be no marketing messages in online culture A. 在网络文化中不应该有任何营销信息B. money making should be given priority to on the Web B. 应该优先考虑在网上赚钱这件事C. the Web should be able to function as the television set C. 网络应该能起到电视机的作用D. there should be no online commercial information without requ

34、ests D. 没有请求就不应该有网上商业信息【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词Net purists定位到第四段最后一句，该处讲到“这是让网络纯粹主义者感到恐惧（horrifies Net purists）的设想”，结合该段第二、三句“网络文化非常看重这样一种观念，即信息是通过特定的要求才会出现在屏幕上（information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request）。一旦商业推广开始不请自来地充斥屏幕（commercial promotion begins to fill the screen

35、 uninvited），网络和电视之间的区别就消失了。”，可知网络纯粹主义者只想看自己要求看的内容，不想看到未经自己允许就随意弹出的商业广告，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“在网络文化中不应该有任何营销信息”：如果想要通过广告了解某商品，这广告是网络纯粹主义者想要看到的，本选项太过绝对化，属于推理过度；B选项“应该优先考虑在网上赚钱这件事”：文中没有提到网络纯粹主义者对于通过网络赚钱这件事的看法，属于无中生有；C选项“网络应该能起到电视机的作用”：他们不希望网络和电视一样，广告不请自来，肆无忌惮，属于反向干扰。第4题:【选项释义】We learn from the last paragr

36、aph that _. 我们从最后一段中得知_。A. pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce A. 在网上发布信息对互联网商务来说必不可少B. interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers B. 对在线客户来说，交互性、热情服务和安全性很重要C. leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago C. 领先的公司几十年前就开始涉足网

37、络D. setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power D. 建立网上销售点与计算成本无关【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中出处提示词last paragraph定位到第五段第二句，该处讲到“一个将交互性、热情服务和安全性合理结合（right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security）以销售同类商品的网址，是可以吸引在线客户注意的（attract online customers）。”，可知网络上的客户很在意网站的交互性、

38、热情服务和安全性，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“在网上发布信息对互联网商务来说必不可少”：对应第五段第一句“网络公司可以避免（hardly inevitable）依靠推送信息的策略（need to resort to push strategies）来赚钱”，可知可以避免推送信息，而不是必须推送消息，属于反向干扰；C选项“领先的公司几十年前就开始涉足网络”：对应第五段最后一句“从现在往以前看5年或10年的时候（looking back 5 or 10 years from now），人们可能会很奇怪，为什么很少有公司上网。”，在5到10年以前，很少有公司上网，但不等同于现在领先的公司在

39、几十年前就开始上网了，属于偷换概念；D选项“建立网上销售点与计算成本无关”：对应第五段第三句“计算机的运算能力成本不断下降（the cost of computing power continues to free fall），对任何建立网上销售点的企业（enterprise setting up shop in silicon）来说都是个好的征兆（good sign）。”，可知这是有关联的，成本下降有利于建立网上销售点，属于反向干扰。8. 单选题The first two decades of this century were dominated by the microbe hunter

40、s. These hunters had tracked down one after another of the microbes responsible for the most dreaded scourges of many centuries: tuberculosis, cholera, diphtheria. But there remained some terrible diseases for which no microbe could be incriminated: scurvy, pellagra, rickets, beriberi. Then it was d

41、iscovered that these diseases were caused by the lack of vitamins, a trace substance in the diet. The diseases could be prevented or cured by consuming foods that contained the vitamins. And so in the decades of the 1920s and 1930s, nutrition became a science and the vitamin hunters, replaced the mi

42、crobe hunters.In the 1940s and 1950s，biochemists strived to learn why each of the vitamins was essential for health. They discovered that key enzymes in metabolism depend on one or another of the vitamins as coenzymes to perform the chemistry that provides cells with energy for growth and function.

43、Now, these enzyme hunters occupied center stage.You are aware that the enzyme hunters have been replaced by a new breed of hunters who are tracking genesthe blueprints for each of the enzymesand are discovering the defective genes that cause inherited diseasesdiabetes, cystic fibrosis. These gene hu

44、nters, or genetic engineers, use recombinant DNA technology to identify and clone genes and introduce them into bacterial cells and plants to create factories for the massive production of hormones and vaccines for medicine and for better crops for agriculture. Biotechnology has become a multibillio

45、n-dollar industry.In view of the inexorable progress in science, we can expect that the gene hunters will be replaced in the spotlight. When and by whom? Which kind of hunter will dominate the scene in the last decade of our waning century and in the early decades of the next? I wonder whether the h

46、unters who will occupy the spotlight will be neurobiologists who apply the techniques of the enzyme and gene hunters to the functions of the brain. What to call them? The head hunters. I will return to them later.1. What is the main topic of the passage?2. How do vitamins influence health?3. Which o

47、f the following best describes the authors tone in the last paragraph of the passage?4. With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?问题1选项A.The microbe hunters.B.The potential of genetic engineering.C.The progress of modern medical research.D.The discovery of enzym

48、es.问题2选项A.They are necessary for some enzymes to function.B.They protect the body from microbes.C.They keep food from spoiling.D.They are broken down by cells to produce energy.问题3选项A.Critical.B.Speculative.C.Appreciative.D.Emotional.问题4选项A.The focus of medical research will change in the next two d

49、ecades.B.Medical breakthroughs often depend on luck.C.Medical research throughout the twentieth century has been dominated by microbe hunters.D.Most diseases are caused by defective genes.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:A【解析】第1题:【选项释义】What is the main topic of the passage? 这篇文章的主题是什么？A. The microbe hunters.

50、A. 微生物猎人。B. The potential of genetic engineering. B. 基因工程的潜力。C. The progress of modern medical research.C. 现代医学研究的进展。D. The discovery of enzymes. D. 酶的发现。【答案】C【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】文章第一段提出为了探究一些可怕疾病的成因，二十世纪二十年代前，医学研究的焦点是微生物（dominated by the microbe hunters），到20年代和30年代，变成维生素（vitamin hunters, replaced the

51、microbe hunters）；第二段提出，在40年代和50年代，酶成了研究重点（enzyme hunters occupied center stage）；第三段提出焦点变成了基因（gene hunters）；最后一段提出基因也会被取代（the gene hunters will be replaced in the spotlight）。综上所述，作者根据时间顺序，介绍了在不同时间段，现代医学研究的进程，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“微生物猎人”，B选项“基因工程的潜力”和D选项“酶的发现”：是文章部分内容，不足以概括全文，属于以偏概全。第2题:【选项释义】How do vita

52、mins influence health? 维生素如何影响健康？A. They are necessary for some enzymes to function. A. 它们是某些酶发挥作用所必需的。B. They protect the body from microbes. B. 他们保护身体免受微生物的侵害。C. They keep food from spoiling. C. 它们防止食物变质。D. They are broken down by cells to produce energy. D. 它们被细胞分解产生能量。【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中

53、信息词vitamins influence health定位到第二段第一句，该处讲到“生物化学家努力研究为什么每种维生素对健康都必不可少（vitamins was essential for health）”，结合下一句“新陈代谢中关键酶（key enzymes）依赖于某种维生素（vitamins）作为辅酶进行化学反应（as coenzymes to perform the chemistry）”，可知有的酶发挥作用需要维生素的配合，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“他们保护身体免受微生物的侵害”：文中没有提到微生物侵害身体的情况，属于无中生有；C选项“它们防止食物变质”：文中没有提到食物

54、变质的问题，属于无中生有；D选项“它们被细胞分解产生能量”：对应第二段第二句“关键酶（key enzymes）执行化学反应，为细胞的生长和发挥功能提供能量（provides cells with energy）。”，可知这里讲的是酶，而不是维生素，属于张冠李戴。第3题:【选项释义】Which of the following best describes the authors tone in the last paragraph of the passage? 以下哪个选项对作者在文章最后一段的语气描述最恰当？A. Critical. A. 批判性的。B. Speculative. B. 猜

55、测的。C. Appreciative. C. 感激的。D. Emotional. D. 情绪激动的。【答案】B【考查点】观点态度题。【解题思路】根据题干中出处提示词定位到第四段，该段用了大量问句，结合第一句“我们可以预期（we can expect）”以及第四句“我想知道（I wonder）”，可知在最后一段，作者表达了自己的各种疑问和猜测，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“批判性的”：作者不是在批判，属于曲解原文；C选项“感激的”：作者不是在表达感激，属于曲解原文；D选项“情绪激动的”：用了大量问句，不是为了表现自己情绪激动，而是为了强调自己的疑问与猜测语气，属于曲解原文。第4题:【选项

56、释义】With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree? 作者最可能同意下列哪一种说法？A. The focus of medical research will change in the next two decades. A. 医学研究的重点在未来20年将会改变。B. Medical breakthroughs often depend on luck. B. 医学上的突破常常依靠运气。C. Medical research throughout the twentieth ce

57、ntury has been dominated by microbe hunters. C. 整个二十世纪的医学研究一直由微生物猎人主导。D. Most diseases are caused by defective genes. D. 大多数疾病是由缺陷基因引起的。【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】此题定位到第四段第三句，该处讲到“在我们这个衰落世纪的最后十年（in the last decade of our waning century）和下一个世纪的头几十年（in the early decades of the next），哪种猎人（Which kind of hunt

58、er）会主宰世界？”，可知作者认为医学研究的重点在未来20年有可能会改变，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“医学上的突破常常依靠运气”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有；C选项“整个二十世纪的医学研究一直由微生物猎人主导”：对应第一段第一句“本世纪的前二十年（first two decades of this century），微生物猎人占据了主导地位。”，这里的时间是本世纪头二十年，而不是整个世纪，属于偷换概念；D选项“大多数疾病是由缺陷基因引起的”：对应第三段第一句“导致遗传疾病（cause inherited diseases）的缺陷基因”，可知遗传疾病由缺陷基因引起，而不是大多数疾病，属

59、于偷换概念。9. 填空题The professional fields that deal with ethical issues in medicine including medicine, nursing, law, sociology, philosophy, and theology, though in the late 20th century medical ethics has come to berecognized as its own discipline. A B C D【答案】B including改为include【解析】【考查点】动词。【解题思路】B部分在句子中

60、是谓语动词，时态为一般现在时，主语The professional fields为复数，这里应该用include。【句意】处理医学伦理问题的专业领域包括医学、护理、法律、社会学、哲学和神学，尽管在20世纪后期，医学伦理已经被视为一门独立的学科。10. 填空题Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survival. In general however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. A B