2022年考博英语-中央民族大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷47

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1、2022年考博英语-中央民族大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题Questions 17-20 are based on the following talk about public speaking. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.17. What is the most important thing in public speaking?18. What dose the speaker advise us to do to capture the audiences attention?19. If y

2、ou dont start working for the presentation until the day before, you will feel（ ）.20. Who is this speech most probably meant for?问题1选项A.Confidence.B.Preparation.C.Informativeness.D.Organization.问题2选项A.Gather abundant data.B.Organize the ideas logically.C.Develop a great opening.D.Select appropriate

3、material.问题3选项A.uneasyB.uncertainC.frustratedD.depressed问题4选项A.Those interested in the power of persuasion.B.Those trying to improve their public image.C.Those planning to take up some public work.D.Those eager to become effective speakers.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D【解析】第1题:第2题:第3题:第4题:2. 不定项选择题Teacher

4、s need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious （1） to how they can be best （2） such changes. Growing bodies need movement and （3） but not just in ways that emphasize competition.（4）they are adjusting to their n

5、ew bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self conscious and need the（5）that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are（6）by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition

6、that it would be（7）to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, （8）publishing newsletters with many student written book reviews,（9）student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide （10）opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice

7、 in successful（11）dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the（12）of some kind of organization with a supportive adult（13）visible in the background. In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have（14）attention spans. A variet

8、y of activities should be organized（15）participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to（16）else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants（17）. This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. （18）they can help students acquire a sense of commi

9、tment by（19）for roles that are within their（20）and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.问题1选项A.thoughtB.ideaC.opinionD.advice问题2选项A.strengthenB.accommodateC.stimulateD.enhance问题3选项A.careB.nutritionC.exerciseD.leisure问题4选项A.IfB.AlthoughC.WhereasD.Because问题5选项A.assistanceB.guidance

10、C.confidenceD.tolerance问题6选项A.claimedB.admiredC.ignoredD.surpassed问题7选项A.improperB.riskyC.fairD.wise问题8选项A.in effectB.as a resultC.for exampleD.in a sense问题9选项A.displayingB.describingC.creatingD.exchanging问题10选项A.durableB.excessiveC.surplusD.multiple问题11选项A.groupB.individualC.personnelD.corporation问

11、题12选项A.consentB.insuranceC.admissionD.security问题13选项A.particularlyB.barelyC.definitelyD.rarely问题14选项A.similarB.longC.differentD.short问题15选项A.if onlyB.now thatC.so thatD.even if问题16选项A.everythingB.anythingC.nothingD.something问题17选项A.offB.downC.outD.alone问题18选项A.On the contraryB.On the averageC.On the

12、 wholeD.On the other hand问题19选项A.makingB.standingC.planningD.taking问题20选项A.capabilitiesB.responsibilitiesC.proficiencyD.efficiency【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C第6题:B第7题:D第8题:C第9题:A第10题:D第11题:A第12题:D第13题:B第14题:D第15题:C第16题:D第17题:B第18题:A第19题:C第20题:A【解析】第1题:本题考查了词义辨析，give thought to，意为“考虑到”，B和C选项的搭配皆不存在，

13、D项意为给某人提意见，代入题干翻译可得答案为A，句意是：“他们也需要认真思考如何才能让青少年最好地适应这些变化”。第2题:本题考查对词义的掌握，A项strengthen意为“加强”；B项意为“适应，使适应”；C项意为“刺激，鼓舞”；D项意为“提高，加强”；四个选项皆为动词，此时我们需要将词义代入原文翻译得出答案为B，翻译为：“他们如何能最好地适应这样的变化。”第3题:本题考查对词义及上下文的掌握，C项意为“锻炼”，D项意为“休闲；闲暇”，本空前面有一个连接词and，and一般连接两个词义相同的词或句意相同的句子，因此我们所选的答案应与and前的“movement”为近义词，movement意为

14、“运动；活动”，因此答案选C。第4题:本题考查了连词。Whereas意为“然而；鉴于”，我们需要知道前后两个句子之间的关系来得出答案。前一句在讲的是，青少年的身体需要锻炼和运动，但是不应该以强调竞争的方式进行；后一句解释了为何不能以这样的方式进行的原因，因此两个句子属于因果关系，答案选择D。第5题:本题考查了名词的词义。A项意为“援助，帮助”；B项意为“指导”；C项意为“信心”；D项意为“宽容，容忍”；词义题都需要代入原文结合上下文翻译，结合下文的“获得成功和成就”可以推出，青少年需要的是信心，因此答案选C。第6题:本题考查句子意思和词义搭配。A项意为“索取，要求”；B项意为“欣赏，称赞”；D

15、项意为“超越，胜过”；我们结合原文，“他们需要的信心来自获得成功以及知道自己的成就是被他人所的”代入四个选项翻译可以得出B项最通顺合理，“被他人所认可的成就”，因此本题答案为B。第7题:本题考查了一个长难句中的形容词词义。Sothat引导结果状语从句；that 后的 it 为形式主语，真正的主语是不定式结构 to plan activities，其中包含一个 which 引导的定语从句修饰 activities，句意为“典型青少年的生活中已经充斥了太多的竞争，所以_就是组织一些胜者多败者少的活动”结合四个选项得出D项的wise最符合句意，be wise to：“是明智的”，可以译为“所以明智之

16、举就是组织一些胜者多败者少的活动”。第8题:本题考查的短语的意思。in effect译为“实际上”；as a result译为“结果”；in a sense译为在“某种意义上；回到原文”，“典型的青少年生活方式中已经充斥了如此之多的竞争，所以明智之举就是组织一些胜者多败者少的活动，_：出版一些学生写的书评时讯、展览学生的艺术作品、发起读书讨论俱乐部。”可以看出空格后面是对于前面行为的具体举例，因此答案选C。第9题:本题考查词语动宾搭配。displaying意为“展示；展出”，describing意为“描述，描写”，creating“创造，创作”，exchanging“交流，交换”，代入原文发现

17、displaying和后面的宾语student artwork相搭配，“展出学生自己动手做的工艺品”，因此答案为A。第10题:本题考查形容词词义辨析。该句意为“各种各样的小型俱乐部能够提供_机会锻炼青少年们的领导力”。四个选项中durable意为“耐用的，持久的”；excessive意为“过度的”；surplus意为“过剩的”；multiple意为“多样的”。D选项与句子主语中的variety相照应，故选D。第11题:本题考查词意和搭配。group这里意为团队活动，小组活动。individual“个人的，单独的”。personnel“人员，职员”。corporation“合作，公司”，而后文的

18、“making friends”给了这一空呼应，暗示了答案为group，并且也只有和group搭配起来通顺，D项corporation dynamics意为企业活力，不合文意。第12题:本题考查句意和词意。consent“赞同，同意”。insurance“保险，保证”。admission“准许，许可”。security“安全感，保护”，而句子主语中的shy students和后文的adult是解题关键所在，因为有成年人的存在，所以是能给害羞的学生“安全感”，因此答案选D。第13题:此题考查对文意的理解及副词词义，有一定难度，需要结合上下文语境来解答。句子中with 复合结构是作organiza

19、tion的后置定语，我们需要通过对句子进行整句翻译然后代入选项得出正确答案，正确翻译为：“交朋友对于青少年来说极其重要，许多腼腆的学生必须要借助某种组织使其有安全感，而成人的支持应居于_的地位。”再看选项，barely意为“几乎不，勉强，很少的”，rarely意为“稀有的，稀少的”，barely更符合句意，翻译为“而成年人的支持应处于隐蔽的地位”。故答案为B。第14题:本题考查文意理解。“the young teens have short attention spans”译为“孩子们的注意力集中的时间很短”。attention spans是“注意力集中的时间”，大部分孩子都是三分钟热度，注意

20、力集中的时间较短，因此选择D。第15题:本题考查词组词义。if only意为“只要；但愿”，now that意为“既然；由于”，so that意为“以便；所以”，even if意为“即使；虽然”，回到原文看前后两句句子的关系，可以发现两句为因果关系，代入so that翻译最为通顺合理，因此答案选C。第16题:本题考查句子意思和词语用法。something else“别的事情”。其他的anything、nothing能与else搭配，但和原文句意不符合。因此答案为D。第17题:本题考查词组词义。let sb. down为固定搭配，意为“让人沮丧，不高兴”，without letting the

21、other participants down意为：不让别的参加者感到沮丧。其他三项与let搭配的意思分别是：let off“离开”；let out“出局，淘汰”；let sb. alone“让某人独自待着”。因此答案为B。第18题:本题考查上下文的理解和短语意思。On the contrary“相反”， On the average“平均来说，一般地”，On the whole“总的来说，大体上”，On the other hand“另一方面”，而根据前文的语境“这并不代表成年人就不承担责任”，这句话意思应该是：“相反，他们可以帮助学生培养责任心。”因此A选项为最佳选项。第19题:本题考查词

22、义辨析和搭配。planning for roles“安排任务，分配任务”，第一段第27个选项后面有plan activities是一个提示。其他选项making、standing、taking不能搭配后面的介宾短语。第20题:本题考查词义。capabilities“能力”，responsibilities“责任，职责”，proficiency“熟练程度，精通”，efficiency“效率，功效”，各选项代入后A更为合适，“roles that are within their capabilities”翻译得“他们力所能及的任务”。3. 不定项选择题Our culture has caused

23、 most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving goodbye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to ones side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to

24、oneself is a sign of farewell.Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that “Gift” means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to

25、be at least 3 feet or an arms length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other

26、countries, are losing our friends, business and respect in the world.Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual guided tours. Very few res

27、taurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The a

28、ttitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives usually the richer who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nations diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance.

29、After all, America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods.But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 5

30、5 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.1. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners wou

31、ld most probably （ ）.2. The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their （ ）.3. In countries other than their own, most Americans （ ）.4. According to the author, Americans cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance will （ ）.5. The authors intention in writing this article is to make

32、Americans realize that （ ）.问题1选项A.stand stillB.jump asideC.step forwardD.draw back问题2选项A.cultural self-centerednessB.casual mannersC.indifference towards foreign visitorsD.arrogance towards other cultures问题3选项A.are isolated by the local peopleB.are not well informed due to the language barrierC.tend

33、 to get along well with the nativesD.need interpreters in hotels and restaurants问题4选项A.affect their image in the new eraB.cut themselves off from the outside worldC.limit their role in world affairsD.weaken the position of the US dollar问题5选项A.it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friendsB.it is im

34、portant to maintain their leading role in world affairsC.it is necessary to use several languages in public placesD.it is time to get acquainted with other cultures【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D【解析】第1题:词义辨析题。我们首先需要知道四个选项的意思，然后代入原文分析哪一项是和文意相符的，A项“静止”，B项“闪开；躲开”，C项“向前走”，D项“后退；保持距离”，那么我们看到原文的第二段说到，拉美人和中东

35、人喜欢在讲话时和对方更加靠近，而这一点会令美国人很不舒服；那么我们可以推出美国人在面对他们的时候，可能会后退拉开距离，保持在美国人觉得舒适的距离里进行交谈，答案为D。第2题:作者意图题。问：作者给出这么多例子是为了批评美国的_。第一段指出，美国人的文化使多数美国人认为自己不但语言全球通用，使用的手势也能被别人明白，但他们没有意识到这是不正确的。这实际上是一种自我中心的观点。再回到原文发现第二段和第三段都是在说美国的不好的，举了很多例子，第三段第一句话确实有提到他们的随性，但是这并不是作者本质想要表达，作者第一段就指出，美国人对于自己的文化过于自信，以至于才会导致后面的这些后果，因此这一题的答案

36、应该是A，批评了美国人以自我文化为中心。第3题:推断题。题目询问在美国以外的国家里，大多数美国人_。根据文章第5段“When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those nativesusually the richerwho speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the natio

37、ns diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.（每次出国，我们一般都食宿在说英语的那些宾馆和饭店中，人们对我们的态度和我们所获得的信息都是由说英语的本地人通常是富人决定的。我们的生意往来，国家的外交活动也是通过翻译才能进行）”，因此，A项的信息在文中并没有提及；B项与文中所陈述的意思相符；C项与文章所提及的观点相背；D项与文中所给的意思不符。第4题:细节推断题。根据题干定位到倒数第一和倒数第二段，文章说：多年来，美国和美国人在文化上的盲目性和语言的无知上还能凑合，但是现在不一样了，美国已经没有以前那样的统治力，现在如果美国还想在世界事务中发挥

38、更重要的作用；希望在下个世纪的重要决定中占有一席之地的话，他们就必须开始尊重别的语言，别的文化了，因此答案为C。第5题:全文主旨推断题。题目询问作者写作这篇文章是要使美国人意识到什么。作者在文章的开篇就批评了大多数美国人心目中的一种错误的文化观，即美国的语言世界通用。接着又指出这种文化观所引起的语言和文化上的盲目性和随意性使美国人在世界上失去了朋友、生意和人们的尊重。美国在国际事务中的领先地位也正在失去。由此可看出作者的写作意图是要美国人克服这种文化上的盲目性，了解世界的文化。因此，D项与作者的意图相符。4. 填空题Directions: For Questions 1-5, you will

39、 hear a talk about Boston Museum of Fine Arts. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read th

40、e table below. (5 points)1. Opend to the public (year)2. The west wing completed (year)3. The most remarkable department4. Exhibition space (m2)5. Programs provided classes lectures 5 films1. Opend to the public (year)2. The west wing completed (year)3. The most remarkable department4. Exhibition sp

41、ace (m2)5. Programs provided classes lectures 5 films【答案】1. 18762. 19813. textiles4. 19,1375. Concerts5. 翻译题Directions: There are two passages in this part with 5 sentences underlined. You are required to translate those sentences from English into Chinese. Read the following short passages carefull

42、y and ONLY translate the 5 sentences that are underlined.(1) El Nino is an intermittent disruption of the climate system centered in the equatorial Pacific that has effects on short-term climate around the Pacific basin.To understand El Nino, it is necessary to understand the normal trade-wind syste

43、m in the tropical Pacific. (2) The sun heats the equatorial regions more strongly than the rest of the globe, so air tends to rise from the surface there, replaced by inflow from the subtropics. The Coriolis Effect turns these inflows to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the so

44、uthern, resulting in the great trade-wind belts that blow equator ward and westward over the width of the tropical Pacific. (3) In the ocean, these winds tend to push the surface water towards the west, so sea level at Indonesia is about 50cm higher than at the South American coast, which gives an i

45、dea of the power and steadiness of the trade winds. As surface water is pushed west, cooler subsurface water is drawn up to the surface in the eastern equatorial Pacific. This upwelled water is nutrient rich, and supports a large population of marine and bird life, as well as an important fishery of

46、f the coast of Peru and Ecuador. (4) Then, during its journey west, surface water is heated by the sun to temperatures of about 29 over a huge area west of the dateline, known as the west Pacific warm pool, where the ocean is roughly 6 higher than when the water came to the surface in the east. This

47、 air is also very humid due to its long passage over the tropical ocean, and when it rises in the west heavy precipitin is produced over Indonesia and Southeast Asia.The warm pool is one of the major driving forces of world climate. Its warmth strengthens the rising motion in the west and thereby re

48、inforces the westward winds of the trade wind system. (5) The rising, moisture-laden air pumps heat and water vapor into the upper atmosphere, where it can be carried great distances. The huge source of heat helps set the path of the jet streams that control temperate-zone weather, much as a large r

49、ock in a stream determines the pattern of water flow, including wavery motions that extend well downstream of the rock. Therefore, when the warm pool changes shape or position, the effects ripple outward to affect much of the worlds weather.【答案】1.厄尔尼诺现象是一种以赤道太平洋为中心的气候系统的间歇性中断，对太平洋盆地周围的短期气候产生影响。2.太阳对

50、赤道地区的加热要比地球上其他地区强烈得多，所以那里的空气往往会从表面上升，取而代之的是来自亚热带的流入。3.在海洋中，这些风倾向于将表层海水推向西部，因此印度尼西亚的海平面比南美洲海岸高出约50厘米，这让我们了解了信风的力量和稳定性。4.然后，在它向西航行的过程中，地表水在一个巨大的国际日期变更线以西的区域被太阳加热到约29摄氏度，这片区域被称为西太平洋暖池，那里的海洋温度比海水到达东方表面时大约高出6摄氏度。5.上升的充满水分的空气将热量和水蒸气抽到高层大气中，在那里它们可以被带去很远的地方。6. 不定项选择题Most people can remember a phone number f

51、or up to thirty seconds. When this short amount of time passes, however, the numbers are erased from the memory. How did the information get there in the first place? Information that makes its way to the short term memory (STM) does so via the sensory storage area. The brain has a filter which only

52、 allows stimulation that is of immediate interest to pass on to the STM, also known as the working memory.There is much debate about the capacity and duration of the short term memory. The most accepted theory comes from George A. Miller, a cognitive psychologist who suggested that humans can rememb

53、er approximately seven chunks of information. A chunk is defined as a meaningful unit of information, such as a word or name rather than just a letter or number. Modern theorists suggest that one can increase the capacity of the short term memory by chunking, or classifying similar information toget

54、her. By organizing information, one can improve the STM, and improve the chances of a memory being passed on to long term storage.When making a conscious effort to memorize something, such as information for an exam, many people engage in “rote rehearsal”. By repeating something over and over again,

55、 we are able to keep a memory alive. Unfortunately, this type of memory maintenance only succeeds if there are no interruptions. As soon as a person stops rehearsing the information, it has the tendency to disappear. When a pen and paper are not handy, you might attempt to remember a phone number by

56、 repeating it aloud. If the doorbell rings or the dog barks to come in before you get the opportunity to make your phone call, you will forget the number instantly. Therefore, rote rehearsal is not an efficient way to pass information from the short term to long term memory. A better way is to pract

57、ice “elaborate rehearsal”. This involves assigning semantic meaning to a piece of information so that it can be filed along with other pre-existing long term memories.Encoding information semantically also makes it more retrievable. Retrieving information can be done by recognition or recall. Humans

58、 can recall memories that are stored in the long term memory and used often. However, if a memory seems to be forgotten, it may eventually be retrieved by prompting. The more cues a person is given (such as pictures), the more likely a memory can be retrieved. This is why multiple choice tests are o

59、ften used for subjects that require a lot of memorization.1. According to the passage, how do memories get transferred to the STM?2. How do theorists believe a person can remember more information in a short time?3. Why does the author mention a dogs bark?4. Which of the following is true about retr

60、ieving information?5. Which of the following is true according to the passage?问题1选项A.They revert from the long term memory.B.They are filtered from the sensory storage area.C.They get chunked when they enter the brain.D.They enter via the nervous system.问题2选项A.By organizing it.B.By repeating it.C.By

61、 giving it a name.D.By writing it down on paper.问题3选项A.To exemplify poor memory.B.To analyze a type of interruption.C.To compare human memory with dogs memory.D.To illustrate the lack of efficiency of rote rehearsal.问题4选项A.Elaborate rehearsal contributes to information retrieval.B.The most efficient

62、 way of retrieving information is to assign semantic meaning to the information.C.Its impossible to retrieve forgotten information without picture prompts.D.Encoding information is more efficient than chunking it.问题5选项A.Ones memory capacity can be enhanced by rote rehearsal.B.Putting information to writing is suggested to improve memory.C.Providing sufficient prompts helps information re