考研考博-考博英语-中国财政科学研究院模拟考试题含答案30

《考研考博-考博英语-中国财政科学研究院模拟考试题含答案30》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《考研考博-考博英语-中国财政科学研究院模拟考试题含答案30（30页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、考研考博-考博英语-中国财政科学研究院模拟考试题含答案1. 单选题If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and ar

2、e in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their d

3、isorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodation, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so

4、 on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that

5、s God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks hes a doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and itll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food

6、 or the chairmans notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustnt attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone s

7、ystem.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often its the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a

8、 raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you dont succeed, give up” or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatem

9、ents. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.21. To make your humor work, you should _.22. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are _.23. It can be inferred from the text that public services _.24. To achieve

10、 the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered _.25. The best title for the text may be _.问题1选项A.take advantage of different kinds of audienceB.make fun of the disorganized peopleC.address different problems to different peopleD.show sympathy for your listeners问题2选项A.impolite to new arriv

11、alsB.very conscious of their godlike roleC.entitled to some privilegesD.very busy even during lunch hours问题3选项A.have benefited many peopleB.are the focus of public attentionC.are an inappropriate subject for humorD.have often been the laughing stock问题4选项A.in well-worded languageB.as awkwardly as pos

12、sibleC.in exaggerated statementD.as casually as possible问题5选项A.Use Humor EffectivelyB.Various Kinds of HumorC.Add Humor to SpeechD.Different Humor Strategies【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:D第5题:A【解析】21.推理判断题。根据第一段第一句If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify sh

13、ared experiences and problems.（如果你想在你的谈话中使用幽默使人们微笑，你必须知道如何识别共同的经历和问题。）和第三句Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different.（根据你的谈话对象，问题会有所不同。），可知幽默最重要的是讨论的问题，并且针对不同的人要用不同的问题，故C选项“向不同的人提出不同的问题”正确。A选项“利用不同类型的观众”和D选项“对听众表示同情”：根据第一段第二、三句，幽默必须与听众相关，是因为有助于同情听众从而亲近听众，策略在于谈论的问题。B选项“取笑那些没

14、有条理的人”：文章没有提到。因此C选项正确。22.推理判断题。根据第二段第一句the audience all shared the same view of doctors（所有的听众都对医生有相同的看法）和最后一句“Oh, thats God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks hes a doctor.”（“哦，那是上帝，”他回答说，“但有时他认为自己是一名医生。”）可知，在护士眼中，医生把自己当成神一样，可以不讲道理，故B选项“非常清楚他们神一样的角色”正确。A选项“对新人无礼”，C选项“有权享有某些特权”和D选项“即使在午餐时间也很忙

15、”不符合题意。因此B选项正确。23.事实细节题。根据第三段第一句itll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food（你就适合对餐厅难以下咽的食物开玩笑），可知对公共服务开玩笑往往幽默效果很不错，故D选项“经常拿来开玩笑”正确，C选项“不合适做幽默主题”错误。A选项“使许多人受益”和B选项“是公众关注的焦点”：文章没有提到。因此D选项正确。24.语义推测题。根据第四段If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so

16、that it becomes more naturalin a relaxed and unforced mannermaking a light-hearted remark（如果你在幽默时感到尴尬，必须练习到更自然用一种轻松和自然的方式轻松愉快地说话），可知幽默需要传达出自然和随意，故D选项“尽可能随意”正确，B选项“尽可能尴尬”错误。A选项“良好措辞”：措辞方面没有提到，故错误。C选项“陈述夸张”：是方法，不是必要条件，故错误。因此D选项正确。25.主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句If you intend using humor in your talk to make people s

17、mile（如果你想在谈话间用幽默让人发笑），后文通过原则和各种方法在讲如何恰当地使人发笑，故A选项“有效运用幽默”正确。B选项“各式的幽默”，C选项“为演讲增添幽默”，D选项“不同的幽默策略”是其中的一个方面或者细节，不足以概括全文。因此A选项正确。2. 翻译题“Bah! Humbug”, was Scrooges opinion of charitable giving and even today some economists reckon charity goes against economic rationality. 36. It is often alleged that al

18、truism is inconsistent with economic rationality, which assumes that people behave selfishly. Certainly, much economic analysis is concerned with how individuals behave, and homo economicus (economic man) is usually assumed to act in his or her self-interest.37. Some economic models assume that self

19、-interested individuals behave altruistically because they get some benefit, or utility, from doing so. For instance, it may make them feel better about themselves, or be a useful insurance policy against social unrest. Other economic models relax the traditional assumption of fully rational behavio

20、r by simply assuming that people sometimes behave altruistically, even if this may be against their self-interest. The Peace Corps is an example, for people often give up potentially lucrative starts to their careers or interrupt them to do good work overseas. People who work for the Peace Corps do

21、so because they want to and to keep the Peace Corps dynamic with fresh ideas. 38. Sociologists would argue that there is a natural inclination of human beings to engage themselves in helping others, as a natural instinct to preserve the species. Thus public duty is a survival act.The question then i

22、s raised regarding political participation, whether it can be classified as an act of economic rationality or of altruism. 39. Public duty may not necessarily mean duty, although it may include that constant and active practical participation in the details of politics without which, upon the part o

23、f the most intelligent citizens, the conduct of public affairs falls under the control of selfish and ignorant or crafty and venal men. Politics often requires service in committees, care and trouble and expense of many kinds, patient endurance of rebuffs, chagrins, ridicules, disappointments, and d

24、efeats. 40. All these duties and services, when selfishly and meanly performed, stigmatize a man as a mere politician, but when performed with honesty and vigilance, they become gradual building blocks, stone by stone and layer by layer, of a nation of self-restrained liberty.【答案】36. 经济学家声称，利他主义与经济理

25、性背道而驰，因为后者假定人们行为自私。37. 一些经济模型假设，利己主义者之所以表现出利他行为，是因为他们从中获得了一些利益或效用。例如，让他们自我感觉更好，或者有效防止社会动荡。38. 社会学家认为人类有一种帮助别人的自然倾向，这是保护同类的自然本能。因此，公共义务是一种生存行为。39. 虽然公共义务有时包括持续和积极参与政治事务，但是公共义务不一定意味着义务。40. 如果带着私心和恶意履行责任和提供服务，那就玷污了这份职业，徒留政客的名声。但是如果带着真诚与严谨，这些行为就会一点一滴、层层递进地建构自我约束下的自由国家。3. 单选题The United States Food and Dr

26、ag Administration has shown itself to be particularly wary with regard to alleged “miracle” drugs in recent years.问题1选项A.bellicoseB.exhaustedC.cautiousD.strange【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项bellicose“好战的”；B选项exhausted“精疲力竭的”；C选项cautious“谨慎的”；D选项strange“奇怪的”。句意：近年来，美国食品药品监督管理局对所谓的神药的态度开始特别谨慎。根据语境，C选项cautious“谨

27、慎的”比较符合对miracle drugs“神药”的态度，和wary“谨慎的”同义，符合题意。因此C选项正确。4. 单选题_ you promise you will work hard, _ support you to college.问题1选项A.If onlywill IB.Only.I willC.Only ifwill ID.Only if.I will【答案】C【解析】考查固定句型。Only ifwill“只有才”，only if条件从句在句子前面，中间无逗号时主句要倒装，所以C选项“Only ifwill I”正确。句意：只有你承诺会努力学习，我才会支持你上大学。其余选项不符合

28、语法规则，故错误。因此C选项正确。5. 翻译题Human beings: in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. 41. Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all othe

29、r life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversify in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and wi

30、th all other life forms on this planet Earth.“Anthropology” derives from the Greek words anthropos “human” and logos “the study of.” By its very name, Anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind, Anthropology is one of the social sciences. 42. Social science is that branch of intellectual en

31、quiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these

32、 social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. 43. The emphasis on data gather

33、ed first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropology analysis rests heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylors formulation of the concept of culture w

34、as one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. 44. Tylor defined culture as “.that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” So profound in its simplicity, this insight opened

35、up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylors definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.45. Thus, the Anthropological concept of “culture”, like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes

36、 possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.【答案】41. 另外，人类还有能力改善自己的生存环境，从而使所有其他形态的生命服从于人类自己独特的想法和想象。42. 社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图寻求像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性、有序、系统和客观的方式研究人类及其行为。43. 重视收集第一手资料，结合在分析古今的文化现象时采用跨文化视角，使这一研究成为一门独一无二并且极为重要的社会科学。44. 泰勒把文化定义为“一个复合整体，（它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习

37、惯。”45. 因此，人类学中“文化”的概念就像数学中“集合”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和理解成为可能。6. 单选题None of these students, including the one who passed todays test is _ the standard of last years students.问题1选项A.toB.up toC.withD.on【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项to the standard非固定搭配；B选项up to the standard“达到标准”；C选项with the standard非固定搭配；D选项on t

38、he standard“按照标准”。句意：包括通过今天测试的学生，没有学生_去年学生的标准。根据语境，这里up to the standard“达到标准”比较合理，是指和去年的学生相比，今年的学生没有那么优秀。因此B选项正确。7. 单选题Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food, _ their cleanness, toughness and low cost. But they are harmful to environment.问题1选项A.by virtue ofB.in addition toC.for the s

39、ake ofD.as opposed to【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项by virtue of“由于”；B选项in addition to“除之外（还有，也）”；C选项for the sake of“为了的利益”；D选项as opposed to“与截然相反”。句意：塑料袋虽然_干净、韧性强和成本低，可以盛装很多种食物，但是对环境有害。根据语境，这里指塑料袋因为干净等特点，所以可以盛装食物，所以by virtue of“由于”符合题意。因此A选项正确。8. 单选题We moved to the new house in the suburbs so that the kids wou

40、ld have a garden _.问题1选项A.in which to playB.to play withC.to playD.where to play【答案】A【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们搬到了郊区的新房子，这样孩子们就有一个可以玩耍的花园。横线部分是修饰garden的定语从句，根据词组play in a garden确定有介词in，根据花园用来玩的目的确定有to，A选项in which to play符合题意。D选项where to play引导地点状语从句，garden本身表示地点，故错误。因此A选项正确。9. 单选题Our modern civilization must

41、not be thought of as _ in a short period of time.问题1选项A.being createB.having createdC.having been createdD.creating【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们的现代文明不应该被认为是在短时间内创造出来的。根据civilization被create确定用被动语态，根据create的动作从过去开始发生，持续到现在，并且将持续下去确定用现在完成时，C选项having been created符合题意。因此C选项正确。10. 单选题The good news made headlines

42、nationwide: Deaths from several kinds of cancer have declined significantly in recent years. But the news has to be bittersweet for many cancer patients and their families. Every year, more than 500,000 people in the United States still die of cancer. In fact, more than half of all patients diagnose

43、d with cancer will die of their disease within a few years. And while its true survival is longer today than in the past, the quality of life for these patients is often greatly diminished. Cancerand many of the treatments used to fight itcauses pain, nausea, fatigue, and anxiety that routinely go u

44、ndertreated or untreated.In the nations single-minded focus on curing cancer, we have inadvertently devalued the critical need for palliative care, which focuses on alleviating physical and psychological symptoms over the course of the disease. Nothing would have a greater impact on the daily lives

45、of cancer patients and their families than good symptom control and supportive therapy. Yet the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the federal governments leader in cancer research and training, spent less than one percent of its 1999 budget on any aspect of research or training in palliative care.The

46、 nation needs to get serious about reducing needless suffering. NCI should commit to and fund research aimed at improving symptom control and palliative care. NCI also could designate “centers of excellence” among the cancer centers it recognizes. To get that designation, centers would deliver innov

47、ative, top-quality palliative care to all segments of the populations the centers serve; train professionals in medicine, nursing, psychology, social work, and other disciplines to provide palliative care; and conduct research.Insurance coverage for palliative and hospice care also contributes to th

48、e problem by forcing people to choose between treatment or hospice care. This “either/or” approach does not readily allow these two types of essential care to be integrated. The Medicare hospice benefit is designed specifically for people in the final stages of illness and allows enrollment only if

49、patients are expected to survive six months or less. The benefit excludes patients from seeking both palliative care and potentially life-extending treatment.That makes hospice enrollment an obvious deterrent for many patients. And hospices, which may have the most skilled practitioners and the most

50、 experience in administering palliative care, cannot offer their services to people who could really benefit but still are pursuing active treatment.It is innately human to comfort and provide care to those suffering from cancer, particularly those close to death. Yet what seems self-evident at an i

51、ndividual, personal level has not guided policy at the level of institutions in this country. Death is inevitable, but severe suffering is not. To offer hope for a long life of the highest possible quality and to deliver the best quality cancer care from diagnoses to death, our public institutions n

52、eed to move toward policies that value and promote palliative care.16. Palliative care is concerned with improving patients _.17. According to the author, research on palliative care _.18. The main problem of insurance coverage for hospice care and active treatment is that _.19. Hospices offer cance

53、r patients _.20. This text is mainly about _.问题1选项A.survival ratesB.quality of lifeC.lifespansD.options for health insurance providers问题2选项A.is more important than research for cancer curesB.has been overlooked by researchersC.is virtually non-existentD.is regarded by researchers as a frivolous topi

54、c问题3选项A.it does not allow patients to seek bothB.it only covers patients whose life expectancy is less than six monthsC.it deprives patients of the right to choose between two proven treatment methodsD.hospice care is only covered when it may extend a patients life expectancy问题4选项A.an alternative to

55、 palliative careB.comfort in their early stages of illnessC.skilled and experienced palliative careD.an alternative to active treatment问题5选项A.improving cancer research in the U.SB.reforming insurance coverage for cancer patientsC.understanding different options for cancer treatment and careD.reducin

56、g the suffering of cancer patients【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】16.事实细节题。根据第二段第一句palliative care, which focuses on alleviating physical and psychological symptoms over the course of the disease.（姑息治疗的重点是在疾病过程中减轻身体和心理症状。）和第二句Nothing would have a greater impact on the daily lives of cancer patients

57、 and their families than good symptom control and supportive therapy.（没有什么比平稳控制症状和支持性治疗对癌症患者及其家人的日常生活影响更大的了。），可知姑息治疗对日常生活影响最大，所以B选项“生活质量”正确。A选项“存活率”，C选项“寿命”和D选项“健康保险公司的选择”不是姑息治疗的重点，故错误。因此B选项正确。17.推理判断题。根据第二段第一句In the nations single-minded focus on curing cancer, we have inadvertently devalued the cr

58、itical need for palliative care（在我国一心一意致力于治愈癌症的同时，我们无意中低估了对姑息治疗的迫切需要）和第三段第一句The nation needs to get serious about reducing needless suffering.（国家需要认真对待减少不必要的痛苦。），可知在作者看来，姑息治疗应该更加被重视，所以B选项“被研究者忽视了”正确，没有说姑息治疗比治疗癌症本身更重要，故A选项“比癌症治疗的研究更重要”错误。C选项“几乎不存在”：根据第二段最后一句Yet the National Cancer Institute (NCI)spen

59、t less than one percent of its 1999 budget on any aspect of research or training in palliative care.（然而，作为联邦政府在癌症研究和培训方面的领导机构，国家癌症研究所在姑息治疗的任何方面的研究或培训上的支出不到其1999年预算的1%。），可知有这方面的研究，只是很少，故错误。D选项“研究者认为这个主题很无聊”：文章没有提及，故错误。因此B选项正确。18.事实细节题。根据第四段第一句Insurance coverage for palliative and hospice care also co

60、ntributes to the problem by forcing people to choose between treatment or hospice care.（姑息治疗和临终关怀的保险范围也导致了这个问题，因为它迫使人们在治疗和临终关怀之间做出选择。），可知医疗保险让人只能在姑息治疗和临终关怀选择其一，所以A选项“不允许病人同时寻求两者”正确，但还是可以选择，故C选项“剥夺了患者在两种已被证实的治疗方法之间选择的权利”错误。B选项“只覆盖预期寿命少于6个月的患者”和D选项“只有当临终关怀可以延长病人的预期寿命时，它才包括在内”：根据第四段第三、四句The Medicare ho

61、spice benefit is designed specifically for people in the final stages of illness and allows enrollment only if patients are expected to survive six months or less. The benefit excludes patients from seeking both palliative care and potentially life-extending treatment.（医疗保险临终关怀福利是专门为处于疾病最后阶段的人设计的，只有

62、在患者预计存活时间为6个月或更短的情况下才允许登记。这种好处使患者既不寻求姑息治疗，也不寻求可能延长生命的治疗。），这里说的是临终关怀的使用情况，即患者预计存活时间为6个月或更短的时候采用临终关怀，这时不以延长寿命为目的，故错误。因此A选项正确。19.事实细节题。根据第五段第二句And hospices, which may have the most skilled practitioners and the most experience in administering palliative care（临终关怀院或许有对临终关怀最有经验的医生和姑息治疗经验），可知临终关怀院提供给患者C选

63、项“熟练和经验丰富的姑息治疗”，所以C选项正确。B选项“疾病早期阶段的舒适”：根据第四段第三句The Medicare hospice benefit is designed specifically for people in the final stages of illness（医疗保险临终关怀福利是专门为处于疾病最后阶段的人设计的），可知临终关怀不针对疾病早期，故错误。A选项“姑息治疗的替代方案”，和D选项“积极治疗的替代方案”：文章没有提到，故错误。因此C选项正确。20.主旨大意题。文章第一段引入治疗癌症的副作用没有得到充分治疗，第二、三段呼吁国家对此采取措施，第四、五段提到临终关怀对减轻患者痛苦的保险情况，最后一段总结全文强调推动姑息治疗，全文都在围绕减轻患者痛苦的医疗方法，所以D选项“减少癌症患者的痛苦”正确。A选项“改善美国的癌症研究”，B选项“改革癌症患者的保险范围”和C选项“了解癌症治疗和护理的不同选择”是文章的部分内容，不足以概括全文，故错误。因此D选项正确。11. 单选题Millionaires can breathe a bit easier. While President Barack Obama says he wants to let