2022年考博英语-西南大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解2

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1、2022年考博英语-西南大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题His thoughts were （ ）from this painful topic by the sudden arrival of a neighbor.问题1选项A.attractedB.retractedC.distractedD.protracted【答案】C【解析】考察动词词义辨析。attract “吸引”；retract “撤销，撤回”；distract “分散”； protract “延长，伸出”。句意：以为邻居的突然到来分散了他的对于痛苦主题的关注。选项C符合题意。2. 单选题Doing re

2、search will be much easier if you have someone to bounce ideas off and to give you（ ） in the entire process.问题1选项A.rewardB.insuranceC.interestD.feedback【答案】D【解析】考察名词词义辨析。reward “报酬，奖金”；insurance “保险”；interest “兴趣”；feedback “反馈”。句意：如果你有个人可以拿出主意并且整个过程都给你反馈意见，那么，做研究要容易很多。选项D符合题意。3. 单选题The age of the ge

3、neral practitioner is over. More and more graduates of medical schools tend to （ ）, that is, to concentrate on limited areas of their research.问题1选项A.generalizeB.rationalizeC.studyD.specialize【答案】D【解析】考察动词词义辨析。generalize “概括”；rationalize “使合理化”；study “研究，学习”；specialize “专攻”。句意：全科医生的时代过去了。越来越多的医科学校的毕

4、业生倾向于专攻，即专心把精力集中在有限的领域。选项D符合题意。4. 单选题Recent successes have（ ）the fact that the company is still in trouble.问题1选项A.distinguishedB.revisedC.obscuredD.dissected【答案】C【解析】考察动词词义辨析。distinguish “区分”；revise “修改”；obscure “掩盖，隐藏”；dissect “仔细分析”。句意：最近的成功掩盖了公司还处在麻烦中的事实。选项C符合题意。5. 单选题Although, recent years have

5、seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing. Consequently, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone (generated by photochemical, reactio

6、ns with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legally established limits. There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissionsshort of a massive shift away from the private automobileis to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline

7、 with cleaner burning fuels such as compressed natural gas liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol.All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller and simpler than those of gasoline. These molecules bum more cleanly than gasoline, in part because they have fewer, i

8、f any, carbon-carbon bonds, and the hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to generate ozone. The combustion of large molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds, involves a more complex series of reactions. These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more lik

9、ely to release uncombusted and photochemically active hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere. On the other hand, alternative fuels do have drawbacks. Compressed natural gas would require that vehicles have a set of heavy fuel tanksa serious liability in terms of performance and fuel efficiency an

10、d liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamental limits on supply.Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantages over other carbon-based alternative fuels; they have hither energy content per volume and would require minimal changes in the existing network for distributing motor fuel.

11、 Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement, but it is currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low cost of which is one of its attractive features. Methanols most attractive feature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that form ozone, the most

12、 serious urban air pollutant.Like any alternative fuel, methanol has its critics. Yet much of the criticism is based on the use of gasoline clone” vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest design improvements that are made possible with the use of methanol. It is true, for example, that a g

13、iven volume of methanol provides only about one-half of the energy that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal, the fuel tank would have to be somewhat larger and heavier. However, since methanol-fueled vehicles could be designed to be much more efficient than gasoline clone vehicles

14、fueled with methanol, they would need comparatively less fuel. Vehicles incorporating only the simplest of the Engine improvements that methanol makes feasible would still contribute to an immediate lessening of urban air pollution.1.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（ ）.2.Accordi

15、ng to the passage, incomplete combustion is more likely to occur with gasoline than with an alternative fuel because: （ ）.3.The passage suggests which of the Following about air pollution?4.The author describes which of the following as the most appealing feature of methanol?5.It can be inferred tha

16、t the author of the passage most likely regards the criticism of methanol in the last paragraph as（ ）.问题1选项A.countering a flawed argument that dismisses a possible solution to a problemB.reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a problemC.identifying the strengths of possible sol

17、utions to a problemD.discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solution to it问题2选项A.the combustion of gasoline releases photochemically active hydrocarbons.B.the combustion of gasoline involves an intricate series of reactions.C.gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structure.D.gasoline

18、is composed of small molecules.问题3选项A.Further attempts to reduce emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles will not help lower urban air-pollution levels.B.Attempts to reduce the pollutions that an individual gasoline-fueled vehicle emits havebeen largely unsuccessful.C.Few serious attempts have been

19、made to reduce the amount of pollutants emitted by gasoline- fueled vehicles.D.Pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles are not the most critical source of urban air pollution.问题4选项A.It is substantially less expensive than ethanol.B.It could be provided to consumers through the existing motor

20、fuel distribution systemC.It has a higher energy content than other alternative fuels.D.Its use would substantially reduce ozone levels.问题5选项A.flawed because of the assumptions on which it is basedB.inapplicable because of an inconsistency in the critics argumentsC.misguided because of its exclusive

21、ly technological focusD.invalid because it reflects the personal bias of the critics【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.文章第一段最后一句There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissionsshort of a massive shift away from the private automobileis to

22、replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner burning fuels such as compressed natural gas liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol是本文的主旨句，提出如何来减少机动车尾气排放。所以选项C符合题意。2.文章第二段第三句The combustion of large molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds, involves a more complex series o

23、f reactions提到大分子的燃烧有着更复杂的反映，选项B符合题意。3.题干中出现了air pollution, 因此可以将重点放在第一段。第一段主要提及了尽管污染减少，但还是需要有效的方法来改善环境。第一段最后一句话可以推出选项A符合题意。4.文章第三段最后一句Methanols most attractive feature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that form ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant.提到甲醇

24、最吸引人的特点就是会大幅度减少臭氧水平。选项D符合题意。5.根据文章第四段第二句Yet much of the criticism is based on the use of gasoline clone” vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest design improvements that are made possible with the use of methanol可知选项A符合题意。6. 单选题There are not many teachers who are strong （ ）of traditional

25、methods in English teaching.问题1选项A.sponsorsB.contributorsC.advocatesD.performers【答案】C【解析】考察名词词义辨析。 Sponsor “赞助者”；contributor “捐赠者”；advocate “倡导者，支持者”； performer “表演者”。句意：很多老师都不再强烈倡导传统英语教学法了。选项C符合题意。7. 翻译题Read the following passage into ChineseIt is well that young men should begin at the beginning a

26、nd occupy the most subordinate positions. Many of the leading businessmen of Pittsburgh had a serious responsibility thrust upon them at the very threshold of their career. They were introduced to the broom, and spent the first hours of their business lives sweeping out the office. I notice we have

27、janitors and janitresses now in offices, and our young men unfortunately miss that salutary branch of business education. But if by chance the professional sweeper is absent any morning, the boy who has the genius of the future partner in him will not hesitate to try his hand at the broom. It does n

28、ot hurt the newest comer to sweep out the office if necessary I was one of those sweepers myself.【答案】年轻人从头做起，担任基层职位，这是件好事。匹兹堡很多有名望的商人在创业之初都身负重任。他们拿过扫把，最初都是清扫办公室。我注意到我们办公室清洁工人，这使得我们的年轻人不幸失去了一个受良好商业教训的机会。但是如果某天早晨碰巧那位清洁工人没有来，某位用于未来合伙人气质的年轻人会毫不犹豫地拿起扫把。如果有必要，新来的员工在办公室打扫并没有什么损失。我就一度自己打扫过。8. 单选题The truck d

29、river was fined for exceeding the speed （ ）.问题1选项A.rangeB.limitC.ruleD.regulation【答案】B【解析】考察名词词义辨析。range“范围”；limit“限制界限”； rule “规定，规则”；regulation意为“规定，规则”。句意：卡车司机由于超速而被罚了款。选项B符合题意。9. 单选题Even when textbooks are （ ）through a school system, methods of teaching may vary greatly.问题1选项A.commonplaceB.stand

30、ardizedC.competitiveD.generalized【答案】B【解析】考察名词、形容词词义辨析。standardize “使符合标准，使标准化”；commonplace “普通的，平庸的”；competitive “竞争的，竞争性的”； generalize “概括，归纳，推断”。句意：即使当教科书通过教育系统标准化了，教学方式也会有很大变化。选项B符合题意。10. 单选题If you （ ）someone, you form a fixed general idea or image of them so that you assume that they will behav

31、e in a particular way.问题1选项A.assimilateB.simulateC.stereotypeD.subordinate【答案】C【解析】考察动词词义辨析。Assimilate “吸收，同化”； simulate “刺激”；stereotype “使成成规，使变得刻板”；subordinate “使从属，使服从”。句意：如果你用刻板的观点看别人，你脑海中就形成了他们的一个大题想法和形象，因此你就会认为他们的一言一行都是按照特定的方式来的。选项C符合题意。11. 单选题Because of his （ ）, he was discharged from his pos

32、ition as family chauffer.问题1选项A.inebrietyB.sophistC.stratumD.fresco【答案】A【解析】考察名词词义辨析。inebriety “醉癖”；sophist “诡辩家；学者”；stratum “社会阶层”；fresco “壁画”。句意：由于他经常醉酒，他不允许进入厨房。选项A符合题意。12. 单选题More than 85 percent of French Canadas population speaks French as a mother tongue and （ ）to the Roman Catholic faith.问题1

33、选项A.catersB.adheresC.ascribesD.subscribes【答案】B【解析】考察动词词义辨析。cater “迎合；提供饮食及服务”；adhere “追随，坚持， 粘附”；ascribe “把.归因于”; subscribes “订阅，签署”。句意：85%以上的法裔加拿大人把法语作为自己的母语，并且信仰天主教。选项B符合题意。13. 单选题I decided to quit the job because it is（ ）to listen to our bosss constant complaints.问题1选项A.delightfulB.sensationalC.p

34、reventiveD.irksome【答案】D【解析】考察形容词词义辨析。Delightful “高兴的”；sensational “轰动的”；preventive “预防性的”；irksome “令人厌烦的”。句意：我决定辞职因为厌烦了老板持续不断的抱怨。选项D符合题意。14. 单选题In this poor country, survival is still the leading industry; all else is （ ）.问题1选项A.luxuryB.accommodationC.entertainmentD.refreshment【答案】A【解析】考察名词、形容词词义辨析。

35、luxury “奢侈”；accommodation “住处，膳食”；entertainment “娱乐”；refreshment “清爽，提神之物”。句意：在这个贫穷的国家，生存是头等大事，其他都是奢求。选项A符合题意。15. 翻译题Read the following passage into ChineseThe railroad industry could not have grown as large as it did without steel. The first rails were made of iron. But iron rails were not strong e

36、nough to support heavy trains running at high speeds. Railroad executives wanted to replace them with steel rails because steel was ten or fifteen times stronger and lasted twenty limes longer. Before the 1870s, however, steel was too expensive to be widely used. It was made by a slow and expensive

37、process of heating, stirring, and reheating iron ore.Then the inventor Henry Bessemer discovered that directing a blast of air at melted iron in a furnace would bum out the impurities that made the iron brittle. As the air shot through the furnace, the bubbling metal would erupt in showers of sparks

38、. When the fire cooled, the metal had been changed, or converted, to steel. The Bessemer converter made possible the mass production of steel. Now three to five tons of iron could be changed into steel in a matter of minutes.【答案】没有钢铁，铁路工业不可能发展到今天的规模。第一段铁轨是铁做的。但是铁制铁轨还不够坚硬，承受不了沉重的火车高速运行。铁路高管们想用钢轨取代铁轨，

39、因为钢比铁坚硬10-15倍，而且使用寿命是铁的20倍。然而，在19世纪70年代以前，钢由于太贵而没有得到广泛使用。钢的炼制过程漫长，并且成本高，首先要加热，然后搅拌，最后重新加热铁矿。后来亨利贝塞麦发现在炼铁的时候往熔炉里的铁水输送空气可以燃烧掉那些使铁易碎的杂志。因为空气进入熔炉时，熔浆便会喷出火花束。当火冷却后，铁就变成钢了。贝塞麦转炉的大规模使用使得钢的大规模生产成为可能。现在3-5吨铁转化成钢只要几分钟时间。16. 单选题Japanese leaders aboard the U. S. battleship Missouri and signed the （ ）surrender,

40、which ended World War Two in 1945.问题1选项A.conditionalB.infiniteC.everlastingD.unconditional【答案】D【解析】考察形容词词义辨析。 Conditional “有条件的”； infinite “无限的，无穷的”；everlasting “永久的，永恒的”；unconditional “无条件的”。句意：1945年，日本领导人在美国密苏里战舰上签署了无条件投降协议。选项D符合题意。17. 单选题We began with an experiment. The man asked me to make a dra

41、wing on a blank piece of paper. I made a sketch of a creature I had invented some time ago to amuse my children. When I had finished, he asked me to cover the drawing with my hand. Then he asked me to concentrate hard and to try to transmit the thought of what I had sketched A minute went by with no

42、 result. He shook his head, it seems very complicated: is it a kind of amoeba? Slowly and hesitantly he began to draw the creatures right ear-the spot where Ive always begin the drawing. “youve got it.” I said. Go on! He completed the drawing quickly. I had carefully redrawn the picture in my mind a

43、s I tried to transmit itwhich probably accounts for the identical starting point.The man then demonstrated other power. He made the hands of my watch turn back two hours and the date go forward two days by stroking a coin placed over its face, explaining afterward that he derives power from metal. H

44、e had a little trouble trying to break my car key. However, he placed it against a metal radiator, and after a few seconds, said,46 It is starting to go. The key snapped in two.Then he tried to transmit a picture to me by telepathy. I attempted to make my mind receptive, but no image came into it. F

45、eeling rather embarrassed, I just drew the first thing that came into my head: check mark. The man showed me the piece of paper he was holding. It contained a mirror image of the symbol I had drawn. It could be significant in this connection that the man is left-handed.After I left the room, I began

46、 to sift my impressions. Only the day before, an acquaintance had warned me to watch carefully for sleight-of-hand tricks, especially as the man had earlier been a stage conjuror. I had to admit that most of the things had done could have been tricks. For instance, snapping the keys with his fingers

47、 and altering the hands and date on my watch with the winder would have been well within the ability of a skilled conjuror. But how could he have faked the drawing of what I had drawn? And if that feat was due to genuine telepathic power, the other demonstrations could also be genuine.1.In line 11,

48、“derives” most nearly means（ ）.2.It be inferred from line 19-25 that the telepathists demonstrations would appear most convincing to a critical observer if the telepathist were to（ ）.3.The “acquaintance” mentioned in line 19 can best be described as a（ ）.4.Which phrase best characterizes the authors

49、 general attitude in this passage?问题1选项A.ObtainsB.infersC.connectsD.traces问题2选项A.provide more information about his backgroundB.critique the performances of other telepathistC.perform in a rigorously controlled environmentD.talk about what he is doing as he performs问题3选项A.skepticB.hypocriteC.hoaxerD

50、.confidant问题4选项A.Complete indifferentB.righteous indignationC.Cynical amusementD.guarded acceptance【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:A第4题:D【解析】1.题干中的单词出现在第二段第二句He made the hands of my watch turn back two hours and the date go forward two days by stroking a coin placed over its face, explaining afterward that he der

51、ives power from metal（通过抚摸放在脸上的硬币，他把我的手表指针调慢了两个小时，日期也调回到了两天前，他解释说这是为了从金属那里力量）。可以推测 “他解释这种力量是从金属那里得到的”，derive 在这里是“获得，得到”的意思。选项A符合题意。2.文章最后一段提到作者对于心灵感应者其他一些手段他能够识破，比如snapping the keys with his fingers and altering the hands and date on my watch with the winder would have been well within the ability

52、of a skilled conjuror，但是作者对如何伪造画这一过程不明白，因为这是他重构的画（but how could he have faked the drawing of what I had drawn?），这件事也是作者正在做的一件事。因此可以推测，如果当表演的时候，谈论的是正在做的事情，那么心灵感应者的表演会更有说服力。选项D符合题意。3.题干中的单词出现在文章最后一段第二句话Only the day before, an acquaintance had warned me to watch carefully for sleight-of-hand tricks, es

53、pecially as the man had earlier been a stage conjuror（就在前两天，我的一个还警告我要小心戏法，特别是当那个人以前是个舞台魔术师的时候。）警告者要作者当心舞台上的一些小把戏，证明他对魔术师的花招比较了解。选项A符合题意，这个警告者是一个怀疑者。4.作者在最后一段提到他承认很多舞台上的表演其实是戏法，但是作者对如何伪造画这一过程不明白，因为这是他重构的画（but how could he have faked the drawing of what I had drawn?）。证明作者对有些部分还是有疑问的。所以选项D “有保留的接受”符合题意

54、。18. 翻译题Translate the following passage into English由小学到中学，所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。就是大学四年，所授课业也还是相当粗浅的学识。世人常称大学为“最高学府”，这名称容易滋生误解，好像过 此以上即无学问可言。大学的研究所才是初步研究学问的所在，在这里做学问也只算是粗涉藩篱，注重的是研究学问的方法与实习。学无止境，一生的时间都嫌太短，所以 古人皓首穷经，头发白了还在继续研究，不过在这样的研究中确有浓厚的趣味。【答案】From primary to secondary school, what we learn is nothing

55、more than some basic knowledge. Even during the four years of university, the courses are still quite superficial. A university has often been misleadingly regarded as the highest seat of learning, as if there were nothing more to learn beyond it. The research institute of a university is the place

56、for the preliminary study of knowledge, and the study here is only a rough one, focusing on the research method and practice. Learning is an endless process, and ones life is too short. That is why some ancient people continued to study even when they were hoary-headed. They were motivated by an eno

57、rmous interest in their studies.19. 单选题Doctors are interested in using lasers as a surgical tool in operations on people who are （ ）to heart attack.问题1选项A.proneB.disposedC.infectiousD.accessible【答案】A【解析】考察形容词词义辨析。prone “有倾向的， 易于的”；disposed “有.倾向的”；infectious “传染的”；accessible “易接近的”。句意：医生们在对易于患心脏病的病人进行外科手术时，热衷于使用激光作为手术工具。选项A符合题意。20. 单选题His face （ ）as he came in after running all the way from school.问题1选项A.flaredB.fluctuatedC.flutteredD.flushed【答案】D【解析】考察动词词义辨析。Flare “闪光”；fluctuate “波动，涨落”；flutter “飘动”；flush “使激动，脸红”。句意：他一路从学校跑回家，脸通红。选项D符合题意。