应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版[课后答案解析及课文翻译]

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1、.Unit 1 The Rootsof ChemistryI. Comprehension.1.C 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. BII. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets.1. The purificationof an organic compoundis usuallya matter of considerable difficulty, andit is necessary to employ various methods for this purpose.2. Scie

2、nce is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematized knowledge and is also an activity by which knowledge is generated.3. Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistry observed on a single mundane planet.4. People are made of molecules;some of the moleculesin pe

3、ople are rather simple whereas others arehighly complex.5. Chemistry is ever present in our livesfrom birth to death because without chemistrythere is neither life nor death.6. Mathematics appears to be almost as humankindand also permeates all aspects of human life, although many of usare not fully

4、aware of this.III. Translation.1. chemical process natural science the technique of distillation2. It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the like/and so on/and so forth/and otherwise.3. Chemistry has a very long history, in fact, human activity in chemistry goes back to prerecorded ti

5、mes/predating recorded times.4. According to/From the evaporation of water, people know/realized that liquids can turn/be/change into gases under certain conditions/circumstance/environment.5. You must know the properties of the material before you use it.IV. Translation化学是三种基础自然科学之一,另外两种是物理和生物。自从宇宙

6、大爆炸以来,化学过程持续进行,甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。人们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快,其余两步相当慢。这三步是：I物理进化化学元素的产生,II化学进化分子和生物分子的形成；和III生物进化有机物的形成和发展。V. Solution:1The relative mass of 1H and 12C atoms can be calculated from their absolute masses in grams.If the mass of a 12C atom is exactly 12 amu,then the mass of a 1H atom

7、to five significant figures must be 1.0078 amu.12 amu x 0.083986 = 1.0078 amu2First we calculate k and then use the first-order rate equation.The bone was tossed away about 6100 years ago, or about 4100 B.C. We can thus be sure that a village was in existence at that place at that time.Unit 7 The No

8、menclature of Inorganic SubstancesI. Comprehension1.A 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.BII. Give the systematic name for the followingammonium ion ; copper ion ; strontium ion;Ccopper ion; iron ion; zinc ion; hydrogen ion; lead ion; aluminum; silver ion; magnesium ion; chromium ion; Barium ; Manganese ion; iron ion; c

9、alcium ion; mercury ion; chromium ion; tin ion. carbon monoxide; ditrogen trioxide; carbon dioxide; diphosphorus pentoxide; sulfur trioxide; dichlorine heptoxide arsenate ion; sulfite ion; hydride ion; arsenite ion; bromide ion; hydroxide ion; phosphate ion; chlorate ion; hypochlorite ion;phosphate

10、ion; chloride ion; iodate ion; carbonate ion; chlorite ion; nitrate ion; chromate ion; cyanide ion; iodide ion; dichromate ion; fluoride ion; nitrate ion; oxide ion; hydrogen carbonate ion; nitrite ion; sulfide ion; hydrogen sulfate ion; perchlorate ion; sulfate ion; hydrogen sulfite ion; permangana

11、te ion.III. Complete the table.FormulaOld nameSystematic nameFeOiron oxide Fe2O3iron oxideSn2tin hydroxideSn4tin hydroxideHg2SO4mercury sulfateHgSO4mercury sulfateNaCLOsodium hypochloriteK2Cr2O7potassium dichromateCu32copper arsenateCr3chromium acetateIV. Acid names may be obtained directly from its

12、 acid ion by changing the name of the acid ion . Use the rule to give the name of the following acid.Formula of acidOld nameName of acidH2CO3carbonic acidHClO2chlorous acidHClO4perchloric acidHCNhydrocyanic acidHBrhydrobromic acidH4SiO4silicic acidH3AsO4arsenic acidV. Complete the sentences with the

13、 proper form of the word given at the end of the sentence.1.is altered; 2.To illustrate 3.indicates 4.should expect 5.would cancel 6. are pulled 7.depend on 8.are; referred 9.formed 10.have discussedVI. Translation1. Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed/eliminated.2. It is necessary that a

14、 scientist must know how to use fingures to get an accutate answer to question.3. Any substance is made of atoms whether it is solid, liquid or gas.4. The experiment was successful. Its results wasthe same as what we had expected.5. It will not be long before we finish the experiment.VII. Write equa

15、tions for the following acid-base reactions. Use the information in inorganic textbook to predict whether the equilibrium will favor the reactants or the products. Solutin to : Cyanide is the conjugate base of HCN. It can accept a proton from formic acid:Reading from inorganic textbook, formic acid

16、is a stronger acid than HCN , and cyanide is a stronger base than formate. The products are favored.VIII. Write equations for the net reactions which occur when the following materials are added to a sodium-ammonia solution.Answer: 2CH3GeH3 + 2eam- H2 + 2CH3GeH2- I2 + 2eam- 2I- 2S + 2eam- + NH3 C2H5

17、S- + C2H6 + NH2-Unit 10 Nomenclature of HydrocarbonsI. Comprehension1.C 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.BII. Name the following compounds by the IUPAC system1CH3nCH3 butane, pentane, hexane, octane22-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH32-methylpentane33C-CH2-CH-CH2-CH34-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane42CH-CH2CH2-CH-CH25-isopropyl-2-methyloc

18、tane5CH3-CH2-CH2-C2-CH24-isopropyl-4-propylheptane6-CH2-CH2isobutylcyclobutane7CH2=CCH22-ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene8CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CHCl-CH32-chloro-3-hexene9CH3-CH-CH-CC-CH34-ethyl-5-methyl-2-hexyne10CH2=CH-CCH1-buten-3-yne112CH-CH2CHCH34-methyl-2-pentanol12CH3CH2CH=CHCHCH33-hexen-2-ol133C-OH2-methyl-2-

19、propanol143C-OCH2H52-ethoxy-2-methylpropane152CH-CH2-O-C2H51-ethoxy-2-methylpropane1621,2-ethanediol17CH3-CH-CH21,2-proanediol18CH2-CH-CH21,2,3-propanetriol19CH3CH2NH2aminoethane20CH3CH2CH2CHCH-NH-CH3N-methyl-1-amino-2-methylpentaneIII. Draw structures for the following compounds.13-octeneC-C-C=C-C-

20、C-C-C23-methy-2-heptene3cyclohexene42-pentyneC-CC-C-C53,3-dimethylhexyne63-bromotoluene7vinyl chlorideC=C-Cl8acetyleneCC9para-dichlorobenzene10m-chlorobromobenzene11toluene12chlorobenzene131,2-dibromobenzene14naphthalene15anthracene16phenanthrene172-methyl-1-propanol18Cyclohexanol19Methoxyethene20tr

21、ans-2-ethoxycyclohexanolIV. Decide which item best completes each unfinished sentence.1.A 2.A 3.B 4.CV. Each of the following names is incorrect. Draw the structure represented by the incorrect name , and give your drawing the correct name.Unit 11 Carboxylic Acids and Their DerivativesI. Comprehensi

22、on1.B 2.B 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.CII. Fill in the blanks with the phrases given below.1.brought out 2.dozen or so; put together 3.are made of ;divided by 4.are different from 5.on the contrary; consist of 6.summed up 7.stand for 8.such as 9.are; dependent on 10.break down intoIII. Put in proper prepositions

23、or adverbs into the blanks.1.with; as 2.to 3.about 4.from 5.into IV. Translation1. Similarly, solvent also may not be liquid matter but the others2. A graph plotting solubility against temperature is called a solubility curve. The curveplot drawn by solubility as one coordinate and temperature as an

24、other coordinate is called solubility curve.3. Air is mixture of gases , the most abundant of which is nitrogen in the form of N2 .4. The direction of the reaction and the position of the equilibrium may also be affected by the temperature, pressure, and other conditions.5. Hydrogen has a great affi

25、nity for oxygen and easily combines with it to form water.V. Translation玻意尔Bohr模型提出不久后,人们就发现原子中的电子比Bohr提出的模型要复杂得多。实验证实电子既有粒子的性质质量也有光的特性波的特性。因为它的两重性,电子不能被看作是在确定范围内绕核旋转的一种简单粒子,而且如Bohr所说的,如果电子高速运动,我们就不能确切地知道它的位置。Unit 13 Ultraviolet and Visible Molecular SpectroscopyI. Comprehension1.C 2.D 3.D 4.D 5.B I

26、I. Fill in the blanks of; as; in; out; In; for; for ; of; in; then; to; for;since ;into.III. Fillthe blank in each sentence with an appropriate phrase in its proper form.1. account for 2.take part in 3.think of .as 4.As compared with 5. is attached to 6.on the contrary 7.As in the case of 8.in contr

27、ast with as against 9. owing to 10.Except for.Unit 17 CrystallisationI. Comprehension1.D 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.A II. Fill in the blanks with the proper word given below.Stage; interna; symmetrical; basis; physical; Furthermore; composed; responsible; reasonable; overall.III. Choose the item from that best m

28、atches the item in to make a correct sentence. 1a; 2b; 3c; 4d; 5e; 6fVI.Translate the following into Chinese共沸物；类质同晶；过饱和；砷酸盐；晶核；异丙基；醇；钠；硫酸盐；间甲酚；糖膏；十水合物；结晶质的；同系物；衍生物；结晶；四硼酸盐；盐析；乙基乙酰苯胺；矿物油。Uint18 DistillationI. Comprehension1.B 2.D 3.A 4. A II. Fill in the blanks with the phrases given below.1.In orde

29、r to 2.in relation to 3. in the case of 4.in the end 5. in a number of 6.lead to 7.a messy way掌握以下词汇:flashdistillation闪蒸 ;exit stream 出流 ;equilibrium curve 平衡曲线; weir 堰; redistillation 重蒸; apparatus 设备;overhead product 塔顶产物; enthalpy 焓; intersection 交点; auxiliary辅助装置; rectifying section精馏段 ;reflux回流

30、; reboller 再沸器; stripping section 汽提提馏段;bottom product 塔底产物Unit 21 catalysisI. Comprehension1.A 2.D 3.D 4. B 5.CIV. Translate the following sentences into English We define activity as size of catalysis of catalyst catalytic reaction may be carried out in different phases, of which mechanisms are ge

31、nerally consistent Enzymes are the most efficient proteins in the human body which accelerate the metabolism of the human body.V. Translate the following into Englishreaction equilibrium; repetitiveness; elementaryreaction step; stability; catalytic cycle; activity; quantitative analysis; selectivit

32、y; metabolic reaction; chemical energy; reaction mechanism; polymer nylonor nylon;qualitative analysis; molecular-sieve; tubular reactor; inhibitor; stoichiometry.Unit 22 Cosmetics introductionI. Comprehension1.D 2.A 3.D 4. D 5. True; True; False.II. Fill in the blanks with the proper word given bel

33、ow.Focused on; considerations; particular; boosting; price; affect; commitment;different; proposed.III. Put in proper prepositions or adverbs into the blanks. 1. for, of; 2. to; 3. for 4. for 5. of ,about.V、Translate the following into English.对亚苯基二胺,降解,丙烯,头皮屑,洗剂, N-亚硝基二乙醇胺,致癌的, 未成熟or早熟,香波or洗发剂, 激素荷

34、尔蒙, 防汗剂, 诱变性, 脱臭剂芳香剂, 推论必然结果, 甘油VI、Translate the following sentences into Englishsurfactant；environmental pollution；emulsifier；side-effect；dirt；detergent； perspiration；preservative.PART TWO THE FUNDATIONS OF CHEMISTRYUnit7Chemical Bonds化学键There are approximately 100 chemical elements. 世界上大概有100种元素。T

35、here are millions of chemical compound, and about 600000 new compounds are prepared every year. 现有数百万种化合物,而且每年有60万种新化合物被合成出来。To form these compounds, atoms of different elements must be held together in specific combinations. be held togetherin specific combinations 以特定的方式为了合成这些化合物,不同种类的原子必须以特定方式结合在

36、一起。Chemical bonds are the forces that maintain these arrangements. That引导定语从句,修饰forces化学键是保持这种结合状态的力。Chemical bonding also plays a role in determining the state of matter. plays a role 起作用化学键同时在决定物质状态方面也起作用。At room temperature, water is a liquid, carbon dioxide is a gas, and table salt is a solid be

37、cause of differences in chemical bonding.在室温下,水是液体,二氧化碳是气体,晶体盐是固体,是由于化学键的不同。As scientists developed an understanding of the nature of chemical bonding, they gained the ability to manipulate the structure of compounds. As引导原因状语从句to manipulate the structure of compounds不定式短语做宾补随着化学家对化学键认识的发展,他们获得了控制化合

38、物结构的能力。Dynamite, birth control pills, synthetic fibers, and a thousand other products were fashioned in chemical laboratories and have dramatically changed the way we live. 炸药、避孕药、合成纤维,和数以千计的其他产品在实验室中被合成出来,并且魔术般的改变了我们的生活。We are now entering an era that promises even greater change.我们现在进入了一个可望或者说预言更大

39、变化的时代。The DNA molecularthe chemical basis of heredity carries its genetic message in its bonds in DNA. 分子DNA遗传物质的基础以它的键传递遗传信息。Whether an organism is fish, fowl, hippopotamus, or human is determined by the arrangement of bonds in DNA.Whether an organism is fish, fowl, hippopotamus, or human做主语无论一个生物体

40、是鱼、家禽、河马还是人,都是由于DNA的键的组合方式决定的。Scientists already have the ability to rearrange these bonds, and this ability has given them limited control over the structure of living matter.Them, limited control over the structure of living matter双宾语科学家已经获得了重组这些键的能力,而这种能力给了他们有限的对生物体结构的控制。As techniques of genetic

41、engineering improve, scientists may literally be able to custom-tailor genes.随着基因工程的发展,科学家们将最终设计出符合条件的基因。Let us begin our consideration of chemical bonding so that we, too, can understand the forces that control the structure of matter, living and nonliving.That引导定语从句修饰forces,living and nonliving,动名

42、词,matter得同位语,修饰matter让我们开始对化学键的论述,并由此理解控制物质,包括有生命体和无生命体,的结构的力。Ionic Bond 离子键Let us look at an atom of the element sodium . 我们看一下钠原子。It has 11 electrons, of which two are in the first energy level, eight in the second, and one in the third. the first energy level第一能级the second energy level第二能级the thi

43、rd energy level第三能级It has 11 electrons, of which two are in the first energy level, eight are in the second energy level, and one is in the third energy level. 它有11个电子,其中2个电子在第一能级,8个电子在第二能级,1个电子在第三能级。If the sodium atom could get rid of an electron, then the product, called a sodium ion, would have t

44、he same electron structure as an atom of the noble gas neon .called a sodium ion 分词短语做非限定,修饰productnoble gas如果钠原子能够失去1个电子,产物称为钠离子,就和惰性气体氖Ne具有相同的电子结构。Let us immediately emphasize that the sodium ion and neon atom are not identical. 让我们首先强调一下,钠离子Na和氖原子Ne并不相同。The electron arrangement is the same, but t

45、he nuclei and resulting charges are not. electron arrangement 电子排布resulting charges最终电荷电子排布是相同的,而核及最终电荷是不同的。As long as sodium keeps its 11 protons, it is still a form of sodium, but it is the sodium ion, not the sodium atom. 只要钠带有11个质子,它就一直是钠,但它是钠离子而不是钠原子。Ions are charged particles, particles in whi

46、ch the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons. in which 引导非限定定语从句。离子是一种带电粒子,一种电子数不等于质子数的粒子。Positively charged ions are called cations . The sodium ion is a cation.带正电荷的粒子称为阳离子音为阳离子。钠离子是阳离子。If a chlorine atom could gain an electron, it would have the same electron structure as the n

47、oble gas argon .如果氯原子Cl能够得到一个电子,它将与惰性气体氩Ar具有相同的电子结构。The chlorine atom, having gained an electron, becomes negatively charged. It has 17 protons and 18 electrons . It is written Cl- and it called a chloride ion.having gained an electron动名词形式做定语,修饰chlorine atom获得一个电子的氯原子带有负电荷。它具有17个质子17+和18个电子18,写作Cl,

48、称为氯离子。Negatively charged ions are called anions . The chloride ion is an anion.带负电荷的粒子称为阴离子音为阴离子。钠离子是阴离子。A sodium forms a less reactive species, a sodium ion, by losing an electron. a less reactive species, a sodium ion同位语钠原子通过失去一个电子形成不活泼的钠离子。A chlorine atom becomes a less reactive chloride ion by g

49、aining an electron. 氯原子通过得到一个电子形成不活泼的氯原子。A chlorine atom cannot just pluck an electron from empty space, nor can a sodium atom kick out an electron unless something else is willing to take it on. empty space 空白空间、真空空间,意为凭空、无根据nor作连词,与助动词和情态动词连用,句中主语与动词倒置。He cant see, nor could he hear until a month

50、ago. 他现在看不见,一个月之前他还听不见。She isnt rich, nor do I image that she ever will be. 她现在不富,我看她将来也富不了。kick out 逐出、解雇、开除；意为失去They kicked him out for fighting.他因为斗殴而被开除出俱乐部。something else 别的东西take on 接纳、承受氯原子不能凭空获得一个电子,而钠原子也不能凭空失去一个电子,除非别的东西愿接受电子。What happens when sodium come into contact with chlorine? The obv

51、ious. A chlorine atom removes an electron from a sodium e into contact 接触、相遇The obvious 显而易见的当钠与氯接触时发现了什么？很明显,氯原子从钠原子处拿走了一个电子。The sodium ion and the chloride ion have electron arrangements like those of two noble gases . electron arrangement电子排布electron configurations电子结构钠离子和氯离子的电子排布电子结构就象两个惰性气体氖和氩,

52、相应的一样。Not only do the ions have stable octets of electrons, they also have opposite charges. 它们具有稳定的电子八耦体结构,而且有相反的电荷。Everyone knows that opposites attract. 每个人都知道异性相吸。While this rule of thumb may not always work when applied to people, it works quite well for cations and anions. rule of thumb单凭经验来做的

53、方法,比较粗糙的方法,约略得衡量或估计虽然这种经验对人未必适用,但对阴阳离子是非常适用的。The attractive force between oppositely charged ions is called an ionic bond, and the combination of sodium ions and chloride ions is the compound sodium chloride or table salt.相反电荷之间的吸引力称为离子键,钠离子和氯离子结合为化合物氯化钠和食盐。Covalent Bonds共价键One might expect a hydrog

54、en atom, with its one electron, to acquire another electron and assume the helium configuration. to acquire another electron and assume the helium configuration不定式做宾补人们也许希望带有一个电子的氢原子,获得另一个电子并呈现氦的结构。Indeed, hydrogen atom do just that in the presence of atoms of a reactive metal such as lithium, that

55、is, a metalthat finds it easy to give up an electron.do代替上句, just that引导条件状语reactive metal活泼金属that is 插入语,也就是说a metal,reactive metal的同位语,that引导定语从句修饰a metal实际上,氢原子只有在活泼金属如锂的存在下确实发生了这样的反应,活泼金属就是很容易失去电子的金属。But what if there are no other kinds of atoms around? 但是,如果周围没有其他种类的原子呢？What if there are only h

56、ydrogen atoms ? 如果只有氢原子作为纯元素样品呢？One hydrogen atoms can scarcely grab an electrons from another, for among hydrogen atoms all have equal attraction for electrons Even more important更重要的一个氢原子几乎不能从另一个氢原子处获取电子,因为氢原子具有相同的电子吸引力更重要的,可能是,氢原子没有失去电子的倾向,因为那样的结果是生成高度活泼的裸露质子氢原子核。Still hydrogen wants a duet of el

57、ectrons like heliums. 而且氢原子希望象氦原子那样拥有2个电子。If one hydrogen cannot capture anothers electron, the two atoms can compromise by sharing their electrons.如果一个氢原子不能获取另一个氢原子的电子,这两个原子则通过共用电子的方式解决。It is as if the two hydrogen atoms, in approaching one another, get their electron clouds or orbitals so thorough

58、ly enmeshed that they cannot easily pull them apart again.in approaching one another 做插入语as if与as though 用法相同,意为：宛如、仿佛、好像。as if后面常用过去时表示现在,说明所作的比较不是真的。You look as if youd seen a ghost.在非正式文体中,常用like代替as if。 He sat there smiling like it was his birthday.就好像两个氢原子,当它们互相接近时,其电子云充分重叠,以至于难于再分开。Moat of the time the electrons are located between the two nuclei. 大部分时间电子位于两个原子之间。The electron-dot formula usually used, H:H, is therefore a fairly good picture If we were to attribute human qualities to hydrogen atoms, we would suggest that they are a bit nearsighted. Each one looks around, sees two e