备战2018年英语考点一遍过专题43阅读理解词义猜测题(含解析)

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1、考点43阅读理解词义猜测题高考频度：历年来高考试题中的生词量有增无减。教学大纲要求学生“读懂生词率不超过3%1勺传记、故事、记叙文、科普小品文和有关社会文史知识等不同题材的材料。”在英语阅读训练和测试中的生词障碍往往会 成为学生理解的“绊脚石”，这些“绊脚石”的出现大致分五类：1 .旧词新义，考查词汇表中未出现的词义； 如： Nearby is the Indianapolis race course , where the nation s most famous car race is h eld each year on May 30th.我们学过course的意思是“过程，课程”等，在

2、此显然不符句意。根据上下文course 是汽车赛举行的地方，可推断 course在该句是“车道”或“跑道”的意思。2.合成词、转化词与派生词，如 shoplifting , heartbroken , computer-literate , decision-thinking , imperfect 等；3. “灵活”的 常用词增多，这些词必须根据具体的上下文语境才能正确理解；4. “新鲜”的外国人名、地名、专有名称增多，这些词有些带有一定的文化背景5.超纲生词。有的学生在阅读训练和测试中存在着“生词恐惧心理”，一遇到生词就有读不下去的感觉。那么阅读 理解时遇到大量生词该怎么办？查词典当然是排

3、除词义障碍的一种方法，当然这只有在平常的阅读训练中才可以使用。但是，频繁的查阅词典既影响阅读速度，又容易破坏学生阅读的思路和兴趣。况且，一词多 义是英语词汇的主要特点，词典不一定能为学生提供单词在特定的上下文中的具体或确切的含义。平时的 练习中遇到生词不要马上查词典，可以通过一定的方法来猜测理解。猜测词义不仅是一项阅读技巧，也是 高考阅读能力考查的一个方面，每年在高考阅读中都有猜测词义的试题。掌握正确方法快速而又准确地猜 测出生词的含义，对提高阅读速度和答题效率相当重要。该类题常见的考查形式有：1. The phrase in the sentence could be replaced by

4、.2. The word in the paragraph refers to.3. What is the meaning of the underlined word in the paragraph? / What does the unlined word mean?4. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase？5. The word most nearly means.对此类试题，考生应该进行大胆猜测，但这种猜测不是胡乱的，盲目的，而是有一定的方法和技巧。下面介绍几种常见的猜测词义的方法供同学们加以

5、运用。1 .构词法猜词阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词。掌握构词法对猜测词义很有帮助。如： unforeseeable. 这个词，可以根据构词法把它拆成un, fore, see , able ;其中see是词根，fore是先，前，预”的含义，un是否定，able是能的，可的”，因此 unforeseeable 是“未能预见到的”意思。叁例不所Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they re being staredat. If people doubt the outcome o

6、fhis two experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeatthe experiments and see for themselves. ”70. The underlined word“outcome in the last paragraph most probably means .A. valueB. resultC. performanceD. connection【答案】B【解析】运用*词法Tfi行猜测口动词词组mmeout的意义为*露出、出现、显露出一再根据句子的语境， 可猜测出苴意义是：点验的）结果*2 .利用同义近义词猜词

7、在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生 词的含义。统称在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or,这些词语或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且 and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推出它 的大致词义。酎例不所Fermat s Last Theorem （定理）,first put forward by the French mathematician Pierre deFermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and be

8、aten the finest mathematicalminds, including a French woman scientists who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique.65. Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word“baffle as it is used in

9、 thetext?A. To encourage people to raise questions.B. To cause difficulty in understanding.C. To provide a person with an explanation.D. To limit people s imagination.【答案】B【解析】由句中不难看出Fermat的定理使得最具有数学头脑的科学家绞尽脑汁（beat）,并且在句中beaten和baffled 处于同等的并列关系，根据这一信息可以推出baffle 表示“使困惑、难倒、 难以理解”的意思。3 .利用反义词猜词对比是描述，说

10、明事物的常用方式。在对比中，对比的事物是互为相反的，因此根据反义或对比关系可从已知推出未知。利用反义词来说明生词的意义，如反义词hot and cold, perfect and imperfect ,甚至前、后句为肯定与否定或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。更例而I折 A child s birthday party doesn t have to be a hassle ; it can be a basket of fun, accordingto Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4

11、and 18 months.74.What does the underlined word “hassle p robably mean?A. A party designed by specialists.B. A plan requiring careful thought.C. A situation causing difficulty or trouble.D. A demand made by guests.【答案】C【解析】根据前句的否定doesift与后句的肯定can be这一对比关系，可以判断出为了庆祝孩子的生日， 又不至于麻烦，可以买一个生日开心包* Has亲的意思应该与

12、血相反,而与difficulty, Houbk相近。答案 为G4.利用上下文语境猜词任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年来高考考查的热点。更例在所（2017 新课标卷I ）To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across andthree feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area

13、 to increase the water catcher s productivity.Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end restsall the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up- and out the side of the hole.33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher in paragraph 2 re

14、fer to?A. The tube.B. The still.C. The hole.D. The cup.【答案】Bl 解析根据 Try to make （he hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher s productivify 可知最好在潮湿的 地方挖洞，以提高接水器的工作效率-仃接水器指的是在潮湿的地方挖洞，在洞的底都放一个杯子，杯子 上方用膜覆盖，整个装置构成接水器,而不是某个部分。这一题很容易错选D,但是就算在干燥的地方挖 洞，杯子也可以接水，林子接水的事实并不会因为周围环境的变化而变化，杯子的工作效率是不变的，故 选5

15、 .利用定义和解释猜词有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义，我们可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语（从句）、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。叁例再i折“Organic produce is always better, “ Gold said.The food is free of pesticides （农药 ）,and you are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms. And more often than notit is

16、locally （ 本地）grown and seasonal, so it is more tasty. Gold is one of a growing numberof shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on morelike him as they grow their organic food business.62. What is the meaning of“the organic trend as the words are used in

17、the text?A. Growing interest in organic food.B. Better quality of organic food.C. Rising market for organic food.D. Higher prices of organic food.【答案】A【解析】 由 Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying something可以推断出， 越来越多的顾客像Gold 一样开始购买有机食物，其实也就是对这类食物产生了越来越浓厚的兴趣。答案为Ao6 .根据语义转折猜词有时文章的作者为了增强表达

18、效果，会用一些含有表示意思转折的连词，副词或短语。如：though,although, still, but, yet, instead, instead of, however, while, on the contrary, on the otherhand, unlike, rather than, for one thing, for another等，我们可以根据转折意思猜测词义。典例副所However obvious these facts may appear at first glance, they are actually not so obviousas they see

19、m except when we take special pains to think about the subject.71. In Paragraph 3,“take special pains probably means .A. try very hard B. take our timeC. are very unhappy D. feel especially painful【答案析】A（解析】由However从句当中的at first gLan （乍一眼看上去），与下文中的take special pains进行对比, 既然不是一眼就看城及简单，那么自然要费力去想了口由此可以

20、推断出A项为最佳选项口7.利用经验和常识猜词例州*4所 I was on the way to a personal -injury accident in West Nashville. As I got onto Highway40, blue lights and sirens（ 警笛）going, I fell in behind a gold Pontiac Firebird that suddenlyseemed to take off quickly down the highway. The driver somehow panicked at the sight of me.

21、 He was going more than a hundred miles an hour and began passing cars on the shoulder. ” 63. The meaning of “ panicked in Paragraph 2 is related to.A. shame B. hate C. anger D. fear【答案】D【解析】根据本段内容描述，可以知道panicked 意思是惊慌，相当于 fear。Zx.xk检测训练题组一（2017年高考真题） Passage1（2017 新课标卷 II , D） When a leafy plant is

22、 under attack, it doesn t sit quietly. Back in 1983,two scientists,Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. Wh

23、at the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked .It s aplant s way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbours

24、 react.Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.In study after

25、 study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors .The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don t know. Ma

26、ybe the first plantjust made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to“overhear the cry. So information wasexchanged, but it wasn t a true, intentional back and forth.Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago

27、, imagineda world far busier, noisier and more intimate（亲密的）than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There s a whole l ot going on.32. What does a plant do when it is under attack?A. It makes noises.C. It stands quietlyB. It gets help from other plants.D. It sends out certain chemica

28、ls.are turned in paragraph 3?33. What does the author mean by“the tablesA. The attackers get attacked.B. The insects gather under the table.C. The plants get ready to fight back.D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.34.Scientists find from their studies that plants canA. predict natural disastersB

29、. protect themselves against insectsC. talk to one another intentionallyD. help their neighbors when necessary35.what can we infer from the last paragraph?A. The world is changing faster than ever.B. People have stronger senses than beforeC. The world is more complex than it seemsD. People in Darwin

30、 s time were imaginative.Passage2（2017 新课标 III 卷，C）After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park.Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.Gray wolves o

31、nce were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there wer

32、e fewer humans around.The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations major food sources （来源）for the wolf grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation （植被），which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote population

33、s also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park s red foxes, and completely drove away the park s beavers.wolves toAs early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducingYellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote pr

34、oblems.Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. TheU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the

35、 debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, andcoyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstonewolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts o

36、f the country as well.28. What is the text mainly about?A. Wildlife research in the United States.B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.D. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.29. What does the underlined word displaced in paragraph 2

37、mean?A. Tested.B. Separated.C. Forced out.D. Tracked down.30. What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about?A. Damage to local ecology.B. A decline in the park s income.C. Preservation of vegetation.D. An increase in the variety of animals.31. What is the author s attitude towards the Yellow

38、stone wolf project?A. Doubtful.B. Positive.C. Disapproving.D. Uncaring.Passage3（2017 天津卷）This month, Germany s transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles（ 自主驾驶车辆）. They would define the driver s role in such carsand govern how such cars perform in

39、 crashes where lives might be lost.The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “ death valley ” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property（财产

40、） damage over personalinjury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel to check email, say the car s maker is responsible if there is a crash.“ The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic d

41、riving,” says Dobrindt.It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says.Whois responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. “ The liability（ 法律责任 ） issue is the biggest one of them all, ” says Natasha Merat a

42、t the University of Leeds, UK.An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduced earlier this year, insists that a human “ be watchful and monitoring the road ” at every moment.But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars.“ When yousay driverless cars

43、 , people expect driverless cars. ” Merat says. “ You know no driver. ”Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without operation.Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at

44、Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched.That would go down poorly in the US, however.“ The idea that the government would take overdriverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely

45、 nowhere here,” says Calo.46. What does the phrase “ death valley ” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A. A place where cars often break down.B. A case where passing a law is impossible.C. An area where no driving is permitted.D. A situation where drivers role is not clear.47. The proposal put forward by Dobri

46、ndt aims to .A. stop people from breaking traffic rulesic drivingB. help promote fully automatC. protect drivers of all ages and racesD. prevent serious property damage48. What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars?A. It should get the attention of insurance companies.B. It should b

47、e the main concern of law makers.C. It should not cause deadly traffic accidents.D. It should involve no human responsibility.49. Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in.A. SingaporeB. the UKC. the USD. Germany50. What could be the best title for the passage?A. Autonomous Dri

48、ving: Whose Liability?B. Fully Automatic Cars: A New BreakthroughC. Autonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed!D. Driverless Cars: Root of Road AccidentsPassage4（2017 江苏卷）Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can evendistinguish their mother s voice from that of

49、a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic learning （ 胎教）,birds could rule the roost. As recently reported inThe Auk: OrnithologicalAdvances, some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch （孵化）. New-born chicks can then imitate their mom s call within a few days of ent

50、ering the world.This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer, a biologist atFlinders University in South Australia, and her colleagues. Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hat

51、ched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers a sound that served as theirregular feed me! call.To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds, the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren, another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data fr

52、om 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also e

53、merge chirping like their moms. And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs, the more similar were the babies begging calls. In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom s voice were rewarded with the most foo

54、d.This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological （神经系统的）strengths of children to parents. An evolutionary inference can then be drawn. As aparent, do you invest in quality children, or do you invest in children that are in need?Kleindorfer asks. Our results sugges

55、t that they might be going for quality.58.The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means .A. be the worstB. be the bestC. be the as badD. be just as good59. What are Kleindorfer s findings based on?A. Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks.B. The observation of fairy wrens across Australia.C.

56、 The data collected from Queensland s locals.D. Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds.60. Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which.A. can receive quality signalsB. are in need of training C. fit the environment betterD. make the loudest call题组二（2016年高考真题）Passa

57、ge1（2016 新课标全国卷 I）I am Peter Hodes , a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I ve done 89 trips of those , 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干名田胞）in my little boxbecause I ve got two ice packs and that s how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are har

58、vested from a donor（捐献者）to the time they can be implanted in the patient,we vegot 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stemcells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then b

59、ack to London. Butwhen I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said:Well, I m reallysorry, I ve got some bad news for you there are no flights from Washington.” So I took my boxand put it on the desk and I said:In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed fora

60、patient-please, please, youve got to get me back to the United Kingdom.” She just droppedeverything. She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me，re-routed（ 改道 ）me throughNewark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled.For this courier job, youre consciously a

61、ware that in that box youre got something thatis potentially going to save somebodys life.29. Which of the following can replace the underlined word _ _ 一courier” in Paragraph1?A. providerB. delivery manC. collectorD. medical doctorto complete histrip within42hours?A.Hecannot stayawayfromhis jobB.Th

62、edonor canonlywaitfor thatC.Theoperationneedsthatmuch time.D.Theicewontlastanylonger.30.WhydoesPeterhavetoo long.long.flight31. Whichdid the woman put Peter on first?A. To London.C. To Providence.B. To Newark.D. To Washington.Passage2（2016 新课标全国卷 II）Five years ago, when I taught art at a school in S

63、eattle, I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students. I put a small set of Tinkertoys in front of each student, and said: “ Make something out of the Tinkertoys. You have 45 minutes today and 45minutes each day for the rest of the week.A few students hesitated to start. They waited to see what the rest of the class would do.Several others checked the instructions and made something according to one of the model plansprovided. Another group built something out of their own imaginations.Once I had a boy who worked experimentall