建筑环境与设备工程(暖通)毕业设计外文翻译

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1、.XX工程学院Nanjing Institute Of Technology毕业设计英文资料翻译The Translation Of The English Material Of Graduation Design 学生_学 号 ： 000000000 Name: Number: 000000000 班 级：K暖通091 Class: K-Nuantong 091 所在学院： 康尼学院 College: Kangni College 专 业： 建筑环境与设备工程 Profession: Building Environmentand Equipment Engineering 指导Tutor

2、: 20XX02月25日英文：Thermal comfort in the future - Excellence and expectation.P. Ole Fanger and Jrn ToftumInternational Centre for Indoor Environment and EnergyTechnical University of Denmark.AbstractThis paper predicts some trends foreseen in the new century as regards the indoor environment and therma

3、l comfort. One trend discussed is the search for excellence, upgrading present standards that aim merely at an acceptable condition with a substantial number of dissatisfied. An important element in this connection is individual thermal control. A second trend is to acknowledge that elevated air tem

4、perature and humidity have a strong negative impact on perceived air quality and ventilation requirements. Future thermal comfort and IAQ standards should include these relationships as a basis for design. The PMV model has been validated in the field in buildings with HVAC systems that were situate

5、d in cold, temperate and warm climates and were studied during both summer and winter. In non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates occupants may sense the warmth as being less severe than the PMV predicts, due to low expectations. An extension of the PMV model that includes an expectancy facto

6、r is proposed for use in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates. The extended PMV model agrees well with field studies in non-air-conditioned buildings of three continents.Keywords: PMV, Thermal sensation, Individual control, Air quality, Adaptation.A Search for ExcellencePresent thermal com

7、fort standards acknowledge that there are considerable individual differences between peoples thermal sensation and their discomfort caused by local effects, i.e. by air movement. In a collective indoor climate, the standards prescribe a compromise that allows for a significant number of people feel

8、ing too warm or too cool. They also allow for air velocities that will be felt as a draught by a substantial percentage of the occupants.In the future this will in many cases be considered as insufficient. There will be a demand for systems that allow all persons in a space to feel comfortable. The

9、obvious way to achieve this is to move from the collective climate to the individually controlled local climate. In offices, individual thermal control of each workplace will be common. The system should allow for individual control of the general thermal sensation without causing any draught or oth

10、er local discomfort.A search for excellence involves providing all persons in a space with the means to feel thermally comfortable without compromise.Thermal Comfort and IAQPresent standards treat thermal comfort and indoor air quality separately, indicating that they are independent of each other.

11、Recent research documents that this is not true . The air temperature and humidity combined in the enthalpy have a strong impact on perceived air quality, and perceived air quality determines the required ventilation in ventilation standards.Research has shown that dry and cool air is perceived as b

12、eing fresh and pleasant while the same composition of air at an elevated temperature and humidity is perceived as stale and stuffy. During inhalation it is the convective and evaporative cooling of the mucous membrane in the nose that is essential for the fresh and pleasant sensation. Warm and humid

13、 air is perceived as being stale and stuffy due to the lack of nasal cooling. This may be interpreted as a local warm discomfort in the nasal cavity. The PMV model is the basis for existing thermal comfort standards. It is quite flexible and allows for the determination of a wide range of air temper

14、atures and humidities that result in thermal neutrality for the body as a whole. But the inhaled air would be perceived as being very different within this wide range of air temperatures and humidities. An example: light clothing and an elevated air velocity or cooled ceiling, an air temperature of

15、28C and a relative humidity of 60% may give PMV=0, but the air quality would be perceived as stale and stuffy. A simultaneous request for high perceived air quality would require an air temperature of 20-22C and a modest air humidity. Moderate air temperature and humidity decrease also SBS symptoms

16、and the ventilation requirement, thus saving energy during the heating season. And even with air-conditioning it may be beneficial and save energy during the cooling season.PMV model and the adaptive modelThe PMV model is based on extensive American and European experiments involving over a thousand

17、subjects exposed to well-controlled environments. The studies showed that the thermal sensation is closely related to the thermal load on the effector mechanisms of the human thermoregulatory system. The PMV model predicts the thermal sensation as a function of activity, clothing and the four classi

18、cal thermal environmental parameters. The advantage of this is that it is a flexible tool that includes all the major variables influencing thermal sensation. It quantifies the absolute and relative impact of these six factors and can therefore be used in indoor environments with widely differing HV

19、AC systems as well as for different activities and different clothing habits. The PMV model has been validated in climate chamber studies in Asia as well as in the field, most recently in ASHRAEs worldwide research in buildings with HVAC systems that were situated in cold, temperate and warm climate

20、s and were studied during both summer and winter. The PMV is developed for steady-state conditions but it has been shown to apply with good approximation at the relatively slow fluctuations of the environmental parameters typically occurring indoors. Immediately after an upward step-wise change of t

21、emperature, the PMV model predicts well the thermal sensation, while it takes around 20 min at temperature down-steps .Field studies in warm climates in buildings without air-conditioning have shown, however, that the PMV model predicts a warmer thermal sensation than the occupants actually feel. Fo

22、r such non-air-conditioned buildings an adaptive model has been proposed. This model is a regression equation that relates the neutral temperature indoors to the monthly average temperature outdoors. The only variable is thus the average outdoor temperature, which at its highest may have an indirect

23、 impact on the human heat balance. An obvious weakness of the adaptive model is that it does not include human clothing or activity or the four classical thermal parameters that have a well-known impact on the human heat balance and therefore on the thermal sensation. Although the adaptive model pre

24、dicts the thermal sensation quite well for non-air-conditioned buildings of the 1900s located in warm parts of the world, the question remains as to how well it would suit buildings of new types in the future where the occupants have a different clothing behaviour and a different activity pattern.Wh

25、y then does the PMV model seem to overestimate the sensation of warmth in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates? There is general agreement that physiological acclimatization does not play a role. One suggested explanation is that openable windows in naturally ventilated buildings should pr

26、ovide a higher level of personal control than in air-conditioned buildings. We do not believe that this is true in warm climates. Although an openable window sometimes may provide some control of air temperature and air movement, this applies only to the persons who work close to a window. What happ

27、ens to persons in the office who work far away from the window? We believe that in warm climates air-conditioning with proper thermostatic control in each space provides a better perceived control than openable windows.Another factor suggested as an explanation to the difference is the expectations

28、of the occupants. We think this is the right factor to explain why the PMV overestimates the thermal sensation of occupants in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates. These occupants are typically people who have been living in warm environments indoors and outdoors, maybe even through gener

29、ations. They may believe that it is their destiny to live in environments where they feel warmer than neutral. This may be expressed by an expectancy factor, e. The factor e may vary between 1 and 0.5. It is 1 for air-conditioned buildings. For non-air-conditioned buildings, the expectancy factor is

30、 assumed to depend on the duration of the warm weather over the year and whether such buildings can be compared with many others in the region that are air-conditioned. If the weather is warm all year or most of the year and there are no or few other air-conditioned buildings, e may be 0.5, while it

31、 may be 0.7 if there are many other buildings with air-conditioning. For non-air-conditioned buildings in regions where the weather is warm only during the summer and no or few buildings have air-conditioning, the expectancy factor may be 0.7 to 0.8, while it may be 0.8 to 0.9 where there are many a

32、ir-conditioned buildings. In regions with only brief periods of warm weather during the summer, the expectancy factor may be 0.9 to 1. Table 1 proposes a first rough estimation of ranges for the expectancy factor corresponding to high, moderate and low degrees of expectation.ExpectationClassificatio

33、n of buildingsExpectancyfactor, eHighNon-air-conditioned buildings located in regionswhere air-conditioned buildings are common.Warm periods occurring briefly during thesummer season.0.9 - 1.0ModerateNon-air-conditioned buildings located in regionswith some air-conditioned buildings. Warmsummer seas

34、on.0.7 - 0.9LowNon-air-conditioned buildings located in regionswith few air-conditioned buildings. Warm weatherduring all seasons.0.5 - 0.7Table 1. Expectancy factors for non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates.A second factor that contributes to the difference between the PMV and actual ther

35、mal sensation in non-air-conditioned buildings is the estimated activity. In many field studies in offices, the metabolic rate is estimated on the basis of a questionnaire identifying the percentage of time the person was sedentary, standing, or walking. This mechanistic approach does not acknowledg

36、e the fact that people, when feeling warm, unconsciously tend to slow down their activity. They adapt to the warm environment by decreasing their metabolic rate. The lower pace in warm environments should be acknowledged by inserting a reduced metabolic rate when calculating the PMV.To examine these

37、 hypotheses further, data were downloaded from the database of thermal comfort field experiments. Only quality class II data obtained in non-air-conditioned buildings during the summer period in warm climates were used in the analysis. Data from four cities were included, representing a total of mor

38、e than 3200 sets of observations . The data from these four cities with warm climates were also used for the development of the adaptive model.For each set of observations, recorded metabolic rates were reduced by 6.7% for every scale unit of PMV above neutral, i.e. a PMV of 1.5 corresponded to a re

39、duction in the metabolic rate of 10%. Next, the PMV was recalculated with reduced metabolic rates using ASHRAEs thermal comfort tool . The resulting PMV values were then adjusted for expectation by multiplication with expectancy factors estimated to be 0.9 for Brisbane, 0.7 for Athens and Singapore

40、and 0.6 for Bangkok. As an average for each building included in the field studies, Figure 1 and Table 2 compare the observed thermal sensation with predictions using the new extended PMV model for warm climates.Comparison of observed mean thermal sensation with predictions made using the new extens

41、ion of the PMV model for non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates. The lines are based on linear regression analysis weighted according to the number of responses obtained in each building.CityExpectancyfactorPMV adjusted toproper activityPMV adjustedfor expectationObservedmean voteBangkok0.62

42、.01.21.3Singapore0.71.20.80.7Athens0.71.00.70.7Brisbane0.90.90.80.8Table 2. Non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates.Comparison of observed thermal sensation votes and predictions made using the new extension of the PMV model.The new extension of the PMV model for non-air-conditioned buildings

43、 in warm climates predicts the actual votes well. The extension combines the best of the PMV and the adaptive model. It acknowledges the importance of expectations already accounted for by the adaptive model, while maintaining the PMV models classical thermal parameters that have direct impact on th

44、e human heat balance. It should also be noted that the new PMV extension predicts a higher upper temperature limit when the expectancy factor is low. People with low expectations are ready to accept a warmer indoor environment. This agrees well with the observations behind the adaptive model.Further

45、 analysis would be useful to refine the extension of the PMV model, and additional studies in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates in different parts of the world would be useful to further clarify expectation and acceptability among occupants. It would also be useful to study the impact o

46、f warm office environments on work pace and metabolic rate.ConclusionsThe PMV model has been validated in the field in buildings with HVAC systems, situated in cold, temperate and warm climates and studied during both summer and winter. In non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates, occupants ma

47、y perceive the warmth as being less severe than the PMV predicts, due to low expectations.An extension of the PMV model that includes an expectancy factor is proposed for use in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates.The extended PMV model agrees well with field studies in non-air-conditione

48、d buildings in warm climates of three continents.Thermal comfort and air quality in a building should be considered simultaneously. A high perceived air quality requires moderate air temperature and humidity.AcknowledgementFinancial support for this study from the Danish Technical research Council i

49、s gratefully acknowledged.ReferencesAndersson, L.O., Frisk, P., Lfstedt, B., Wyon, D.P., , Human responses to dry, humidified and intermittently humidified air in large office buildings. Swedish Building Research Document Series, D11/75.ASHRAE 55-1992: Thermal environmental conditions for human occu

50、pancy. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc.Baker, N. and Standeven, M. , A Behavioural Approach to Thermal Comfort Assessment in Naturally Ventilated Buildings. Proceedings from CIBSE National Conference, pp 76-84.Brager G.S., de Dear R.J. , Thermal adaptat

51、ion in the built environment: a literature review. Energy and Buildings, 27, pp 83-96.Cena, K.M. , Field study of occupant comfort and office thermal environments in a hot-arid climate. . Final report, ASHRAE 921-RP, ASHRAE Inc., Atlanta.de Dear, R., Fountain, M., Popovic, S., Watkins, S., Brager, G

52、., Arens, E., Benton, C., , A field study of occupant comfort and office thermal environments in a hot humid climate. Final report, ASHRAE 702 RP, ASHRAE Inc., Atlanta.de Dear, R., Ring, J.W., Fanger, P.O. , Thermal sensations resulting from sudden ambient temperature changes. Indoor Air, 3, pp 181-

53、192.de Dear, R. J., Leow, K. G. and Foo, S.C. , Thermal comfort in the humid tropics: Field experiments in air-conditioned and naturally ventilated buildings in Singapore. International Journal of Biometeorology, vol. 34, pp 259-265.de Dear, R.J. , A global database of thermal comfort field experime

54、nts. ASHRAE Transactions, 104, pp 1141-1152.de Dear, R.J. and Auliciems, A. , Validation of the Predicted Mean Vote model of thermal comfort in six Australian field studies. ASHRAE Transactions, 91, pp 452- 468.de Dear, R.J., Brager G.S. , Developing an adaptive model of thermal comfort and preferen

55、ce. ASHRAE Transactions, 104, pp 145-167.de Dear, R.J., Leow, K.G., and Ameen, A. , Thermal comfort in the humid tropics - Part I: Climate chamber experiments on temperature preferences in Singapore. ASHRAE Transactions 97, pp 874-879.Donini, G., Molina, J., Martello, C., Ho Ching Lai, D., Ho Lai, K

56、., Yu Chang, C., La Flamme, M., Nguyen, V.H., Haghihat, F. , Field study of occupant comfort and office thermal environments in a cold climate. Final report, ASHRAE 821 RP, ASHRAE Inc., Atlanta.Fang, L., Clausen, G., Fanger, P.O. , Impact of temperature and humidity on chemical and sensory emissions

57、 from building materials. Indoor Air, 9, pp 193-201.Fanger, P.O. , Thermal comfort. Danish Technical Press, Copenhagen, Denmark.Fouintain, M.E. and Huizenga, C. , A thermal sensation prediction tool for use by the profession. ASHRAE Transactions, 103, pp 130-136.Humphreys, M.A. , Outdoor temperature

58、s and comfort indoors. Building Research and Practice, 6, pp 92-105.Krogstad, A.L., Swanbeck, G., Barregrd, L., et al. , Besvr vid kontorsarbete med olika temperaturer i arbetslokalen - en prospektiv underskning , Volvo Truck Corp., Gteborg, Sweden.Tanabe, S., Kimura, K., Hara, T. , Thermal comfort

59、requirements during the summer season in Japan. ASHRAE Transactions, 93, pp 564-577.Toftum, J., Jrgensen, A.S., Fanger, P.O. , Upper limits for air humidity for preventing warm respiratory discomfort. Energy and Buildings, 28, pp 15-23.中文：未来的热舒适性优越性和期望值Fanger和Jrn Toftum国际室内环境中心和丹麦能源科技大学摘要本文预测了一些在新世纪

60、中可以预见的热舒适性以及室内环境的发展趋势。讨论了探究优越性的一种趋势,提升现在只为达到一个可接受的条件且又有许多令人不满意的标准。在这一点上独立的热控制是一个要素。第二种趋势是承认空气温度和湿度的上升对感知到的空气质量和通风要求有着很大的负面影响。作为设计的基础,未来热舒适性和室内空气品质的标准应该包括这些关系。预测平均评价模型已经在处于寒冷、温暖以及炎热的气候条件下配备暖通空调系统的建筑中得到验证,而且研究贯穿了夏季和冬季。处于炎热气候条件下非空调建筑内的居住者由于他们较低的期望值,感受到的温度可能不像预测平均评价中预测的那么高。涵盖了期望因素的预测平均评价拓展模型被提议在炎热气候条件下非

61、空调建筑中运用。预测平均评价拓展模型与在三大洲的非空调建筑中的实地研究十分匹配。关键词：预测平均评价模型,热感受,单独控制,空气品质,适应性一项追求优越性的研究目前的热舒适性标准欧洲标准化委员会 ISO 7730, 美国采暖、制冷与空调工程师学会 55承认人们的热感受和他们由于局部作用也就是空气流动产生的不舒适感之间存在着相当大的个体差异。在一个集体性的室内气候中,这些标准考虑到相当多的人感觉太热或太冷,做了一个折衷。这些标准也考虑到了大多数居住者因为空气流动而感受到吹风感。未来,在很多情况下这将被认为是不足的。将会有一种让空间内所有的人都感觉舒适的系统需求。实现这种需求最显著的方式是从整体气

62、候转移到独立控制的局部气候中去。在办公室中,对每个工作场所的独立热控制将会得到普及。这个系统应该考虑到整体热感觉的单独控制而不会引起任何吹风感或着其他局部不舒适的感觉。这项追求优越性的研究涉及到为空间内的所有人提供热舒适感,而不是让他们妥协。热舒适性与室内空气品质现有的标准将热舒适性和室内空气品质区别对待,这表明它们是相互独立的。最近的研究认为这是不正确的。由空气的温度和湿度决定的焓值对可感知的空气品质有着很大的影响,在通风标准中可感知的空气品质决定了必要的通风量。研究已经表明干燥、凉爽的空气让人觉得清新和舒适,但是将相同成分空气的温度和湿度提高却让人觉得不新鲜和闷热。吸入空气是对鼻粘膜的对流

63、和蒸发冷却,鼻粘膜对于新鲜和愉悦感是必不可少的。由于缺少鼻黏膜的冷却,炎热、潮湿的空气被认为是不新鲜和闷热的。这可以理解为鼻腔的局部热不舒适感。预测平均评价模型是目前热舒适性标准的基础。总的来说,它是相当灵活的,并且考虑到了对空气温湿度大范围的测定导致的人体热中性。但是,在这个大范围的空气温湿度中,吸入的空气会被看成是十分不同的。举个例子：轻薄的衣服,提高空气流速,冷却的顶棚和空气温度为28,相对湿度为60%,预测平均评价将为0。除此之外,空气的品质也会被认为是不新鲜和闷热的。高品质的空气需要气温在2022之间,而且空气的湿度适中。适中的空气温度和湿度减少了病态建筑综合症和通风需求,因此在供暖

64、季节中节约了能源。它甚至可能对空调有益,空调季节节能。预测平均评价模型和适应性模型预测平均评价模型建立在大量的美国和欧洲实验的基础上,涉及到超过1000名处于良好受控环境中的被测试者。研究表明热感觉与作用于人体体温调节系统效应机理上的热负荷有着紧密的联系。预测平均评价模型根据活动、衣服以及四个经典热环境参数来预测热感受。优点在于它是一个灵活的工具,包括了所有主要影响热感受的变量。它量化了这六个因素绝对和相对的影响,因此能够被广泛地应用于很多不同的暖通空调系统、不同的活动以及不同穿衣习惯的室内环境中。预测平均评价模型已经在亚洲的人工气候室和实地研究中得到了验证,最近大多数是ASHRAE在夏季和冬季进行的对全球范围内位于寒冷、温和