非谓语动词与独立主格结构

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1、-非谓语动词与独立主格构造非谓语动词分为三类：不定式infinitive、动名词gerund和分词participle。其特点是：1不定式、动名词和分词可以做很多句子成分，但就是不能单独做谓语，这也是它们被称为非谓语动词的原因。2它们具有各种形态：一般式、主动态、被动态、进展态和完成态。3不定式和动名词可以做主语、宾语、表语、补语等。但不管起什么作用，它们都具有动词的功能，但无语法上的动词性质，这一点可以通过它们不受主语的人称和数的限制表达出来。4分词起形容词和副词作用，可做表语、定语、状语，但不能做主语和宾语。它也不受主语人称和数的限制。一不定式一 形式 语态时态主动形式被动形式一般式to

2、doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进展式to be doing 完成进展式to have been doing 1.完成式不定式的一般形式所表示的动作, 通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生, 或是在它之后发生. 假设不定式所表示的动作, 在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生, 就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).(比较: I am glad to see you.)He is said to

3、have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.2.进展式如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进展, 这时要用不定式的进展式.You are not supposed to be working. You havent quite recovered yet.We didnt e*pect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively. 3.完成进展式 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进展

4、的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进展式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.4.被动式当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式.It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.【例】Sir Denis, who is

5、 78, has made it known that much of his collection _ to the nation.A) has left B) is to leave C) leaves D) is to be left结合选项来看，全句的意思：78岁的丹尼斯爵士已经向众人宣布他的许多收藏品将留给国家。收藏品是被留给国家，因此需要一个被动式做宾语，所以答案是D) is to be left。二句法功能1.不定式作主语【例】It is not unusual for workers in that region _.A) to be paid more than a mont

6、h later B) to be paid later than more a month C) to pay later than a month more D) to pay later more than a monthit 在句中作形式主语。 而不定式to be paid more than a month是句子的逻辑主语。结合选项全句的意思是：那个地方的工人一个多月后才得到工资是常有的事，答案是A)。2.不定式做宾语大局部动词可加不定式做宾语。如：We are planning to build a reservoir here.【例】There is a man at the re

7、ception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _ trouble.A) making B) to makeC) to have made D) having made动词mean在本句中的意思是打算，后面只能接动词不定式做宾语。所以答案是B) to make。动词mean后面接名词和动名词时，意思是表示的意思、意味着，所以选项A 和 D错误。3. 不定式做补足语补语用于补充说明主语或宾语。1不定式做主语补足语【例】The ancient Egyptians are supposed _ rockets to the moon.A)

8、 to send B) to be sending C) to have sent D) to have been sending在本句中，句首表示时间概念的ancient说明不定式动作在句子谓语动作之前，不定式要用完成式， 因而答案是C)。在本句中，该不定式完成式to have sent作主语补足语。2不定式做宾语补足语这样的动词有：advice, allow, announce, ask, assist, authorize, bear, beg, bribe, cause, command, compel, condemn, deserve, direct, drive, enable,

9、 encourage, entitle, entreat, e*hort, forbid, force, get, hate, help, implore, induce, inspire, instruct, intend, invite, lead, leave, like, mean, need, oblige, order, permit, persuade, pray, prefer, press, prompt, pronounce, recommend, remind, report, request, require, summon, teach, tell, tempt, u

10、rge, want, warn, wish。这样的短语有：call on请求, care for关心, count on依靠，指望, depend on依赖、依靠, keep on at困扰，追问, long for渴望, make out分辨, vote for选举, prevail on说服, rely on信赖, wait for等待。【例】They are going to have the serviceman _ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.A) install B) to install C) to be installed D)

11、 installed全句的意思是：他们准备让效劳人员明天在办公室里装一台电扇。have sb. do sth.句型的主动语态，因此，have 后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，所以答案是A) install。4.不定式作表语One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.5.不定式做定语不定式做定语时，不定式修饰中心词或者不定式短语末的介词与中心词组成介词短语，修饰中心词下面例1。这些动词不定式可能是及物的带宾语，也可能是不及物的。要特别注意如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，则不定式后要加介词，因为此时不定式与其修饰的名词实质上有动宾关

12、系。很多名词后可接不定式做定语，如ability, ambition, an*iety, attempt, campaign, chance, courage, decision, determination, drive动力, effort, force, inclination, intention, method, motive, movement, need, opportunity, pressure, reason, right权利, struggle, tendency, wish, anything, anyone, everything, everyone, nothing,

13、 no one, something, some one等。 这类名词通常表示抽象概念，后面用动词不定式做定语，表示该名词的具体内容，解释前面中心名词例2在这种构造中，不能用分词形式。【例1】Could you find someone_？A) for me to play tennis with B) for me to play tennis C) play tennis with D) playing tennis请你找个人来和我打网球。答案是A。【例2】The pressure_causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts the

14、m under a constant emotional strain.A) to compete C) to be competed B) competing D) having competed结合选项看，全句的意思是：竞争的压力使美国人精力充分，但也使他们的精神始终处于紧张状态。名词pressure后应加不定式做定语，说明pressure的内容。6.不定式作状语不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因、结果等。They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan他们站在路边为的是谈论这个方案。(目的) His family was too poor t

15、o support him他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果) We are glad to hear the news我们很快乐听到这消息。(原因) 三动词不定式不带to的情形1. 在动词+ 宾语+不定式构造中, 如果动词是表示感觉意义的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示致使意义的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式构造不带to.John made her tell him everything.这类构造转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带to 的不定式一般复原为带to 的不定式.She was made to tell hi

16、m everything.2. 在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 动词不定式也不带to.Id rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.3.在介词e*cept, but 之后, 如果其前有动词do的*种形式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to.There is nothing to do e*ce

17、pt wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.Theres no choice but to wait till it stops raining.4. 连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带to；出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带to, 有时不带to。Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.He decided to

18、 write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.5.用作表语的动词不定式, 如果主语是由all + 关系分句，thing +关系分句，what分句或thing +不定式构造等构成，并带有do的*种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete th

19、e formThe only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.(四)不定式的其他用法1. tooto 构造通常表示否认意义:She was too young to understand all that.not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否认意义:Hes only too pleased to help her.2.不定式的逻辑主语如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的, 可以在不定式前加一个for引

20、起的短语:It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.在以*些形容词(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表语时, 不定式前可加一个of引起的短语, 来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:Its kind of you to thin

21、k so much of us.Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal. 二动名词动名词，顾名思义，具有双重作用：它既有动词的作用后面可加自己的宾语，又有名词的作用可以做句子的主语、宾语等。一形式时态性 语态主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done1.一般式Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer.2. 完成式如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生, 通常用动名的完成形式.He didnt m

22、ention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice.在*些动词后(或成语中), 常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式, 尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.E*cuse me for coming late.I dont remember ever seeing him anywhere.3.被动式当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时, 动名词一般要用被动形式.His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.He couldnt bear being ma

23、de fun of like that.但要注意, 在want, need, deserve, require 等动词后, 尽管表示的是被动的意思, 却用动名词的主动形式.The point deserves mentioning.This problem requires studying with great care.在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.Her method is worth trying.4. 完成被动式如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生, 有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.I dont remember having ever been given a chance

24、 to try this method.但在多数情况下都防止使用这一形式, 而用一般被动形式代替, 以免句子显得累赘.5.动名词的否认形式动名词的否认直接在其前加否认词【例】She apologized for _ the party.A. not her being able to attendB. her not being able to attendC. her being able not to attendD. her being not able to attendnot + doing的动名词否认形式，her为该动名词的逻辑主语。因此，正确答案选B。二句法功能1.作主语:Wor

25、king in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 动名词作主语，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。如：It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 洒掉的牛奶哭也没用。It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上这种拥挤的车真难。It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。There is no joking about such matters. 对这种事情不

26、是开玩笑。2.作宾语1及物动词的宾语 You mustnt delay sending the tractors over.2介词的宾语但凡动词+介词、名词+介词或形容词+介词形成的词组，都要求接动名词做宾语，因为所有介词后的动词都要使用动名词形式。【例】He gives people the impression _ all his life abroad.A) of having spend B) to have spent C) of being spent D) to spent全句的意思是他给人的印象是他的一生都在国外度过。这是名词介词动名词短语的形式。答案是A。 3.作表语:The

27、 real problem is getting to know the needs of the people.三动名词的复合构造重要考点前面带有代词或名词的动名词构造: 一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词(或名词的所有格构造), 来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Do you mind my reading your paperThey insisted on my staying there for supper.如果不是在句子开头, 这个构造常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称代词宾格), 这比

28、用所有格更自然一些.I dont mind him going.She hates people losing their temper.【例1】_ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.A) The girl was educated B) The girl educatedC) The girls being educated D) The girl to be educated全句意思是：让孩子在简朴的生活环境中承受教育中她父母所希望的。答案是C。【例2】Although punctual hi

29、mself, the professor was quite used _ late for his lecture.A) to have students B) for students being C) for students to be D) to students being句意：尽管教授很准时，但他对学生迟到已经习惯了。答案是D。当这一构造不处于句首时，逻辑主语用名词的普通格式或代词宾语更自然些。四只能接动名词的动词、词组、习惯搭配、句型1.后接动名词的动词有些动词只能接动名词做宾语，而不能接不定式。这是考试中常见的考点。请大家务必多练多用多读多说，尽量培养语感，这比单纯死记硬背这

30、些枯燥的词汇要容易得多。这些动词是：acknowledge, advice, admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, allow, bear, cant help, cease, commence, complete, confess, delay, deny, discourage, detest, dread, endure, enjoy, envy, escape, e*cuse, fancy, favor, figure, finish, imagine, involve, justify, keep, mind, miss, permit, pos

31、tpone, practice, quit, recall, repent, require, resent, resume, risk, save等等。【例1】Mark often attempts to escape _ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.A) having been fined B) to have been fined C) to be fined D) being fined动词escape后接动名词，不能接不定式，所以先排除了B和C。fine罚款是及物动词、要用被动语态；而且，句子讲的是经常性动作，应当用一般时态，因此，答

32、案是D。【例2】People appreciate- with him because he has a good sense of humor.A) to work B) to have worked C) working D) having worked全句的意思是：因为他很有幽默感，所以大家喜欢和他一起工作。根据句意，动名词动作与句子谓语动作并无时间上的先后，必须用动名词一般时态。答案是C。2.后接动名词的词组1动名词作介词宾语常用在*些含有介词的词组后面, 常见的有: insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, suspectof, accus

33、eof, chargewith, hear of, approve of, preventfrom, keepfrom, stopfrom, refrain from, be engaged in, depend on, thankfor, feel like, e*cusefor, aim at, set about等.2特别注意：*些充当介词的to的动词词组、名词词组、形容词词组等后接动名词approach to方法，admit to成认， contribute to起作用，confess to成认，resort to求助于，reconcile to顺从于，revert to重新开场，su

34、bmit to忍受，swear to断言，take to 开场从事，be used to习惯于，look forward to盼望，oppose to 反对，see to(负责，注意)，devoteto(把献给，投入于)等中的to都是介词而不是不定式符号。【例1】The match was cancelled because most of the members _ a match without a standard court.A) objected to having B) were objected to have C) objected to have D) were object

35、ed to havingobject在这里是不及物动词，后面的to是介词，在接名词或动名词做宾语。因此，答案是A。【例2】The traditional approach _with comple* problem is to break them down into smaller, more easily managed problems.A) to dealing B) in dealing C) dealing D) to deal解决复杂问题的传统方法是把他们分解为更小的、更容易处理的问题。答案是A。3.习惯搭配be busy doing sth., be no good doing

36、 sth., spend some time/money doing sth., have difficulty (in) doing sth., have a hard time (in) doing sth., have trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth，cant help, cant stand, give up, feel like, put off都是惯用搭配，其后动名词不能换成to不定式。【例】Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy

37、_ for her e*amination.A) to prepare B) to be prepared C) preparing D) being prepared结合选项来看，全句的意思是：琼做完没有时间去听音乐会，因为她忙于准备考试。，所以答案是D) being prepared。4. 句型1满足句型it is +名词或形容词+动名词和句型动词+ it +形容词或名词+动名词的形容词和名词有：good, no good, nuisance, no use, senseless, use, useless, waste, worthwhile。例：Do you think it wort

38、hwhile investing a large sum of money in this project你认为向该工程大量投资值得吗？2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore.)等名词+doing sth. It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is a great fun playing football打篮球很有趣。 3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, e*pensive等形容词)+ doing sth It is

39、 nice seeing you again真快乐又遇到了你。 It is good playing chess after supper晚饭后弈棋挺好。 It is e*pensive running this car开这种小车是浪费。五既可用动名词, 也可用不定式作宾语的动词1. 有时两种构造之间意义差异不大, 有时却有不同的意思。try to do努力、企图做*事 try doing试验、试一试*种方法 mean to do打算，有意要 mean doing意味着 go on to do 继而去做另外一件事情 go on doing 继续原先没有做完的事情 propose to do 打

40、算要做*事 proposing doing建议做*事【例】If I had remembered _ the window, the thief would not have got in.A) to close B) closing C) to have closed D) having closed本句的意思是：我要是记得把窗子关起来的话，小偷就进不来了。remember后接动名词表示记得过去曾做过*事，接不定式则表示记得要做*事。本句说的是：记得把窗子关起来。因此Ato close是答案。有些考生误选了C) to have closed。注意remember后面不能用动词不定式的完成式。

41、2dislike, dread, hate, like, love, prefer这些词加动名词时，表示喜欢或讨厌一般性、习惯性或发生过的*事、*物；加不定式时，表示喜欢或讨厌的、偶然一次的、打算做的*事、*物。prefer的用法稍微复杂一点，它后面加不定式还是加动名词通常是由它的固定构造或习惯用法决定的。常见的构造是：would prefer + to do更想做*事; prefer doing A to doing B比起做B来说，更喜欢做A。特别注意：这里的比较使用的不是than，而是to。【例】Mr. Johnson preferred _ heavier work to do.A)

42、to be given B) to be giving C) to have given D) having given全句意思应是：约翰逊先生宁可有被给予更重的活干。可见，答案是A) to be given。六deserve, need, require, want这几个词的共同特点是：它们后面既可加不定式，也可加动名词，意义一样。但是，表示被动时，动名词依然使用主动形式，不定式则变成被动形式。其中，这几个词后面加动名词的形式是常考工程之一。【例】Your hair wants _. Youd better have it done tomorrow.A) cutB) to cut C) c

43、utting D) being cut此题的want等于need，是一种口语习惯用法，后面接动名词主动形式表被动。因此，此题答案是C) cutting。三. 分词分词包括现在分词和过去分词present participle & past participle两种形式。一分词形式1. 现在分词形式现在分词可分为一般式和完成式两种；在语态上可分为主动语态和被动语态。时态 语态主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done1一般式在时间上表示一个正在进展；或与谓语动词同时发生或存在的动作和状态The boy singing in the h

44、all is one of the top singers from the university.Hearing the news,he jumped.2完成式分词的完成式主要用在状语中, 表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.Having been criticized by the teacher,he decided to study hard. 3被动式现

45、在分词的被动式进展的被动可以用来作定语, 宾语补足语, 状语及用于独立构造中.This is one of the e*periments being carried on in our laboratory.Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere.Being asked to give a performance, she couldnt very well refuse.These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the custo

46、mers. 4完成被动式现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立构造中.Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip awayThe decision having been made, the ne*t problem was how to make a good plan.All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home.2.过去分词形式过去分词只有一种形式，即：done形式

47、。它表示一个被动、或完成、或完成与被动的动作。The fallen leaves means the autumns coming.完成The building built last year is our library.完成、被动3.分词的否认形式 not+分词Not having received his letter,he decided to call him.Not knowing his address,she cannot get in touch with him.二句法功能1 分词构造作定语 分词作定语时有下面特点：现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意；现在分词表

48、示正在进展，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。 1现在分词作定语He rushed into the burning house他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。 The child standing over there is my brother站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。 The room facing south is our classroom朝南的房间是我们的教室。【例】As early as 1647, Ohio made a decision that free, ta* supported schools must be established in every town _ 50

49、households or more.A) having B) to have C) to have had D) having had答案是A。 2过去分词作定语distinguished guest 贵宾, unknown heroes 无名英雄, canned food罐头食品, boiled water开水, steamed bread馒头, stricken area灾区。来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语,在此情形下仅表示完成意义,不表示被动意义。如：the risen sun, fallen leaves, retired workers, escaped pris

50、oners, the vanished jewels, newly-arrived visitors 用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分, 在意义上相当于一个定语从句。Most of the people invited to the reception=who were invited to the reception were old friends.【例】If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one _.A) to cor

51、rect B) correcting C) having corrected D) being corrected结合选项来看，全句的意思是：如果我去更正别人的看法，我会尽可能用幽默和自我抑制的态度去做，就象是我被别人更正一样。这里，要求填入一个表示正在被人更正的意思的选项，答案是D)。注意：分词短语做后置定语的情况，在阅读理解的文章中随处可见，考生要在掌握该语法理论的同时，活学活用、运用自如，快速理解阅读中的复杂句子。2.分词构造作宾语补足语1现在分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, get, have等动词后作宾语补足语.The

52、words immediately set us all laughing.His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等动词后, 既可用现在分词, 也可用不定式构成宾语补足语. 用现在分词时, 表示动作正在发生, 用省略to的不定式时表示动作发生了.Do you hear someone knocking at the doorYes, I did. I heard him knock three times.2过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有以下几种情形。第一种情形：see

53、, hear, feel, find, think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词.I saw the students assembled in the hall.第二种情形：make, get, have, keep等表示致使意义的动词:She got her bad tooth pulled out.Please keep us informed of the latest developments.第三种情形：like, want, wish, order等表示希望, 要求, 命令等意义的动词:I dont want any of you (to be) involved in the sc

54、andal.He wont like such questions (to be) discussed at the meeting.3.分词作表语 分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如e*cite， interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是冲动，快乐，而是使冲动、使快乐，因而现在分词应该是令人冲动的、令人快乐的，过去分词则是感到冲动的和感到快乐的。所以，凡表示令人的都是-ing形式，但凡表示感到都用-ed形式。这类词常见的有： amazing, amazed, amusing, amused,

55、convincing, confusing, confused, disappointing, disappointed, encouraging, encouraged, e*citing, e*cited, contented, inviting, missing, misunderstanding, ine*perienced等。这些词源自动词，这些分词没有严格意义上的被动、静态、动态、已完成或正在进展这样的含义。The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。 4.分词构

56、造作状语1现在分词、过去分词作状语的区别现在分词作状语表示主动，过去分词短语作状语表示被动，要注意这两者的区别。现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。 He went out shutting the door behind him. Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。 Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. 2分词短语

57、作状语的几种情形 第一种情形：起到一种伴随状语的功能。现在分词作状语表示主语正在进展的另一动作, 来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬.Driving to Chicago that night, I was struck by a sudden thought.过去分词作状语，很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况.Guided by these principles, they went on with the work.第二种情形：现在分词短语表示原因，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with h

58、er.Having already seen the film twice, she didnt want to go to the cinema.Influenced by his e*ample, they performed countless good deeds.第三种情形：分词短语表示时间, 相当于表示时间的状语从句:Seeing those pictures, he couldnt help thinking of those memorable days they spent together.This method, tried in areas near Shanghai,

59、 resulted in a marked rise in total production.如果两个动作是完全同时发生的, 多用when 或while加分词这种构造.Be careful when crossing the street.When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing. 第四种情形：间或也可表示一个假设的情况, 相当于一个条件从句.Given closer analysis, we ca

60、n see this is totally wrong.【例1】_ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall of the edge of the earth.A) Having believed B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed 正确答案选B。【例2】There seemed little hope that the e*plorer, _ in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.A) to be

61、deserted B) having deserted C) to have been deserted D) having been deserted答案是D) having been deserted。这是现在分词的完成式被动态在句中做状语，具有原因和时间意义。5.分词悬垂修饰构造分词作状语时, 正常情况下表示的必须是主语的一个动作或状态。如果分词句子的*个成分多是主语不存在逻辑上的主谓关系，就构成悬垂构造，这在语法上是不被允许的。Walking through the park, we saw a lot of flowers. (walking是we的动作, 正确)Walking through the park, the flowers looked very beautiful. (错误)Standing on the tower, we could see the whole city. (正确)Standing on the tower, the whole village could be seen. (错误)四独立主格构造 独立主格构造absolute construction又叫独立构造。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，构造上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做独立主