西医综合生理学4

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1、西医综合-生理学-4(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Section I Use of English(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Whena disease of epidemic proportions threatens the public, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of affliction and find ways to combat. Vaccination is one of the effective ways to protect the (1) popu

2、lation of a region or country which may be (2) grave risk.The process of vaccination allows the patients body to (3) immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can fight it (4) naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead (5) of the disease is actually injected into t

3、he patient in a controlled environment, (6) his bodys immune system can learn to fight the invader (7) . Information (8) how to penetrate the diseases defenses is (9) to all elements of the patients immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cellto

4、cell. This makes sure that(10) the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to (11) with it, having already done so before.There are, however, dangers (12) in the process. (13), even the weakened version of the diseasecontained in the vaccine prove

5、s (14) much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system (15) , and, therefore, the patients death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, (16) to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly (17) the whole Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. (18) 1 in 10,0

6、00 people who receive the vaccine (19) the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Consequently, the process, which is truly a(20) , may indeed hide some hidden curses.(分数：10.00)(1) .A entire B total C complete D complex(分数：0.50 )A. VB.C.D.解析：注释词义搭配。entire 与whole在许多情况下可以通用。例如： The

7、 peoples government has the support of the entire (=whole) population.(人民政府得至U全民的支持。)但是，entire 可以修饰抽象名词，whole有时就不能。例如：lam in entire ignorance of what he did.(我全然不知他做了些什么。)total与entire 不同，total 有较强的数量计算意味。例如：The total sumof the expenditureis twelve dollars and fifty-seven cents.(开支总数是 12 美元 57 美分。com

8、plete 完全的，不缺乏什么的。例如：Now that the missing volume has been found ，the series is complete .(丢的那卷找到了，因此这部书又完整了。)complex联合的，复合的。例如： a complex system/network 。.A in B at C under D beyond(分数：0.50 )A.B. VC.D.解析：注释结构搭配。be at risk 有危险，冒风险。例如： The future of the company is at risk .(公 司的前途危在旦夕。).A eliminate B i

9、dentify C develop D deliver(分数：0.50 )A.B.C. VD.解析： 注释 词义搭配。 develop immunity to （or against） the virus（ 产生对病毒的免疫力 ） 。 eliminate vt. 消除； identify vt.识别，鉴别； deliver vt. 传送，传递；均不符合句意，故不能入选。（4）.A up B against C with D off（分数： 0.50 ）A.B.C.解析：注释惯用搭配。fight off vt.击退，例如：fight off invaders 击退入侵者。fight up vi.

10、（=struggle bravely） 勇敢战斗，例如： fight up against aggressors（ 勇敢地和侵略者战斗 ）。 fight against 反对， 与斗争，例如：fight against crime（与犯罪行为作斗争）。fight with与并肩战斗。由上可见，只有D符合句意。（5）.A strain B spell C series D fit（分数： 0.50 ）A. VB.C.D.解析： 注释 词义搭配。 strain 拉力，张力； （动物、昆虫、植物、细菌、病毒等的）系，品系，品种，类型。例如： a new strain of wheat（ 小麦的新品种

11、 ） 。 spell n. （ 某事物持续的 ） 一段时间。例如： a long spell of warm weather（ 持续很久的暖和天气 ）。 series 系列。例如： a series of debates between two speakers（两位讲演者之间的一系列辩论 ）。a fit of 一阵，一股。例如： a fit of anger（ 一股怒气）。（6）.A only if B so that C in case D seeing that（分数： 0.50）A.B. VC.D.解析： 注释 逻辑搭配。从上下文的逻辑意思来看， 本句中从句说明主句行为发生的目的， 故

12、应选 Bso that only if（ 只要）引导现实条件句； in case（ 万一）引导原因从句； seeing that（ 鉴于，由于 ）引导原因从句。 以上三个连词均与本句句意相悖，不能入选。（7）.A radically B directly C properly D presumably（分数： 0.50）A. B. C. D.V解析： 注释 词义搭配。 radically基本地；极端地；根本地；directly 直接地；presumably 推测起来，大概。以上三词均与句意不符，只有properly（ 适当地；真正地） 符合句意。例如：She will have to lear

13、nto behave properly （ 她要懂得检点些。 ）（8）.A for B of C to D on（分数： 0.50）A.B.C.D. V解析： 注释 结构搭配。 information 后常接 on， about 或 concerning 。例如： He asks for information on/about/concerning current events（ 他常要有关时事的信息。 ）（9）.A transmitted B transferred C transported D transformed（分数： 0.50 ）A. VB.C.B. 解析： 注释 词义搭配。

14、transmit vt. 传递； transfer vt. 调动，转移； transport vt. 运输； transform vt. 改变，改造。可见，只有 A 可以与 information 搭配。（10）.A would B should C if only D even if （分数： 0.50 ）A.B. VC.D.解析： 注释 结构搭配。 本句是省略倒装的将来时虚拟条件句一， 复原后为： If the patient should later come into contact with the real problem. if only 虽然也可以引导虚拟条件句，但句中谓语动词

15、应该 用一般过去时表示。可本句的谓语动词是come,故不能用if only。even if（即使）也不能入选，因为从句中主谓不一致。（11）.A handle B familiarize C deal D tackle（分数： 0.50）A.B.C. VD.解析： 注释 词义型结构搭配。 tackle vt. （ 处理，解决，对付 ）；handle vt. （ 处理，对付 ）均为及物动 词，不能与 with 搭配。 familiarize（ 熟悉 ）虽可与 with 搭配，但其词义与全句句意相矛盾。只有选 C ， 才能在词义和结构上满足句子的要求。分数： 0.50 ）（12）.A availa

16、ble B plausible C accessible D inherentA.B.C.D. V解析： 注释 词义搭配。 available（ 可得到的 ） ， plausible（ 似乎可信的 ） ， accessible（ 可达到的 ） 均不合 题意。只有 inherent（ 固有的，天生的 ）可以入选。（13）.A On occasion B By contrast C In addition D On the contrary（分数： 0.50）A. VB.C.D.解析： 注释 逻辑搭配。 on occasion（ 有时，不时 ） 符合上下文的逻辑关系。 by contrast（ 对

17、照之下 ） ， in addition（ 此外）， on the contrary（ 相反）均与上下文的逻辑关系相悖，故不能入选。（14）.A so B too C rather D quite（分数： 0.50）A.B. VC.D.解析：注释结构搭配。tooto do sth. 太以至于不。分数： 0.50 ）（15）.A hurting B hindering C deteriorating D endangeringA.B.C. VD.阻碍，解析： 注释 词义搭配。 deteriorate vi. 变坏，恶化，符合句意。 hurt vt. 伤害， hinder vt. endanger

18、vt. 危害，无论在词义与结构上都与本句相悖，故不能入选。分数： 0.50 ）（16）.A invented B discovered C investigated D designedA.B.C.D. V解析：注释词义搭配。be designed to do sth. 是一个习语， 意为（=be madeor planned for a particular purpose or use） 为某目的和用途而研制或谋划。例如： The route is designed to relieve traffic congestion （这条路是为缓解交通拥挤而开辟的。 ）invent vt. 发明

19、， discover vt. 发现， investigate vt. 调查研究，均不合题意，因为天花疫苗不是“发明的”，“发现的”，“调查研究的”，而是为一特 定目的或用途“研制出来的”，故应选 Ddesigned 。（17）.A wiped out B ruled out C break down D died out（分数： 0.50）A. VB.C.D.解析： 注释 词义型惯用搭配。 wipe out （=destroy sth. completely）彻底消灭或摧毁某事物。例如：The government is trying to wipe out drug trafficking

20、（政府竭力消除毒品买卖活动。 ）rule out（ 排除）， break down（ 粉碎）， die out（ 死绝），以上 3个短语动词在词义与结构上均不合题意。（18）.A Fortunately B Approximately C Naturally D Specifically（分数： 0.50）A.B. VC.D.解析： 注释 词义型逻辑搭配。 approximately 大约，是副词，说明后面的数量词。如用 fortunately ， naturally 或 specifically ，那么它们都是插入语， 表示说话者的态度， 一般来说， 要用逗号分开。 其次， 从上述三词本身的

21、词义和句子内容之间的逻辑关系来看，它们均不能构成合理的逻辑搭配，故均被排除。（19）.A infects B affects C effects D contracts（分数： 0.50 ）A.B.C.D. V解析： 注释 词义搭配。 contract 在本句中的含义是 （=catch or develop/an illness/）感染（疾病 ），例如： contract SARS/a cold/typhoid（ 感染非典 /感冒/伤寒） 。 contract 作主动语态谓语动词用时，其主 语是某人。 infect vt. （=cause sb./sth. to have a disease）

22、 使某人 / 某物感染。例如： 1）Anyone with SARS may infect the people around him（ 患非典的人可能会使周围的人感染。）2）The SARS virus infectedalmost the entire class（ 非典病毒感染了几乎全班学生。）从上述二例可以看到， infect 意为“（某病源）使某人感染”，而 contract 意为“（某人 ）感染得了 （某病）”。 affect vt. 影响； effect vt. 产生， 均不能入选。（20）.A luck B triumph C blessing D promise（分数： 0.

23、50）A.B.C. VD.解析： 注释 惯用型词义搭配。 blessing 祈祷， 祝福， 意指“好事”。 blessing 常与 curse 构成反义词。如： Is a scientific invention a blessing or a curse?（科学发明是好事还是坏事 ?）二、Section n Reading Comprehension（总题数：0，分数：0.00）三、Part A （ 总题数： 0，分数： 0.00）四、Text 1 （ 总题数： 1，分数： 10.00）The United States experienced some of the most extrem

24、e weather events in its history this spring, including deadly outbreaks of tornadoes, near-record flooding, drought and wildfires. Damages from these disasters have already passed $ 32 billion, and the hurricane season, which is just beginning, is projected to be above average, according to the Nati

25、onal Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Government scientists said Wednesday that the frequency of extreme weather has increased over the past two decades, in part as a result of global warming caused by the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. But they were careful not to blame hum

26、ansfor this years rash of deadly events, saying that in some ways weather patterns were returning to those seen at the beginning of the last century. Looking at long-term patterns since 1980, indeed, extreme climatological and meteorological events have increased, said Thomas R. Karl, director of NO

27、AAs National Climatic Data Center. But in the early part of the 20th century, there was also a tendency for more extreme events followed by a quiet couple of decades. Presenting a new NOAAreport on 2011 extreme weather, Dr. Karl said that extremes of precipitation have increased as the planet warms

28、and more water evaporates from the oceans. He also said models suggest that as carbon dioxide builds up in the atmosphere and heats the planet, droughts will increase in frequency and intensity. But it is difficult and unlikely to discern a human fingerprint, if there is one, on the drought record o

29、f the United States, he said.Some other climate scientists were more categorical about the human contribution to extreme climate events. Kevin Trenberth, distinguished senior scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, said that when the greenhouse effect caused by burning fossil fuel

30、s is added to the natural variability of climate, weather disasters can be expected to occur more frequently. Global warming is contributing to an increased incidence of extreme weather because the environment in which all storms form has changed from human activities, Dr. Trenberth said in a teleph

31、one interview Wednesday. Records are not just broken, they are smashed. It is as clear a warning as we are going to get about prospects for the future. April was a particularly devastating month for tornadoes and rainfall, with 875 tornadoes reported during the month and heavy rain and snowmelt cont

32、ributing to Mississippi River flooding later in the spring that surpassed the historic floods of 1927 and 1937. So far this year, there have been nearly 1,400 preliminary tornado reports nationwide; those reports will most likely be whittled down to about 900 confirmed tornadoes, the second-highest

33、annual total recorded in modern times. The record is 1,011 confirmed tornadoes in 2008. The year also is on track to be one of the deadliest, with 536 fatalities so far from tornadoes, placing 2011 in sixth place in UnitedStates history and the deadliest since 1936.(分数： 10.00 )(1) .While scientists

34、see more deadly weather, theyA have dispute over the causes.B dont think the situation is deteriorating.C admit that it is not the worst in history.D assess the damages as being below average. (分数： 2.00 )A. VB.C.B. 解析：对于造成极端天气事件的原因，科学家们有两种看法。第二段提到第一种看法，这些科学家认为， 极端天气的出现虽然有人为因素如由二氧化碳造成的温室效应，但他们同时也认为这是

35、气候自身的变 化模式造成的。 Karl 博士代表了这种观点。另外一种观点是把极端天气现象的增多归罪于人的活动， Trenberth 博士代表这种观点。(2) .According to Dr. Karl, extreme weather is mainly attributable toA arbitrary human activities.B changing weather patterns.C an increase in climatological events.D human failure to control the weather. （分数： 2.00 ）A.B. VC.D

36、.解析： Karl 博士不认为极端天气的频繁出现是人的所作所为造成的。文章的第二、三段提到了他的观点。 在他看来。如果从长期的气象模式来看，目前的模式类似于 20 世纪早期的气象模式。 Karl 博士又在第三 段指出，在美国干旱的历史上很难找到人类的“指纹”，根据上文，这里的意思是：干旱是天气自身的规 律性变化决定的，而不带有人类的痕迹，即不是人类的活动或行为如二氧化碳的排放造成的。（3）.Which of the following would blame human activities for the increase in extreme weather?A Thomas R. Kar

37、l.B Kevin Trenberth.C The NOAA.D Government scientists. （分数： 2.00 ）A.B. VC.D.解析：第四段第一句提到，有些人明确指出极端天气的增加是人类活动或行为造成的。在这句话中， categorical 的意思是“确信无疑的，明确的”。 Kevin Trenberth 持这种观点，在他看来，燃烧矿物燃料 （ 如石油和煤炭等 ） 这样的人类行为造成了温室效应， 当这种人为的因素和气候的自然多变性结合在一起时， 就造成了极端气象事件的增多。 人类破坏了环境， 结果就是极端气象事件的发生频率大大地破了历史纪录。（4）.Those who

38、 blame human activities attribute heightened extreme weather toA the natural climatological and meteorological variability.B the increased frequency and intensity of storms and droughts.C the higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.D the global warming caused by evaporation from the ocean.

39、 （分数： 2.00 ）A.B.C. VD.解析：（5）.The number of tornadoes mentioned in the last paragraph indicates thatA the tornadoes have been the number one killers in United States since 1927.B 2011 will see the greatest number of tornadoes in the history of the United States.C flooding has caused the greatest numb

40、er of casualties in recent years.D the frequency of extreme weather has dramatically increased in recent years. （分数： 2.00 ）A.B.C.D. V解析：文章最后一段承接上文，把今年的天气数据和历史数据做了一个对比，目的是想说明极端气象的发 生如何打破了历史纪录，带来的灾难也相应地非常严重。五、Text 2 （ 总题数： 1，分数： 10.00）If you smoke, youd better hurry. From July 1st pubs all over Englan

41、d will, by law, be no-smoking areas. So will restaurants, offices and even company cars, if more than one per-son uses them.Englands smokers are following a well-trodden path. The other three bits of the United Kingdomhave already banned smoking in almost all enclosed public spaces, and there are an

42、ti-smoking laws of varying strictness over most of Western Europe. The smoker s journey from glamour through toleration to suspicion is finally reaching its end in pariah status.But behind this public-health success story lies a darker tale. Poorer people are much more likely to smoke than richer on

43、es a change from the 1950s, when professionals and la-borers were equally keen. Today only 15%of menin the highest professional classes smoke, but 42%of unskilled workers do. Despite punitive taxation 20 cigarettes cost around 5.00 ($10.00), three-quarters of which is tax 55%of single mothers on ben

44、efits smoke. The figure for homeless men is even higher; for hard-drug users it is practically 100% . The message that smoking kills has been heard, it seems, but not by all.Having defeated the big killers of the pastwant, exposure, poor sanitation governments allover the developed world are turning

45、 their attention to diseases that stem mostly from how individuals choose to live their lives. But thesame deafness afflicts the same people when theyare strongly encouraged to give up other sorts of unhealthy behavior. The lower down they are on practically any pecking orderjob prestige, income, ed

46、ucation, background-the more likelypeople are to be fat and unfit, and to drink too much.That tempts governments to shout ever louder in an attempt to get the public to listen and nowhere do they do so more aggressively than in Britain. One reason is that pecking orders matter more than in most othe

47、r rich countries: income distribution is very unequal and the unemployed, disaffected, ill-educated rump is comparatively large. Another reason is the frustration of a government addicted to targets, which often aim not only to improve some-thing but to lessen inequality in the process. A third is t

48、hat the National Health Service is free to patients, and paying for those who have arguably brought their ill-health on themselves grows alarmingly costly. Britain s aggressiveness, however, may be pointless, even counter-productive. There is no reason to believe that those who ignore measured voice

49、s will listen to shouting. It irritates the majority who are already behaving responsibly, and it may also undermine all government pronouncements on health by convincing people that they have an ultra-cautious margin of error built in.Such hectoring may also be missing the root cause of the problem

50、. According to Mr. Marmot, who cites research on groups as diverse as baboons in captivity, British civil servants and Oscar nominees, the higher rates of ill health amongthose in more modest walks of life can be attributed to what he calls the status syndrome. People in privileged positions think t

51、hey are worth the effort of behaving healthily, and find the will-power to do so. The implication is that it is easier to improve a persons health by weakening the connection between social position and health than by targeting behavior directly. Somepublic-health experts speak of social cohesion, s

52、upport for families and better education for all. These are bigger undertakings than a bossy campaign;but more effective, and quieter.(分数： 10.00 )(1) .The word pariah (line 5, paragraph 1) is closest in meaning toA prohibition. B strictness. C pardon. D punishment.(分数： 2.00 )A. VB.C.D.解析： 解题思路 含义题。第

53、一段出现最多的近义词群为： no-smoking ， anti-smoking ，ban smoking 。 而最后一句意思应该与这个主题一致。同时，本句中写到：吸烟者的旅程从荣耀开始，经历了容忍，到了 怀疑，最终将以 pariah 地位终结。按照程度推测也能看出应该是被禁止的状态。 因此，只有 A prohibition 符合这个意思。(2) .The author seems to be suspicious of the public-health success becauseA the message that smoking kills isnt voiced loudly eno

54、ugh.B unskilled workers are more willing to pay for the heavy tax in cigarettes.C single mothers are more likely to use their benefits to buy cigarettes.D the positive effects are yielded mostly on the richer population.（分数： 2.00 ）A.B.C.D. V解析： 解题思路 原因细节题。文章第二段用大量的数据说明一个事实：穷人比富人更可能吸烟。而尾句 说：吸烟有害的信息好像

55、被听到了，但不是所有人。言外之意就是富人听到了，而穷人没有听到。也就是 说：积极的效果多数都产生在富人身上，即 D 。（3）.According to the text, why does the same deafness afflict the same people?A Because governments all turned their attention to these people.B Because these people are more likely to have unhealthy behaviors.C Because these people suffer m

56、ore from their poor income and education.D Because governments always neglect the real needs of these people.（分数： 2.00 ）A.B. VC.D.解析： 解题思路 原因细节题。文章第三段开头就提到政府把注意力放在治疗与人们的生活习惯有关的疾 病上。之后提到：当同样的一群人被要求放弃他们其他的不良习惯时，他们也同样置若罔闻。这就说明这 些人更容易有不健康习惯。因此，选 B 。（4）.Which of the following is NOT a reason for Britains

57、 aggressiveness in the public-health campaign?A The government is frustrated in curing smoking-related diseases.B The government is keen on eliminating social unfairness.C The free health service proves very expensive.D The gap between the rich and the poor is very big.（分数： 2.00 ）A. VB.C.D.解析： 解题思路

58、判断题。 B 、C 、D 三项分别构成对文章第四段 3 个原因的总结，只有 A 是没有 提到的内容。 A 最大的迷惑性在于它含有原文的两个词： government 和 frustrate ，但是后面的信息 “curing the smoking -related disease 是没有提到的新信息，故排除。（5）.The author seems to believe that status syndrome may be curedA if the measures can actually weaken the relationship between social position a

59、nd health.B if the government shouts louder in their campaign against diseases resulting from unhealthy habits.C if the government helps people find a stronger will power to give up their unhealthyhabits.D if the government undertakes bigger and more effective ad campaigns against poor education. （分

60、数： 2.00 ）A. VB.C.D.解析： 解题思路 条件细节题。文章最后一段第四句说：这就意味着通过减弱社会地位和健康之间联系的办法比直接标准行为问题的办法更能改善人的健康。因此，消除“statussyndrome的办法就是削弱社会地位和健康之间的关系。比较级出现的地方是考研阅读理解容易出题的地方。六、Text 3 （ 总题数： 1，分数： 10.00）The richestman in America stepped to the podium and declared war on the nations school systems.High schools had become o

61、bsolete and were limiting even ruining the lives of millions of Americans every year. The situation had become almost shameful. Bill Gates, prep-school grad and college dropout, had come before the National Governors Association seeking converts to his plan to do something about it a plan he would b

62、ack with $ 2 billion of his own cash.Gatess speech, in February 2005, was a signature moment in what has become a decade-long campaign to improve test scores and graduation rates, waged by a loose alliance of wealthy CEOswho arrived with no particular background in education policy a fact that has l

63、ed critics to dismiss them as the billionaire boys club. Their bets on poor urban schools have been as big as their egos and their bank accounts.Has this big money made the big impact that they as well as teachers, administrators, parents,and students hoped for? The results, though mixed, are dispiriting proof that moneyalone cant re