初一英语重要语法及知识点下

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1、真诚为您提供优质参考资料，若有不当之处，请指正。初一年级（下）【知识梳理】 I. 重点短语16 / 16 1. a bottle of 一杯.2. a little 一点点（形容不可数名词）3. a lot (of) 许多4. all day 整天，一天到晚5. be from 来自.6. come from 来自.7. come back 回来8. be over .结束9. do ones homework 做家庭作业10. do the shopping买东西，购物11. get down 下来，记下，弯下12. get home 回家13. get to 到达，开始14. get up

2、起床15. go shopping 购物16. have a drink of 喝一杯.17. have a look 看一看18. have breakfast 吃早餐19. have lunch 吃午餐20. have supper吃晚餐21. listen to 听.|22. notat all 一点也不23. putaway 把.收起来，放好，储存24. take off 脱下，起飞25. throw it like that把.像.一样扔出去26. would like 想要27. in the middle of the day 中午时分28. in the morning / a

3、fternoon/ evening在早上/中午/下午29. on a farm 在农场30. in a factory在工厂II. 重要句型1. Let sb. do sth.让某人做某事2. Could sb. do sth.?某人能做某事吗？3. would like sth.想要做某事4. would like to do sth.想要去做某事5. What about something to eat?想吃些什么东西？6. How do you spell ? .怎么拼？7. May I borrow?我可以借用.?吗III. 交际用语1. Thanks very much! -非常谢

4、谢Youre welcome. -不用客气2. Put it/them away. 把它/它们收好3. Whats wrong? 怎么了？4. I think so.我认为是这样I dont think so.我不这样认为5. I want to take some books to the classroom.我想带些书去教室6. Give me a bottle of orange juice, please.请给我一杯橘子汁Please give it / them back tomorrow. OK.请你明天把它/它们送回来，好吗？9. Whats your favourite spo

5、rt?你最喜欢的运动是什么？10. Dont worry别担心.11.Im (not) good at basketball.我（不）擅长打篮球12. Do you want a go?你想试一试吗？13. Thats right./ Thats all right./ All right.对了，很好，好的14. Do you have a dictionary / any dictionaries?你有字典吗？Yes, I do. / No, I dont.是的，我有/不，我没有15. We / They have some CDs.We / They dont have any CDs.1

6、6. -What day is it today / tomorrow?今天/明天星期几？-Its Monday. 星期一17. -May I borrow your colour pens, please?我可以借你的彩笔用一用吗？ -Certainly. Here you are.当然可以，给你18. -Where are you from?你来自哪里？-From Beijing.北京19. Whats your telephone number in New York?你在纽约的电话号码是什么？20. -Do you like hot dogs?你喜欢吃热狗吗？-Yes, I do. (

7、 A little. / A lot. / Very much.)我喜欢/一般般/很喜欢/非常喜欢-No, I dont. ( I dont like them at all.)不喜欢（我一点都不喜欢）21. -What does your mother like?你妈妈喜欢什么？-She likes dumplings and vegetables very much.她非常喜欢吃饺子和蔬菜22. -When do you go to school every day?你每天什么时候去学校？-I go to school at 7:00 every day.我每天7点钟去学校23. -Wha

8、t time does he go to bed in the evening?他晚上几点钟上床睡觉？-He goes to bed at 10:00. 他晚上十点钟上床IV. 重要语法1.人称代词的用法；2. 祈使句；3. 一般现在时构成和用法；4动词have的用法；5现在进行时的构成和用法6可数名词和不可数名词的构成和用法语法概要一词类 英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词(n.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2、代词(pron.)： 主要用来代替

9、名词。如：who, she, you, it .3、形容词(adj.)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)： 表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.5、动词(v.)： 表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see .6、副词(adv.)： 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.7、冠词(art.)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a,

10、 an, the.8、介词(prep.)： 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind.9、连词(conj.)： 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .10、感叹词(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello.2、句子成分英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：Im Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主

11、要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词)有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信)有

12、时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力)7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me

13、do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语)同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？)3、构词法英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。2、派生法：(1)派生名词：动词+er/or 动词+ing 动词+(t)ion 形容词+ness 其他,如：inventor

14、, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge(2)派生形容词：名词+y 名词+ful 动词+ing/ed friendly dangerous Chinese; Japanese English French German 国名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious (3)派生副词：形容词+ly 其它,如：slowly, angrily, fullf

15、ully, goodwell, possiblepossibly等等。3、转换法：(1)形容词动词,如：dry(干燥的)dry(弄干), clean(干净的)clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。 (2)动词名词,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。(3)名词动词,如：hand(手)(传递),face(脸)(面对)等等。(4)形容词副词,如：earlyearly, fastfast等等。(5)副词连词,如：when(什么时候)(当时候),等等。(6)介词副词,如：in(到里)(在里面；在家),on(在上)(进行,继续),等等。二、代词

16、：1、. 代词可以分为以下七大类：1人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this, that, these, those, suc

17、h, some5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either2、人称代词：人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复数第二人称复数

18、第三人称复数阳性阴性中性主格I(我)you (你)he(他)she(她)it(它)we(我们)you(你们)they (他们,她们,它们)宾格me(我)you (你)him(他)her(她)it(她)us(我们)you(你们)them (他们,她们,它们)1、主格用来作句子的主语、表语。如： I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去购物) / Are they from Brazil?(他们是巴西人吗？) / Where have they gone?(他们上哪儿去了？) / Thats it.(就那么回事) / Its he!(是他！)2、宾格用来作及物动

19、词或者介词的宾语。如：Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语？) / Help me!(救救我！) / We often write letters to her.(我们常给他写信)3、人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。如：-Who is it?(是谁？) Its I/me.(是我。)4、 三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照“youheI”的顺序表达。如：Both he and I are working at that computer compan

20、y.(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班) Who will go there?(谁要去那儿？) You and me.(你和我)5、 人称代词it除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”等含义,此外还可以作“非人称代词”使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。如：-Whats the weather like today?(今天天气怎样？)Its fine.(天气晴好) / -Whats the time?(几点啦？) Its 12：00.(12点) / Its a long way to go.(那可要走好长的路) / It took him three d

21、ays to clean his house.(打扫屋子花了他三天的时间) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space.(很显然,公众想知道这些人什么时候能进入太空) / We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well.(我们发觉要学好一门外语是非常困难的)3、物主代词：说明事物所属关系的代词,分为形容词性和名词性两种。第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复 数第二人称复数第三人称复数阳性阴性中性形

22、容词性my(我的)your(你的)his(他的)her(她的)its(它的)our(我们的)your(你们的)their (他们的,她们的,它们的)名词性mine(我的)Yours(你的)his(他的)hers(她的)its(她的)ours(我们的)yours(你们的)theirs(他们的,她们的,它们的)1、形容词性物主代词只能作句子中名词的修饰语,后面要跟名词。如：Is that your umbrella?(那是你的伞吗？) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我经常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他们的

23、书)2、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不可以跟名词。如：This is your cup,but where is mine?(这是你的杯子,可我的在哪儿？) / Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你们的教室很大,我们的相当小)3、“of + 名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面。如：A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一个朋友昨天来看我了) (指若干朋友中有一个来看我。)试比较

24、My friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天来看我了)(指我的那个特定的朋友来看我。)4、反身代词：表示谓语的动作与主语有关或者宾语补足语的动作与宾语有关。第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复数第二人称复数第三人称复数阳性阴性中性myself(我自己)yourself(你自己)himself(他自己)herself(她自己)itself(它自己)ourselves(我们自己)yourselves(你们自己)themselves (他们/她们/它们自己)1、反身代词在句子中作宾语表示反射(指一个动作回到该动作执行者本身)。如：Dont play

25、with the knife, you might hurt yourself.(不要玩刀子,那会割伤你的)2、在句子中作同位语表示强调(即用来强调名词或代词的语气)。如：The story itself is good. Only he didnt tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他没有讲好)5. 指示代词： 指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、以前或者现在的人或事物。单数复数含义this(这个)these(这些)指较近的人和物that(那个)those(那些)指较远的人和物such (这样的人/物)指上文提过的人和物same (同样的人/物)指和上文提过的相同的人和物it

26、(这人/这物)指不太清楚是谁或者是什么时指示代词既可以单独使用做句子的主语、宾语或表语,也可以作定语修饰名词。如：Whats this?(这是什么？) / That model plane is made of plastic.(那只模型飞机是塑料做的)(被动句) / Remember never to do such things.(记得永远不要做这样的事情) / Do the same as the teacher tells you. (按老师说的做)/ -Who is it?(是谁？) -Its me!(是我！) 6、关系代词：用来引导定语从句的代词叫关系代词,参见后面的定语从句。1、

27、关系代词who 、which、 that 、whom 等,将定语从句和主句连接起来。英语中的关系代词一方面在从句中担任一定的成分,另一方面又起连接作用。 如：The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.(正在画画的学生是一年级的)2、关系代词who / whom指人,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。如：Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat? (你认识那个戴着红帽子的男人吗？)3、关系代词which 指物,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。如：Have you found the book

28、 which you lost several days ago?(你找到几天前丢失的那本书了吗？)4、关系代词that既可指人也可指物,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。如：Can you see the man/dog that is running along the river bank ?(你看得见顺着河跑的男人/狗了吗？)7、不定代词：代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词。单数含义someanynonone/each(every)oneeither,neithersothe other,another复合不定代词不可数含义muchlittle,a littleall/复数含义ma

29、nyfew,a fewonesbothothers,the others 注：复合不定代词有12个：something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人), anything(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(没事),nobody(没有人), no one(没有人), everything(一切), everyone(每个人), everybody(每个人). 不定代词用法注意点：1. one, some与any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。On

30、e should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine. Pl

31、ease correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?2. each和every:each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dicti

32、onary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none和no：no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other和a

33、nother: 1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指

34、“别的人或事”如：I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all和both, neither和either all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none. All of the books are not written

35、 in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.三 祈使句和感叹句；简单句的特点：简单句通常只由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成。简单句的种类：简单句一般分为陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句四种。1）祈使句：祈使句用来表示请求、命令等。它的主语you往往不说出。祈使句的肯定式： 动词(原形) + 其他 如：Please give me

36、 a hand. (请帮忙) / Shut up! (住嘴！) 祈使句的否定式： Dont +动词原形 + 其他 如：Please dont talk in low voices. (请不要低声讲话。) / Dont look back! (不要掉头看。)注意 以“lets”引出的祈使句的否定结构,“not”应放在“lets”后面。如：Lets not trouble him. (我们不要打扰他。)肯定祈使句前可以用助动词来强调语气。如：Please do help me! (请千万帮帮我。)2）感叹句：感叹句用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情。句末常用“！”对含有形容词的名词短语感叹的结构通常是：W

37、hat + (a /an) + (形容词) +名词+ 陈述句结构(主谓语) ,用来强调句子中的名词,如：What a good, kind girl (she is)! (她是多么善良的好女孩！) / What bad weather (it is)! (天气真糟糕！)仅对形容词或副词进行感叹的结构通常是：How + 形容词/副词 + 陈述句结构(主谓语) ,用来强调句子中的形容词、副词或动词。How carefully the old man walks! (这老人走路真小心！) / How delicious the food is! (这食品真好吃！) / How beautiful!

38、(真美呀！)有时,陈述句、祈使句、疑问句、一个词或词组,也带有一定的感情色彩,也可以成为感叹句,此时未必使用感叹句型。He is sitting on a tigers back! (他坐在老虎的背上！) / A nice shot! (漂亮一击！) / Good goal! (好球！)四 一般现在时构成和用法； 表示现阶段经常或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态,或说明主语的特征。一般现在时句子中常有的时间状语：often,usually,sometimes,always,every (day等), once/twice,a (week等), on (Sunday等),never,in the (m

39、orning等)。如：They go to the Palace Museum once a year.(他们每年去一次故宫)/ They often discuss business in the evening.(他们经常在晚上商谈生意)表示客观真理、事实、人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语。如：The earth turns round the sun.(地球绕着太阳转)/ Light travels faster than sound.(光传播比声音快) 表示十分确定会发生(如安排好的事情)或按照时间表进行的事情,用一般现在可以表达将来,句子中可以有将来时间。如：The tr

40、ain for Haikou leaves at 8：00 in the morning.(开往海口的列车上午8点开车) 在时间状语从句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引导)和条件状语从句中(以if,unless引导),用一般现在时代替一般将来时,句子可以有将来时间。如：Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.(你一到德国就给我打电话) / If it rains tomorrow,we will have to stay at home.(如果明天下雨我们就只好呆在

41、家) 一般现在时用于倒装句中可以表示正在发生的动作,动词以come, go为主。如：Here comes the bus. (车来了) / There goes the bell.(铃响了)。 一般现在时常用于体育比赛的解说或寓言故事中。Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it. 人的心理活动和感官动作一般用一般现在时而不用现在进行时表达,常见动词有：like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think(认为),understand, remember, forget, me

42、an, need, hear, feel, see. 如：I think it is going to snow.(我想天要下雪了)/ I really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在这儿)五 动词have的用法详解；一、 have作实意动词。1.表示“有”的意思。 Look, I have wings, just like you. He had fair hair and blue eyes.注1：其否定和疑问形式变化，在美国通常用助动词do。 注2：在英国口语中常用have got代替have. Look, cant you

43、see Ive got teeth, too, I havent got any jewelry.2. have和一些其他名词连用，表示： (1)一种活动。 We have no classes on Sunday.（上课） theyre going to have a volleyball match.（举行比赛）Are we going to have a meeting this week?（开会） We are going to have a talk this afternoon.（听报告） (2)患病。 I have got a headache. I have a bad col

44、d. (3)发生的情况。 Ive had so many falls that Im black and blue all over.（跌跤） (4)生育。 The queen ant may have tens of thousands of babies in one summer. 3.have与动词同形的名词连用，表示一个动作（havea由动词转化和名词）。 Are you going to have a swim. I have a long talk with the teacher. 4.have on sth.或have sth. on，表示“穿着”、“戴着”(=to be w

45、earing)。 I noticed he had on bedroom slippers. At the ball Motile had a diamond necklace on. 5.表示“吃”、“喝” I wanted to have a cup of tea and some eggs. Does she have lunch at home? 6.组成复合结构即“have宾语宾语补足语”。 (1)不加to的动词不定式作宾语补足语(have sb. do sth.)，表示让、叫某人做某事。 The soldier had him stand with his back to his

46、father. 注：否定结构表示“不能让”或“从未有人”. We wont have you blame it on others. She had never had anybody speak to her that way before. (2)现在分词作宾语补足语(have sb.(sth.)doing)，表示让（使）某人做某事。 the two men had their lights burning all night long. (3)过去分词作宾语补足语(have sb. (sth.)done)，表示： 使（让，请）别人作某事，表示的动作是别人做的。 Emperor Qin S

47、hi Huang had all the walls joined up. he should have new clothes made of this splendid cloth for the coming great procession. 遭遇到某事。 Houses near airports sometimes have their windows broken. Workers in some industries have their hearing harmed by the noise of the machine. 二、have与to一起构成情态动词，表示“不得不”、“

48、必 须”，可用于各种时态。 I have to look after her at home. have to通常指由于客观原因则不得不做某事，意思为“不得不”。 e.g. Its dark now. I have to go home. 天黑了，我不得不回家。 Its raining, and I have to stay at home. 外面在下雨，我不得不呆在家里。一、have to与一般情态动词的异同相同点： 一般的情态动词不能单独作谓语，后面必须接动词原形一起构成谓语，have to 也是这样。 不同点： 1、一般的情态动词没有人称和数的变化，而且所用的时态也受到一定的限制，而ha

49、ve to 有人称和数的变化。可用于多种时态中：一般现在时中当主语是第三人称单数时要用has to，其余的人称用have to，一般过去时中要用had to； 一般将来时中则要用will have to. e.g. She has to go to school by bus. 她不得不乘公汽上学。 Youll have to see the doctor if you get ill. 如果你生病了，就得去看医生。 2、否定句和疑问句的构成方式不同： 一般的情态动词直接在后面加not构成否定句，把这些情态动词提到句首就构成一般疑问句。 而have to 的否定句和疑问句的构成往往要借助于助动

50、词do的适当形式或助动词will即have to, has to, had to和will have to的否定式分别为dont have to, doesnt have to, didnt have to和wont have to，疑问句是在句首加助动词do的相应形式，句中还原成have to或把will放到句首，这里have to简直就是一个十足的行为动词。 e.g. What does she have to do? 她必须做什么？ You didnt have to wait for me yesterday. 昨天你没有必要等我三、have做助动词与动词的过去分词一起构成现在完成时

51、和过去完成时。 Great changes have taken place the last two years. They said that the Arab had stolen their camel. 四、have用于“情态动词have过去分词”的结构，有 推测、假设之意。 1.musthave过去分词，表示对过去时间发生的动作或存在的情况的推测，一般用于肯定句。 Her father thought that she must have met a fairy. You must have left your bag in the theatre. 2.can(could)hav

52、e过去分词，表示对过去发生事情的“不肯定”，常用于否定句和疑问句。 He cant have been to your home, he doesnt know your address. 3.shouldhave过去分词，表示“某事本该早做而实际未做”，用于肯定句。 You should have been here five minutes ago. 五、have用于某些成语，表示固定的意思。 1.have a word(a few words)with sb.，表示和某人说一（几）句话。 Wheres Peter? I want to have a word with him. 2.ha

53、d better不带to的动词不定式，表示“最好”。 Id better go and look for him now. 3.have nothing(something)to do with，表示“和无（有）”关系。 Most of questions had nothing to do with Edisons lessons.HAVE的用法详解1. 助动词have+过去分词构成完成时态。 I have never seen such a strange man. 我从未见过这么奇怪的人。 Yes, he has been here twice but hasnt had his hai

54、r cut yet. 是啊,他来了两次还没把头发理了。 Hes gone to your house. 他去你家了。 2. HAVE+宾语+过去分词表示让某事由某人做。 Can I have my hair cut now? 你现在可以给我理发吗? Oh, you havent had your hair cut yet. 噢,你还没理发呀。 3. HAVE+宾语+原形不定词表示请或让某人做某事。 Or I can have my assistant help me do it. 或者我可以让我的助手帮我来做。 4. have作为本动词表示有、拥有的意思。 No, I dont have mu

55、ch time. 不行,我没那么多时间。 Oh, you still have many customers today. 噢,你今天还有很多顾客呀。六 过去进行时的构成和用法； 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。过去进行时由“was(第一、三人称单数)或were(第二人称单数和各人称的复数)+现在分词”构成。过去进行时的时间状语有：then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when引出的时间状语从句。如：He was cooking supp

56、er this time yesterday.(昨天这个时候他正在做晚饭)/ The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.(我看到小女孩的时候她正在玩玩具)用于宾语从句或时间状语从句中,表示与主句动作同时进行而且是延续时间较长。句子中通常不用时间状语。如：She was it happen when she was walking past.(她路过时看到事情的发生)/ They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他们在黑暗的森林里走

57、时唱了很多歌)也可以表示过去一个阶段频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如：He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here.(他住在这里时老向我借钱)七 可数名词和不可数名词的构成和用法；I. 名词的种类： 名词类 别意 义例 词专有名词表示具体的人名、事物、国家、地名、机构、团体等的专有名称Jim , China, Qingdao, the UK, the Great Wall普通名词可数名词个体名词表示单个人的人或事物girl, student, factory, de

58、sk, cat , country集合 名词表示一群人或一些事物的总称people, police, team, clothes, group, crew不可数名词物质名词表示无法分为个体的物质water, ice, pork, cheese, cotton, broccoli抽象名词表示抽象概念的词fun, healthy, happiness, courage, love, care注：1.专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。第一个字母必须大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。 2、有普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词the，但它不大写。 3、有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时，则变为

59、可数名词，而且以四上也有了变化。eg. beer -a beer 一杯啤酒， work- a work 工厂，著作 ，glass-a glass 一个玻璃杯， room空间-a room一个房间II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结

60、尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spia