跨文化交际复习题和答案解析

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1、文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载! 判断题T 1 As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline, its history is only about fifty years. 作为一种现象，跨文化传播已经存在了数千年。然而，作为一门学科，它的历史只有大约五十年。F 2 Intercultural Communication as a discipline first started in Europe. 跨文化交际是欧洲第一门学

2、科F 3 Culture is a static entity 静态的 实体 while communication is a dynamic process. 文化是一个静态的实体 而沟通是一个动态的过程 T 4 Culture can be seen as shared knowledge ,what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given 约定的 特定的 culture. 文化可以被看作是一种共享的知识，人们需要知道的是在一个特定的文化中扮演适当的行为T 5 Although cultural stereo

3、type has its limitations (over-generalization),it still contributes to a persons cultural cognition.认识、认知文化刻板印象虽有其局限性，但仍有助于人的文化认知。T 6 In intercultural communication, we should separate ones individual character from cultural generalization. 在跨文化交际中，我们要把自己的个性和文化的泛化分开。 T 7 Cultural mistakes are more s

4、erious than linguistic mistakes. The linguistic mistake means that someone is not fully expressing his or her idea while cultural mistakes can lead to serious misunderstanding and even ill-feeling between individuals. 文化错误比语言错误更严重。语言错误意味着有人不能充分表达自己的想法，而文化上的错误会导致严重的误解，甚至个人之间的不适感F 8 All people of the

5、same nationality will have the same culture. 所有同一民族的人都会有相同的文化T 9 Although two cultures may share the same ideas, their meaning and significance may not be the same. 虽然两国文化有着相同的想法，但它们的意义和意义可能不一样F 10 Ones actions are totally independent of his or her culture. 个人的行为完全独立于他或她的文化II Comprehension CheckT 1、

6、All cultures require and value politeness, but the ways in which politeness is achieved may vary significantly. 所有的文化都需要和价值的礼貌，但礼貌的方式可能会有所不同T_2、Dont take offence-getting the form of address ”wrong” is rarely intended to be offensive. 不要拿“错误”的形式来攻击，这是很难得的进攻 T_3、Addressing forms like “Miss Mary”, ”Bro

7、wn” by the Chinese may be a form of cultural compromise. 解决形式如“玛丽小姐”，“棕色”由中国可能是一种文化妥协的形式。T_4.Ranks in the armed forces like Captain, Colonel can be used as titles. 上校，上校，上校，可以用作头衔F_5.Westerners can understand what Uncle policeman or P.L.A. Uncle means. 西方人能够理解警察叔叔和解放军叔叔的手段。F6.We can address Jason Do

8、uglas, who is a lawyer, as Lawyer Douglas. 我们可以解决杰森道格拉斯，他是个律师，律师道格拉斯。F_7.Chinese hospitality toward the westerners is always greatly appreciated. 中国人对西方人的热情好客是非常赞赏的。F_8.The Chinese way of showing concern is usually appreciated by the Westerners. 西方人对中国人的关注往往受到西方人的赞赏。 F_9.”Thank you for coming!” is a

9、 typical expression used by Western hosts when the guests just arrived. 谢谢你的到来！“当客人刚到的时候，这是西方主人使用的一种典型的表达形式。T_10.”Im sorry to have wasted your time” or “Im sorry to have taken up so much of your time” are usually appropriate for the business visit. 我很抱歉浪费了你的时间”或者“我很抱歉占用了你这么多时间”，通常都是适合商务拜访的。9 / 13III

10、 Comprehension CheckT 1.sometimes the Chinese way of showing modesty may be considered as fishing for compliments. 有时，中国人表现出谦虚的方式可以被视为对赞美的赞美T2.The social functions of Chinese and English compliments are roughly the same. 汉语和英语的社会功能大致相同。T 3.In informal situations, a large number of compliments are us

11、ed to make people feel comfortable. 在非正式场合，大量的赞美是让人感到舒服的F 4.The cultural assumption of compliments is the same between cultures. 文化的假设是文化的相同的。T 5.Adjectives and verbs are often used to convey compliment message in English, while adjectives, adverbs and verbs are often used in Chinese. 形容词和动词常被用来传递英语

12、中的恭维话，而形容词、副词和动词常被用在汉语里。F 6. English compliments often begin with the word “you” while Chinese compliments often start with the word “I”. 英语的赞美常以“你”一词开头，而中国人的赞美常以“我”一词开头F 7. Chinese people give more compliments in daily life than Americans. 在日常生活中，中国人比美国人更为赞美。F8. Americans tends to be self-effacing

13、in their compliments responses. 美国人往往自谦在称赞别人的反应。 F 9. Compliments on others belongings are sometimes an indirect way of request in American culture. 对他人财物的赞美有时是美国文化中的一种间接的方式T 10. If a guest compliments something in another persons home, the Chinese host or hostess will probably give that thing to th

14、e guest. 如果一个客人在别人家里赞美别人的话，中国主人或女主人很可能会把这件事告诉客人。IV Comprehension CheckF 1Verbal communication is more important than nonverbal communication. 言语交际比非语言交际更为重要F 2 “Dragon” means the same to the Westerner as “龙” to the Chinese. “龙”是指同为西方人的“龙”到中国。 F 3The Chinese phrase “知识分子” has the same meaning as “int

15、ellectual”. 中国“知识分子”具有相同的含义是“知识 T 4A term in one language may not have a counterpart in another language. 在一种语言中的一个术语在另一种语言中可能没有对等词 F 5 In referring to animals and birds, the Chinese practice is generally, but not always ,to use “公” or “母” to show whether a creature is male or female. This is the sa

16、me with the English language. 在谈到动物和鸟类，中国的做法是通常，但不总是，用“公”或“母”来表明该生物是否是男性或女性。这与英语是一样的。T 6 The following six English word: “vice”, “associate”, “assistant”, “deputy”, “lieutenant” and “under” can all mean “副” in Chinese language. 以下六个英文单词：“副”、“联想”、“助理”、“副”、“中尉”和“下”都是“副”在汉语中F 7 There are as many simila

17、rities as dissimilarities between English proverbs and Chinese proverbs. 有许多相似之处，英语谚语和汉语谚语的异同。T 8 Violating a cultural taboo is as serious as violating a verbal taboo, 违反文化禁忌的是严重违背了言语禁忌T 9 Patterns of thought varies with culture. 思维方式随文化而变化。 T10 Particular thought patterns predominate in each cultur

18、e, e.g. American culture is predominantly factual-inductive, Russian culture is predominantly axiomatic-deductive, and Arab cultures are predominately intuitive-affective. 在每一个特定的思维模式主导文化的T10，例如美国文化主要是事实的归纳，俄罗斯文化主要是公理化演绎，和阿拉伯文化以直观的情感。V Comprehension CheckT1 Speaking is just one mode of communication

19、. There are many others. 说只是一种交流方式。还有许多人 F2 Some researchers assert that in face-to-face communication, about 70%of information is communicated through speaking, and over 30% sis sent by nonverbal means. 一些研究者断言，在面对面的交流中，约有70%的信息是通过说话，而超过30%则是通过非语言方式发送的T3 Environment is one of the five study areas t

20、hat nonverbal communication covers. 环境是非语言交际的五个研究领域之一T4 Much of our nonverbal behavior, like culture, tends to elusive, spontaneous and frequently goes beyond our awareness. 我们大部分的非语言行为，如文化，往往难以实现，自发的，往往超越我们的认识 F 5 Latin American, African, Arab and most Asian cultures are M-Time cultures. 拉丁美洲，非洲，阿拉

21、伯和大多数亚洲文化是单一的文化。T6 Arab belongs to tough cultures. 阿拉伯属于艰难的文化 T7 In some cultures, eye contact should be avoided in order to show respect or obedience. 在一些文化中，为了表示尊重或服从，应该避免使用目光接触T8 the appropriateness of physical contact varies with different cultures. 身体接触的适宜性因不同的文化而不同F9 Western women usually like

22、 Chinese to touch their bodies or small children. 西方妇女通常喜欢中国人接触他们的身体或小孩。F10 Seating arrangements reflect culture. Chinese people tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or standing beside them. 座位安排体现文化。中国人倾向于和他们说话，而不是坐在他们旁边的人VI Comprehension CheckF1.Gender is the cultural mea

23、ning of “sex”. 性别是“性”的文化内涵F2.Sex and gender are synonymous.同义的性别和性别是同义词T3.A lady might be feminine, masculine or a combination of both. 一位女士可能是女性，男性或两者的结合T4.Women are generally comfortable with building close relationships and confiding to others, while most men are reserved about involvement and di

24、sclosure. 女性一般舒适与建筑密切关系和信任别人，而大多数人都保留对参与和披露。 F5.Most men use communication to create connection or equality between people. 大多数人用沟通来建立联系或平等的人F6.Women usually use communication to establish status and power. 女性通常使用沟通来确立地位和权力T7.In feminine culture, communication is a wayprobably the primary wayto expr

25、ess and expand closeness. 在女性文化中，传播是表达和扩大亲密关系的主要途径。T8.Masculine socialization stresses doing things and regards action as primary ways to create and express closeness. 男性社会化强调做事情，把行动视为创造和表达亲密的主要方式。 T9.The first and last principal for effective cross-gender communication is suspending judgment. 有效的跨性

26、别传播的第一个和最后一个主要是中止判断。T10.It is difficult but possible to seek translation cues that will facilitate our communication. 这是困难的，但可能寻求翻译线索，将有利于我们的沟通。T1.The most common problems in cross-cultural negotiations concern (1) rules for conducting business, (2) the selection of negotiators, and (3) methods of d

27、ecision-making. 最常见的问题，在跨文化谈判的关注（1）的规则，进行业务，（2）的选择，谈判，和（3）决策方法。 T2.The Japanese believe that socializing is integral to the negotiation process while the Americans do not think so. 日本人认为，社交是谈判过程中不可或缺的一部分，而美国人却不这么认为F3.American negotiation team members are usually selected on the basis of their social

28、 and professional status. 美国谈判团队成员通常在他们的社会和职业地位的基础上F4.Like Japanese and Chinese negotiators, a detailed written agreement is not central to the negotiation process in the Middle East, Mexico and France. 与日本和中国的谈判人员一样，在中东、墨西哥和法国的谈判进程中，有一个详细的书面协议是不一样的。T5.The British employ a negotiating style similar

29、to that of Americans, but more silence is utilized and they are less egalitarian. 英国人采用了类似于美国人的谈判风格，但更多的是利用沉默，他们也不太平等。 T6.Germans prefer clear, firm, and assertire expression while the Japanese encourage convert, fragmented expression. 德国人喜欢明确的，坚定的，和assertire表达而日本鼓励转换、碎片化的表达T7.Mexican negotiators pr

30、efer the deductive approach. More emphasis is placed on contemplation and intuition. 墨西哥谈判者更喜欢演绎的方法。更强调的是沉思和直觉。F8.The Brazilians do not openly disagree during formal negotiations; they would consider this insulting and embarrassing. 在正式谈判中，巴西人不会公开地不同意，他们会考虑这种侮辱和尴尬。T9.Creating a comfortable climate a

31、nd spending time on the exploratory phase of negotiations are crucial in Middle East and Brazil. 创造一个舒适的气候和花费时间在谈判的探索阶段是至关重要的中东和巴西。F10.Women are frequent participants on a Japanese negotiation team. 女性经常参加一个日本谈判小组。名词解释1 economic globalization(经济全球化）：the integration of national economies into the int

32、ernational economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.2 barter system(物物交换）：exchange without moneyFarming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.Human society has always

33、traded goods across great distances.3 global village(地球村）：the world form one communityAll the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.4 melting pot(大熔炉）：a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and

34、nationalities.5 culture(文化）：can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. 6 cultural diversity(文化融合）：refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members b

35、elong.7. Communication(交际）: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.8 intercultural communication(跨文化交际）：communication between people whose cultural backgrounds and distinct(不同） enough to alter（改变） their communicaion。1 Prag

36、matics（语用学）: the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.2 Semantics（语义学）：a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaning of words.3 Denotation（引申含义）：the literal meaning or definition of a word - the explicit, particular, defined meaning.1 Ch

37、ronemics（时间学）：The study of how people perceive and use time.(1) Polychromic Time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.(2)Polychronic Time（多元时间观念）: being involved with many things at once.2 Proxemics（空间学）：Refers to the perception and use of space.3 Kinetics（身势学）:the study of body l

38、anguage.身势学4 Paralanguage(副语言)：Involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication .1 A planetary culture（行星文化）: integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism(理性主义）.2 Intercultural person（跨文化的人）: represents someone whose cognitive(认知的）, affective, a

39、nd behavioral(行为的）characteristics are open to growth beyond the psychological parameters(心理界限）of his or her own culture.High-context cultures（含蓄的文化） assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrou

40、nding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.Low-context cultures （外向型的文化）exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective communication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cul

41、tures, the message itself means everything.Iculture(个体主义）：1.Freedom to control their won destiny 2.Self-reliance to stand on their own feet 3.Privacy to mind their own business4.Family ties tend to be relatively unimportantWeculture(集体主义）：1.Harmony to strive for the common good 2.Competition is not

42、encouraged 3.Limit rights to property 4.Filial piety(孝顺） 5.Inter-dependantPower distance(权利差距）：describes the distribution(分布） of influence within the culture, the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. Cultur

43、es are classified on a continuum(延续体）of high to low distance, that is hierarchy(等级主义） v.s. egalitarian（平等主义）.Masculine cultures(刚性文化）:These cultures place high values on maculine traits and stress assertiveness, competition and material success.Feminine cultures(柔性文化）：These cultures place high value

44、s on feminne traits and stress quality of life, interpersonal relationships and concern for the weak.1. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning ones culture are called enculturation9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops

45、an increased similarity between the two cultures.10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义): the belief that your own cultural background is superior.11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.12. Source交际邀请The source is the

46、person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.13.Encoding编码Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a s

47、ymbol.1.Message编码信息The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.2.Channel交际渠道The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, e

48、lectronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.3.Noise干扰The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.4.Receiver交际接受The receiver is the person who attends to the message.1.Decoding解码Decoding is the opposite process of encoding a

49、nd just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.2.Receiver response接受反应The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to

50、 and decoded the message.3.Feedback反馈Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.1.Context场景The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in whic

51、h the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.16. Connotation（内涵）：the suggestive meaning of a word - all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.17. Taboo禁忌语：refers

52、 to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons. 18. Euphemism委婉语：Means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.Strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁 M

53、ore haste, less speed. 欲速不达To pass fish eyes for pearls 鱼目混珠as stubborn as a mule 犟得像头牛dumb bell 笨蛋 to fish in the air 水底捞月to drink like a fish 牛饮 as dry as sawdust 味同嚼蜡to be at the end of ones rope 山穷水尽landscape engineer 园林工人 tonsorial artist 理发师sanitation engineer 清洁工 shoe rebuilder 补鞋匠soft in the

54、 head 发疯的 reckless disregard for truth 撒谎to take things without permission 偷窃industrial climate 劳资关系紧张justice has long arms 天网恢恢，疏而不漏 fat office 肥缺diamond cut diamond 棋逢对手 golden saying 金玉良言You will cross the bridge when you get to it船到桥头自然直better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion 宁为鸡头，勿为

55、牛后tread upon eggs 如履薄冰简答题9 components of communication（交际的十大要素）source(来源）：the person who desires to encoding(编码）：the process of putting on idea into a symbolmessage(信息）：identifies the encoding thoughtchannel(渠道）：the means of transmission(传播途径）noise(干扰）：anything distorts the messagesreceiver(接受者）：the

56、 person who attends to the messagedecoding(解码）：assigning meaning to the symbols receivedreceiver response(接受者反应）：anything the receiver doesfeedback(反馈）：the portion which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaningcontext(场景）：help define(使明确） the communication1.Discus

57、s the four trends that make our world more interdependent.convenient transportation systems(便捷的交通系统） innovative communication systems(革新通信技术）economic globailzation(经济全球化）widespread migrations(广泛的移民)2.What are the three ingredients(组成) of culture?artifacts(the material and spiritual products people p

58、roduce)behavior(what they do)concepts(共有观点）(what they think)3.How to understand cultural iceberg?just as an iceberg, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected an imagined. Also like an iceberg, nine-tenth of culture is below the surface4.What are the characte

59、ristic(特点） of culture?shared learned(enculuration 文化习得：learning ones culture) dynamic(动态的）（accultration文化适应：adopts the changes brought about by another culture)ethnocentric(ethnocentrism文化中心主义：own cultural background is superior)5.What are the characteristic of communication?dynamic(动态性）；irreversibl

60、e(不可逆转的）symbolic(符号的）systematic(系统性）transactional（互动性）contextual(语境)1.How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?In Chinese the surname comes first and is followed by the given name； in English this order is reversed.In China seniority(资历）is paid respects to.Nowadays, many English-

61、speaking people tend to address others by their given names, even when meeting for the first time.(About addressing by relationship）Chinese often exten kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage.Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.Chinese us

62、e a persons title、office、or profession to indicate(表明） the persons influential(有权势的）status .In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used，such as doctor, governor, mayor, professor, nurse and captain.(p24)1.What are the different features of M-Time and P-time?M-Time think time is percei

63、ved as a linear strucure.认为时间是线性的P-Time is less rigid(刻板）and clock-bound,more flexible and more human-centered.3. What are the different feature of m-time and p-time? P97 M: Do one thing at a time Take time commitments seriously Are committed to the job Adhere religiously to plans Emphasize promptne

64、ss Are accustomed to short-term relationships P: Do many things at once Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible Are committed to people and human relationships Change plans often and easily Base promptness on the relationship Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure. P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activit