初中英语常用动词搭配和动词短语以和辨析

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1、 初中英语常用动词搭配10 / 181. 动词后接to do ask sb. to do sth.请（叫）某人做某事tell sb to do sth 告诉某人做某事order sb to do sth. 命令某人做某事want sb to do sth. 想要做某事help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事wish sb to do sth. 希望某人做某事would like to do sth. 想要做某事invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事drive sb. to do sth .驱使某人做某事expect sb. to do sth. 期待某人做

2、某事forbid sb. to do sth. 制止某人做某事force sb. to do sth. 强迫某人做某事hope to do sth. 希望做某事offer to do sth. 主动提出做某事plan to do sth. 计划做某事prepare to do sth. 预备做某事pretend to do sth. 假装做某事promise to do sth. 许诺做某事decide to do sth. 决定做某事refuse to do sth. 拒绝做某事fail to do sth. 未能做某事happen to do sth. 碰巧做某事need sb to do

3、 sth 需要某人做某事 2. 动词后接 ingconsider doing sth. 考虑做某事enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事 escape doing sth. 逃脱做某事feel like doing sth. 想要做某事finish doing sth. 完成做某事 give up doing sth. 放弃做某事imagine doing sth. 想象做某事 mind doing sth. 介意做某事practice doing sth. 练习做某事prevent doing sth. 阻止做某事 put off doing sth. 推迟做某事 risk doing

4、 sth. 冒险做某事 forbid doing sth. 制止做某事forgive doing sth. 原谅做某事stop sb.from doing 阻止某人做某事appreciate doing sth. 感激做某事suggest doing sth. 建议做某事be/get used to doing sth. 习惯做某事pay attention to doing 注意做某事avoid doing 避免做某事3. 动词后既接 to又接 ing(1) remember to do sth. 记得要做某事remember doing sth. 记得做过某事(2) forget to d

5、o sth. 忘记要做某事forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事(3) regret to do sth. 遗憾要做某事regret doing sth. 遗憾做过某事(4) try to do sth. 尽力做某事try doing sth. 试着做某事(5) stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事 stop doing sth. 停止做（正在做的）某事(6) mean to do sth. 打算做某事 mean doing sth. 意味着做某事(7) cant help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事cant help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事(8)g

6、o on/continue to do sth. 继续做另一件事go on/continue doing sth. 继续做同一件事(9) like/love/hate to do sth 具体活动（一次性） like/love/hate doing sth 表示习惯（一贯性）(10) need/want to do sth. 想要做某事（主动）need/want doing sth. 想要被做（被动）(11) allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事allow doing sth 允许做某事(12) advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事advise doi

7、ng sth. 建议做某事(13) encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事encourage doing sth. 鼓励做某事(14) permit sb to do sth 允许某人做某事permit doing sth 允许做某事4. 动词后接动词原形do (1) let sb. do sth.让某人做某事(2) make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事=make sth done(3) have sb. do sth. 使某人做某事=have sth done(4) see sb. do sth. 看见某人做过某事see sb. doing 看见某人正在做

8、某事(5) hear sb. do sth. 听见某人做过某事hear sb. doing 听见某人正在做某事(6) find sb. do sth. 发现某人做过某事 find sb. doing sth. 发现某人正在做某事(7) watch sb. do sth. 察看某人做某事(8) had batter do sth. 最好做某事4. 接双宾语(一) 双宾语易位时需借助介词to的常用动词（多表示动词的方向）bring sb. sth. = bring sth. to sb. 把某物带给某人hand sb. sth. =hand sth. to sb. 把某物递给某人lend sb.

9、sth. = lend sth. to sb. 把某物借给某人mail sb. sth. = mail sth. to sb. 把某物寄给某人offer sb. sth. = offer sth. to sb. 将某物给某人pass sb. sth. = pass sth. to sb. 把某物递给某人pay sb. sth. = pay sth. to sb. 付给某人某物（钱）read sb. sth. = read sth. to sb. 把某物读给某人听return sb. sth. = return sth. to sb. 把某物还给某人sell sb. sth. = sell st

10、h. to sb. 把某物卖给某人send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. 把某物送给某人show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb. 拿某物给某人看take sb. sth. = take sth. to sb. 把某物拿给某人teach sb. sth. = teach sth. to sb. 教某人某物tell sb. sth. = tell sth. to sb. 告诉某人某情况throw sb. sth. = throw sth. to sb. 把某物扔给某人write sb. sth. = write sth. to sb. 给某人写信(

11、二) 双宾语易位时需借助介词for的常用动词（多表示动词的目的）book sb. sth. = book sth. for sb. 为某人预定某物buy sb. sth. = buy sth. for sb. 为某人买某物choose sb. sth. = choose sth. for sb. 为某人选某物cook sb. sth. = cook sth. for sb. 为某人煮某物draw sb. sth. = draw sth. for sb. 为某人画某物find sb. sth. = find sth. for sb. 为某人找到某物get sb. sth. = get sth.

12、for sb. 为某人拿来某物make sb. sth. = make sth. for sb. 为某人做某物order sb. sth. = order sth. for sb. 为某人订购某物pick sb. sth. = pick sth. for sb. 为某人采摘某物prepare sb. sth. = prepare sth. for sb. 为某人准备某物save sb. sth. = save sth. for sb. 为某人留某物sing sb. sth. = sing sth. for sb. 为某人唱某物（歌）steal sb. sth. = steal sth. for

13、 sb. 为某人偷某物初中英语常用动词短语整理5. Be 动词结构 be able to do 能够做be afraid to do (内心)害怕不敢做某事be afraid of doing担心出现doing的状况、结果be angry with 对生气be at home = stay at home 待在家里be back/in/out 回来/在家/外出be bad for 对有害be busy doing/with sth忙于做(忙于) be careful of 当心，注意，仔细be covered with被覆盖be different from与不同be famous/known

14、 as 作为出名be famous/known for 以而著名be free 空闲的，有空be friendly/kind to对友好be from = e from 来自，什么地方人be full of/filled with装满be good at= do well in 擅长于be good for对有好处be (ill) in bed 卧病在床be interested in 对感兴趣be in trouble 处于困境中be late for 迟到be mad at 对生气be made from/of 由制成be made in 在地方制造be made up of由构成be o

15、n 在进行，在上演，（灯）亮着be pleased with对感到高兴be polite/impolite to对某人有礼貌/不礼貌be popular with受欢迎；be proud of对感到自豪be ready for 为作好准备be satisfied with对感到满意（高兴）be surprised (at) 对感到惊讶be strict in sth.对某事严格be strict with sb.对某人严格be supposed to do sth.应该做某事be used for doing被用来做某事be used to do被用来做某事be used to doing 习

16、惯于be worried about =be anxious about 担忧6.短语（首字母排列）aim at 针对agree with sb. 同意某人的意见或建议ask for请求、索要 ask for a day off请一天假 addto把和加起来 achieve a victory取得胜利arrive in到达大地方arrive at到达小地方argue with 与争吵apologize to 向道歉break up with sb.与某人断绝关系 break out 爆发break down 出毛病，拆开break off解散，解雇break the rule违规 break

17、into破门而入believe in信任 begin/start with以开始 belong to属于builtinto把建成base on以为基础 borrow from向借e into being形成、出现 e true 实现e for a visit来参观e on 快，走吧，跟我来e back回来e to do sth.逐渐做某事e about 发生e from来自e up with 提出主意想法e along出现、发生 e over过来 e into进入里 e in 进来e out出来，出现，出版e out of从里出来catch up with 赶上catch a fire着火ca

18、tch hold of抓住catch a bus赶公共汽车 cut up 切碎cut in half 切成半cut off切断电源、水源cut in line插队 care for关心、关爱care about在意call for号召call back回call at sp. 拜访某地call on sb.拜访某人 call out呼喊 call up给打call sb. at some number给某人打某个 calm down 镇静下来 municate with 与交流plain about 抱怨can t wait to do sth.迫不及待做某事clean up 清理、打扫干净c

19、arry out 执行connect to 把和连起来chat on line网上聊天check over检查drop by 顺便拜访drop out of school辍学drop litter丢垃圾do an experiment 做实验do an operation on sb. 给某人做手术do sth. in person亲自做某事 do business做生意 do exercise 做操do with=deal with处理 do wrong 做错事do ones homework =do onelesson做作业 do some sports做运动 do morning exe

20、rcises 做早操do well in做得好，擅长于 do the dishes 洗餐具 do ones best to do sth.尽力做某事 do some cleaning 扫除do some reading读书 do some shopping购物do some cooking做饭 do the laundry洗衣服do some chores做杂务 disagree with sb. 不同意某人意见describeas把描绘为die of 死于直接内因，如疾病、饥渴die from死于间接外因，如车祸、天灾die out 灭绝drive sb. crazy使某人发疯drive t

21、o开车去divideinto把分成depend on依赖decide on sth. 对做决定dry out干涸 dry up 烘干dream of 梦想draw up起草、拟定 dress up 装扮、打扮 sb.给某人发电子 enjoy oneself 玩得愉快enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事end up doing sth.结束做某事 explain to sb sth=explain sth. to sb. 向某人解释某事eat up吃光fall behind落后fall off 从掉下fall down 滑到，倒下（后接宾语要加from）fall over向前摔倒、跌倒

22、fall into 落入；陷入fall ill病倒 fall asleep入睡 fall in love with爱上、迷恋 fight against与作斗争 follow the rules 遵守规则fail the exam考试不及格 find out查明原因、真相feel like doing 想做某事fly a kite 放风筝fly to乘飞机去fit into 适应fill in =fill out 填充填写 fillwith用填feel sorry for因而难过 fold the clothes叠衣服get on 上车、船、飞机等get off下车、船、飞机等get up起来

23、、起床 get good grades 取得好成绩get over 客服get rid of 除掉get to到达 get out of 从里出来get into 进入get in the way of妨碍 get together 聚会 get into trouble陷入困境 get out of trouble 脱离困境get used todoingsth.习惯做某事 get to do sth.着手做某事 get ready for为做准备 get sb. into trouble使某人陷入困境 get away from远离get a sore back 背痛get back to

24、 sb. 过会儿与某人通话打用语get on/along well with 与相处融洽 get to know认识 get married to与某人结婚get in touch with 与取得联系go ahead 先走，向前走，去吧，干吧go to 去go home 回家go out 出去go out for出去做go down/along 沿着走go to school上学 go to the doctor去医务室go to the cinema 去看电影go across穿过平面go to work上班 go bad变坏 go by流逝时间go ones own way走自己的路 g

25、o for a walk 去散步go sightseeing去观光 go away 走开go to sleep 入睡go to bed 上床睡觉go on with继续go shopping 去购物go hiking 去远足 go abroad 出国go over复习 go downstairs/upstairs下楼/上楼 go on a trip 去旅游 give indoingsth.屈服做某事 give updoingsth.放弃做某事 give away 赠送give out 颁发give back 归还 give off 发出气味、烟雾等give sb. some advice给某人

26、提建议 give a talk作报告give lessons to sb. 给某人上课give sb. a good beating 好好教训某人一下give sb. a hand 帮某人忙 grow up 长大have a good time 玩得愉快have a discussion 进行讨论have a party 举行聚会have a meeting 开会have nothing to do with与无关 have trouble with sth. 做某事有困难have difficulty/ trouble doing sth. 费力做某事have fun玩得愉快 have a

27、fever 发烧have a cold 感冒have a cough 咳嗽have a stamachache胃痛 have fun doing sth.愉快地做某事 have a match 举行比赛have a fight with与比赛、斗争 have no idea of 不知道have a hard time doing sth. 艰难地做某事 have sth. to do with 与有关 have an accident 发生事故have breakfast/lunch/supper 吃早、午、晚饭have class上课 have water喝水 have a convers

28、ation with 与会话have a look at 看一下have a talk with与谈话have a problem with做某事有疑难have a good trip路途愉快 have a try 试一下have a laugh at 嘲笑.have a pity on sb.同情某人 have a rest 休息一下have a word with 与谈几句话hear of 听说hear from 收到的来信hands up举手 hand in上交 hand out分发 hold up 抓住、握住hold a meeting 举行会议 hold an exhibition举

29、行展览 happen to do sth.恰巧做某事 hurry up 赶快 hurry off 匆忙离开 help oneself to sth. 随便用help sb. with sth.帮助某人做某事Its ones turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事invite sb. to do sth.邀请某人做某事 insist on doing sth.坚持做某事join in 穿着join together团结起来join the army 参军join the party入党keep（stay）away from 远离keep out不让进入keep down 压低音量等kee

30、p a pet 饲养宠物keep in good mood 保持好心情keep on doing一直做某事 keep healthy保持健康 keep in good health保持健康 keep up with跟上keep sb. doing sth. 使某人一直做某事 keep off 防御 keep in touch with与保持联系 knock at=knock on敲knock into撞到某人身上learnby oneself 自学learnfrom 向学习 learnby heart 记住leave for离开去某处leave sth. somewhere 把某物忘在某处le

31、ave school毕业 leave one by oneself 把某人单独留下 leave a message for sb.给某人留个口信 lead to导致 live on以为生 live a happy life 过着幸福的生活look after照看look for 寻找look down on 藐视look up查找字词等look over检查身体等look forward to盼望look on as 把看作look at看look like 看起来像look around环顾 look out当心 look out of 向外面看look through 浏览look the

32、 same 看起来一样look inside向里面看 laugh at嘲笑lose touch with与失去联系let sb. in 让某人进去lie dowm躺下make sb. feel at home使某人感到宾至如归 make ones mind to do sth. 决心做某事make a face=make faces 做鬼脸make money挣钱 make fool of sb.愚弄某人 make a journey旅行 make progress 取得进步make a countribution to为做贡献 make a noise 吵闹 make a fire 生火ma

33、ke a mistake 犯错误makeof由制作看出原材料makefrom由制作看不出原材料make up编造，虚构，打扮，构成，组成make up of 由组成make a plan 定计划make ones bed 整理床铺make a report 编写报告 make sure of确信make use of 利用make a sentence with用造句 make a decision做出决定 make oneself understood 表达自己的意思 make a survey of 调查make preparation for 为做准备make friends with与

34、交朋友make a living谋生 major in专修match with 把和搭配起来move to搬到mistakefor把错认为meet with 遇到困难、麻烦等mix up混合name sb./sth.X把某人/某物叫做Xorder sb. to do sth.命令某人做某事open up完全打开play football 踢足球play chess 下棋play cards打牌play bridge打桥牌 play the guitar 弹吉他play the violin弹小提琴 play sports 做运动play games 玩游戏play with 玩耍play jo

35、kes on sb.对某人开玩笑play the CD.播放play the music 播放音乐 play a part in在中扮演角色 play a role of 扮演的角色play against与比赛play hide-and-seek捉迷藏 pay for付款 pay attention to 注意pass by 路过put on 穿上、上映put down 写下put away把收拾起来 putinto 把放入里put up 举起、X贴 put out 熄灭put off 推迟put back放回prevent sb.fromdoing sth.阻止某人做某事 prefer t

36、o do rather than do与做另一件事相比更喜欢做某事 preferdoingsth. to doingsth. 与相比更喜欢point to 指向poin at 指着point out指出 practice doing sth.练习做某事 pick up拾起，接人，站起，收听run away 逃跑run after 追赶run out of 用光、从里跑出来run over to 跑过去到read sth. to sb. 把某物读给某人听 read sth. for sb. 替某人读某物 receive a letter from 收到来信rain heavily 下大雨ride

37、 a bike骑自行车 rise up升起 raise money 筹集资金refer to涉及、提到 regard as把看作reach out 伸出手等send up发射 send an 发送电子send for派人请sendfor派请send into 送入里send away驱逐 send off解雇send out 发出，发出，派遣 shake hands with与握手 stickinto把插入里 stick doing sth.坚持做某事 stop sb. from doing sth.阻止某人做某事stare at 盯着sell out买光 see a doctor 看医生se

38、e sb. off为某人送行 see a film 看电影say goodbye to sb.向某人告别say hello to sb.向某人问好set up 竖立、建造set up ones mind on sth.全神贯注于set off 出发，动身，使爆炸，引起set out 出发，启程，开始，着手 set an example for 为树立榜样speak of 讲到speak highly of 称颂search for 搜索，寻找start to do sth.着手做某事start with 以开始 spendtime/moneyon sth.= spendtime/moneyin

39、doing sth.花费时间/金钱做某事 spend time with sb. 和某人呆在一起sortinto把划分成show sb. around somewhere领某人参观某处show up 露面 stay in bed 呆在床上slow down减速 smile at对微笑 suit sb.适合某人 sharewith 与分享stay up 熬夜stand for代表，象征 stand up起立 succeed in doing sth.成功地做某事 shut up关闭 shout to (为了让人听到)对喊shout at (因生气等)向喊seem like 好像sweep the

40、 floor拖地step on 践踏，踩 take a message for sb.给某人捎个信 take a bus乘工交车 take ones order按某人的顺序 take a walk 散步take to把带到去 take a shower淋浴take after 与相像take away 带走take the medicine 服药take exercise锻炼 take it easy不要紧 take ones temperature量某人的体温 take off 起飞/脱下衣服、鞋帽等take a lesson/class 上课take a day off 休一天假take

41、an exam 参加考试 takeout of 把从中取处来take a rest休息一下 take ones turn to do sth.按某人顺序做某事 take part in 参加活动takeas an example拿当作例子 take over接管 take care of照顾、照看 take in吸取，吸收 take up 占据空间、时间take the pride in 以而骄傲强调动作take place 发生不及物take the leading position占主导地位take a swimming course上游泳课 take a deep breath深呼吸 t

42、ake the place of 代替take a photo of 照的相talk about谈论talk with 与谈话talk to对谈话 turn leftright向左右转turn up 调高音量等turn down调低音量等turn on打开电器、煤气、水龙头turn off 关闭电器、煤气、水龙头turn over翻开，翻转turninto把变成turn to 转向turn green 变绿think about考虑、思考think of想起、想到think over仔细考虑 think up想出（设计出、发明、编造）tell sb. about sth. 把某物的情况告诉某人

43、tell a joke 讲笑话tell a story 讲故事try on 试穿try ones best to do sth. .尽力做某事thanks for感谢travel to 到旅行tieto把绑到上treat as把当作来对待trouble sb. to do sth. 麻烦某人做某事throw away 扔掉translateinto把翻译成urgesb. to do sth. 强烈要求某人做某事 use up用尽 used to do sth. 过去经常做某事visit sb/somewhere看望某人/参观某处wake up醒来、叫醒 wele to欢迎到来wait for等

44、待wait in line 排队等候write to 给写信 write down记下 win the World Cup 赢得世界杯 win a prize获奖 wear out穿坏wear glasses戴眼镜 wipe off 擦去，拭去work out 解决问题、麻烦等work on从事walk along/down 沿着走watch a game观看比赛 warn sb. to do sth.告诫某人做某事 warn sb. of sth. 警告某人某事warn sb. against(doing) sth.告诫某人当心某事/不要做某事worry about 担心中考英语近义动词（词

45、组）辨析1. 辨析take；cost；spend；pay主语为人的有spend和pay；主语为物的有cost；主语常为“it”的有take.（1）spend多用人作主语，后接金钱或时间。spendon sth/(in)doing sth，例如：I spent 15 yuan on this new book. （2）take常用于 It takes sb. some time to do sth 句型中，例如： It often takes me half an hour to go to school by bike every day. （3）pay常与for连用，表“付给款”。例如：I

46、paid 15 Yuan for this new book. （4）cost常用物作主语，表“价值或花费多少钱”，例如：This new book cost me 15 Yuan. 【例题】How much money did you in fixing your watch?A. cost B. pay C. spend 2. 辨析bring; take; get； carry （1）bring指将某物或某人从离说话人较远处“拿来”或“带来”，由远及近。例如：Youd better finish you homework today and bring it to school tomor

47、row. May I bring Tom along?Bring the book to me, please.（2）take指将某物或某人从离说话人较近处“带到”或“拿到”离说话人较远处，由近及远。例如：Could you take the book to the classroom? I am busy now.（3）get指从说话人所在位置到别处把某物拿来。例如：Will you get that book for me? （4）carry不强调动作来去的方向，只说明动作方式，表示“背着、扛着、提着、载着”等含义。例如The buses and taxis are carry peopl

48、e here and there. The box is so heavy that the little boy cant carry it.【例题】I dont know where Wenchuan Country is. - Let me a map of China for you. A. take B. bring C. fetch D. carry 3. 辨析take part in；join take part in 指“参加某活动、比赛”。join 指“加入某组织或人群【例题】Many famous pop stars the charity show.A. join B.

49、take part in C. took part in 4. 辨析put on；wear；dress ；input on 表“穿上”，强调穿衣的动作，后接衣服作宾语，代词放中间。Here is your coat. Put it on, Lucy. He put on his new pair of sunglasses and went out.wear 表“穿着”，强调穿的状态，后接衣服作宾语。-“What is she wearing?” - “Shes wearing a red hat and a blue jacket.”dress 表“给穿衣服”，宾语为人。My mother

50、is dressing herself. My little brother is too young. Mom dresses him every morning.in 后多接衣服的颜色，表示“穿着颜色衣服的”。例如： The man in black is my father.Have you seen a boy in a red sweater?【例题】Can you_ your little brother? Im busy now.- OK. Ill do it right now.A. wear B. put on C. dress D. in5.辨析have been to；

51、have gone tohave been to 表“曾经去过某地”（已经回来了）。have gone to表“已经去了某地”（还没回）【例题】Maria is wanted on the telephone. Where is she? - She _ the library. You can find her there. A. has been to B. has gone to C. has left D. will leave6. 辨析tell; talk; say; speaktell表“告诉，讲述”， 多为及物动词，后面多接两个宾语。 I will tell him the ne

52、ws as soon as he es back tomorrow. Granny often tells me funny stories. The policeman told us not to play football in the street again. talk表“交谈、谈论”， talk多是不及物动词，常与with/to/about搭配使用再接宾语。如：They are talking about their friends now. I will talk to your father about your health next time. Mr. Zhang is g

53、oing to give us a talk at the meeting. say表“说”作及物动词，后接说话的内容做宾语。Did you say goodbye to your granny?speak表“讲”后接某种语言作宾语，打时常用它表示说话，也有“演讲”的意思，不强调说话的内容。 We can speak Chinese and English. May I speak to Henry? He will speak at the meeting tonight. 【例题】Our English teacher often us stories in English. A. tel

54、ls B. speaks C. talks 7. 辨析look up；look for；find；find outlook up 表“查找”后接“词典、书、簿”等。look for 表“寻找” 强调找的动作。find 表“找到” 强调结果。find out 表“找出，发现，查明”。【例题】Whats the matter ? -I am having trouble _ who has taken my book. (2008XXXX)A. findingB. looking forC. finding out D. looking up8. 辨析reach； arrive； get这三个单词

55、都可表“到达”，但只有reach是及物动词，后可直接接地名.We reached Shanghai at eight on Monday.arrive 须与in/at连用，arrive in+大地名，arrive at+小地名.We have already arrived in Shanghai. They arrived at school at 6:30 yesterday.get须与to连用，即 get to+地名。I got to the Capital Cinema at 9:00.注意：当表示到达here, there, home时，arrive或get后不要加介词。When d

56、id you get home? When will you arrive there?【例题】Its reported the Olympic flame for 2008 Beijing Games_Beijing International Airport on March 31, 2008.A. reached to B. arrived at C. got at D. entered in9. 辨析lend; borrow; keepborrow指其逻辑主语从别处或别人那里“借来”东西，常与介词from连用。例如：May I borrow some money from you? Y

57、ou can borrow books from the library.lend指其逻辑主语将东西“借出、借给”别人，常与介词to连用，lend sth. to sb.把某物借给某人。例如：Could you lend me some money? The library lends books to the students.keep指“保存”，是延续性动词，与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，而其它两个是非延续性动词。例如：How long may I keep the book? I have kept the book for 3 weeks.【例题】You have my diction

58、ary for two weeks.A. lent B. borrowed C. kept 10. 辨析forget; leave forget表“遗忘某物”，后不接地点。leave表“把某物遗忘在某处”，后接地点。【例题】This morning I went to school in such a hurry that I my notebook at home. A. left B. forgot C. lost 11. 辨析receive; accept receive的意思是“收到了”，只表示收到某物，并不表明同意或不同意接受的含义。例如：I received a gift from her, but I returned it back to her this morning.accept表示“接受”，“同意