跨文化交际中的认知差异PPT课件

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1、LOGO1Perception Differences in Intercultural Communication2Leading-invGudykunst, Samovar,William B etc.have all discussed perception in their works or papers, giving definitions of perception, describing the perception process, as well as analyzing the cultural influence on perception and so on. Wit

2、h detailed illustration, they have proved that perception is of great significance in the intercultural communication study.31. DefinitionvIn intercultural communication studies, a lot of researchers and scholars have given definitions or description of perception.vaccording to Gamble and Gamble def

3、inition,“ Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables people to make sense of our world.”v感知是应用感觉器官把外部刺激转变为有意义的经验知识的过程。这一过程包括选择、组织和阐释三个阶段。 42 Perception ProcessvThe perception process consists of three stages: selection, organization/catego

4、rization, and interpretation.v1) SelectionvSelection is the first stage in the perception process.5vIn daily life we are flooded constantly by such a large variety of information however, we can not perceive all the information.vWe perceive only part of the information .we limit our attention to tho

5、se aspects of strangers or the situations that are essential to what we are doing.6v2) Organization/CategorizationvThe second stage in the perception process is organization/categorization.7vAfter selecting information from the outside world, we need to organize it in some way by finding certain mea

6、ningful patterns. vThis organization stage is accomplished by putting things or people into Categories.v In this stage of perception, the social and physical events or objects we encounter will immediately have shape, color, texture, size etc.8vFor instance, when asked what a human being is, some pe

7、ople may describe it from the perspective of skin color, others from that of race or nationality.9v3) InterpretationvThe third stage in perception is interpretation, which refers to the process of attaching meaning to the selected stimuli. But different people may give different interpretations of t

8、he same stimulus.vFor instance, a kiss or a big hug in public is a common way of greeting each other invwestern countries, functioning as saying“ Hello,” whereas in many other countries they are always considered to be “lovemaking” behaviors.103 Cultural Influence on Perception It is not difficult t

9、o notice that our responses and interpretations are different in our contact with the outside. This is due to the fact that perception is culturally determined. That is to say, culture influences the way people perceive the world . cultural influence on the three stages of perceptionselection, organ

10、ization and interpretation 11 1)Cultural Influence on SelectionvPeople are exposed to large quantities of outside stimuli, but they are able to perceive only part of these stimuli. They pay special attention to some stimuli, and in the meantime neglect some other stimuli. This selective process of p

11、erception is determined by onesvCultural background.vFor example: vShe is a professional.122)Cultural Influence on Organization/CategorizationvCultural factors such as ones past categories, languages, values, prejudices directly influence the organization/categorization stage of perception.v People

12、put selected stimuli into categories and these categories are formed depending on their past experiences, languages, or values etc.13vFor instance,v”dog”v-狗腿子”，“丧家之犬”，“狗仗人势.”v-“Love me， love my dog.”v“Every dog has its day.”143)Cultural Influence on InterpretationvPeople from different cultures will

13、 perceive and interpret others behaviors in different ways.vWe can take peoples different interpretations of smile as an example,15va Japanese athlete,after being terribly defeated, will force a smile on his face, because the smile is interpreted byvhim as a painful expression to cover his embarrass

14、ment of being defeated.v But most American audience may interpret it as an expression indicating that the Japanese athlete doesnt care about losing the game.164 Perception Differencesv From above on ,Culture influences the selection, organization/categorization and interpretation of perception proce

15、ss, so people from different cultural backgrounds tend to have different perceptions that will result in misunderstandings in intercultural communication.vHow can we reduce misunderstandings caused by perception differences ?175 a solution to avoid misunderstandings caused by perception differences

16、- empathyvWe can take empathy as a solution to avoid misunderstandings caused by perception differences so as to achieve desirable communication results.18vIn other words, it refers to the ability to view a situation from anothers point of view. It is the process of reaching beyond the self and understanding and feeling what another person understands or feels.LOGO19Add your company slogan