igcse 物理大纲设计

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1、word1. General Physics普通物理1.1 Length and time 长度和时间1. Use and describe the use of rules and measuring cylinders to determine a lengthor a volume.使用并且描述如何用尺子和量筒测量长度和体积。2. Use and describe the use of clocks anddevices for measuring an interval of time.使用并且描述如何用钟表和一些仪器测量时间间隔。3. Use and describe the use

2、 of a mechanicalmethod for the measurement of a smalldistance.使用并描述利用机械的方法测量短距离。4. Measure and describe how to measure ashort interval of time (including the periodof a pendulum).测量和描述怎样测量一个短时间间隔包括单摆的周期。1.2 Speed, velocity andacceleration 速率，速度，加速度1. Define speed and calculate speed fromtotal distan

3、ce/total time.定义速率和计算 ：速率=总路程/总时间2. Plot and interpret a speed/time graph or adistance/time graph.画和解释 速率/时间 图像或者 路程/时间 图像3. Recognize from the shape of a speed/timegraph when a body is (a) at rest, (b)moving with constant speed, or (c) movingwith changing speed.从 速率/时间 图像中识别出：(a) 静止，(b) 匀速运动和 (c) 变

4、速运动。4. Calculate the area under a speed/timegraph to determine the distance traveledfor motion with constant acceleration.计算 速率/时间 图像中的面积得出匀加速运动的路程。5. Demonstrate some understanding thatacceleration is related to changing speed.解释加速度和速度的改变量之间的联系。6. State that the acceleration of free fall fora body

5、near to the Earth is constant.说明地球外表附近的物体自由降落的加速度是衡定的。7. Distinguish between speed and velocity.区分速率和速度。8. Recognize linear motion for which theacceleration is constant and calculate theacceleration.认识匀加速的运动并且计算加速度。9. Recognize motion for which theacceleration is not constant.认识非匀加速运动。10. Describe q

6、ualitatively the motion of bodiesfalling in a uniform gravitational field withand without air resistance (includingreference to terminal velocity).定性的描述计和不计空气阻力物体在均匀重力场中下落的运动包括设计到末速度。1.3 Mass and weight 质量和重量1. Show familiarity with the idea of the massof a body.熟练掌握一个物体的质量的概念。2. State that weight i

7、s a force.述重量是一种力。3. Demonstrate understanding that weights(and hence masses) may be paredusing a balance.说明重量因此质量可以用天平来比拟。4. Demonstrate an understanding that massis a property which resists change inmotion.说明质量是物体阻碍加速度的一种性质5. Describe, and use the concept of, weightas the effect of a gravitational

8、 field on amass.描述和利用重力是重力场作用在物体上的效果的概念。1.4 Density 密度1. Describe an experiment to determine thedensity of a liquid and of a regularlyshaped solid and make the necessarycalculation.描述一个测量液体或者规如此形状的固体的密度的实验并做必要的计算。2. Describe the determination of the densityof an irregularly shaped solid by themethod

9、 of displacement and make thenecessary calculation.描述通过替代法测量一个不规如此形状的固体的密度并做必要的计算。1.5 Force 力(a) Effects of forces 力的作用效果1. State that a force may produce a changein size and shape of a body.说明一个力可以改变一个物体的大小和形状。2. Plot extension/load graphs and describethe associated experimental procedure.画 伸长量/力 的

10、图像并描述这个相关实验过程。3. Describe the ways in which a force maychange the motion of a body.描述力可以怎样改变一个物体的运动。4. Find the resultant of two or more forcesacting along the same line.求共线的两个或多个力的合力。10. Interpret extension/load graphs.解释 伸长量/负荷 的图象。11. State Hookes Law and recall and use theexpression F = k x.说明胡克

11、定律并记住使用F=kx。12. Recognize the significance of the term limitof proportionality for an extension/loadgraph. 从 伸长量/负荷 图像中识别出正比例限度。13. Recall and use the relation between force,mass and acceleration (including thedirection).记住和应用力，质量和加速度之间的关系。F=ma。14. Describe, qualitatively, motion in a curvedpath due

12、 to a perpendicularforce(F = mv2 / r is not required).定性的描述物体在一个垂直力的作用下沿曲线运动。 (b) Turning effect 转动效果5. Describe the moment of a force as ameasure ofitsturning effect and giveeveryday examples. 描述力矩是力的转动效果量度并且取例子。6. Describe, qualitatively, the balancing of abeam about a pivot.定性的描述一个杆关于支点的平衡。15. Pe

13、rform and describe an experiment(involving vertical forces) to verify thatthere is no net moment on a body inequilibrium.演示和描述一个实验证明物体在合力矩为零时会保持平衡。16. Apply the idea of opposing moments tosimple systems in equilibrium.应用反向的力矩简化一个系统的平衡。(c) Conditions forequilibrium 平衡的条件7. State that, when there is n

14、o resultant forceand no resultant turning effect, a system isin equilibrium. 描述当合力为零并且合力矩为零时，系统保持平衡。(d) Centre of mass 质心8. Perform and describe an experiment todetermine the position of the centre ofmass of a plane lamina. 演示和描述一个在几何平面找出物体质心的实验。9. Describe qualitatively the effect of theposition of

15、 the centre of mass on thestability of simple objects. 定性的描述质心的位置对物体稳定的影响。(e) Scalars and vectors 标量和矢量17. Demonstrate an understanding of thedifference between scalars and vectorsand give mon examples. 说明和理解标量和矢量之间的区别并且提出常见的例子。18. Add vectors by graphical representation todetermine a resultant.通过图像

16、表示求两个矢量的和。19. Determine graphically a resultant of twovectors.通过画图求两个矢量的和1.6 Energy, work and power 能量，功和功率(a) Energy能量1. Demonstrate an understanding that anobject may have energy due to its motionor its position, and that energy may betransferred and stored.描述和理解一个物体由于运动和位置产生的能量，这个能量能够被转换和储存。2. Gi

17、ve examples of energy in differentforms, including kinetic, gravitational,chemical, strain, nuclear, internal,electrical, light and sound.给一些不同形式的能量的例子，包括动能，势能，化学能，弹性势能，核能，能，电能，光能和声能，3. Give examples of the conversion of energyfrom one form to another and of its transferfrom on place to another.给一些从

18、一种形式的能量转换为另一种形式的能量，从一个地方传播到另一个地方。4. Apply the principle of energy conservationto simple examples应用能量守恒的简单的例子。8. Recall and use the expressionsk.e.= mv2 and p.e. = mgh记住和应用表达式K.e=1/2mv和p.e=mgh(b) Energy resources 能源5. Describe how electricity or other usefulforms of energy may be obtained from(i) che

19、mical energy stored in fuel(ii) water, including the energy stored inwaves, in tides, and in water behindhydroelectric dams(iii) geothermal resources(iv) nuclear fission(v) heat and light from the Sun描述电能和其它有用的能量形式怎样从如下能源获得的：(i) 储存在然连中的化学能。(ii) 水包括储存在波和潮汐中的能量和水力电气水坝后面的水里面的重力势能(iii) 地热能(iv) 核裂变(v) 来自

20、太阳的热和光能9. Show an understanding that energy isreleased by nuclear fusion in the Sun.描述和理解太阳的核裂变释放能量10. Show a qualitative understanding ofefficiency 定性的理解效率(c) Work 功4-relate, without calculation, work done tothe magnitude of a force and the distancemoved不通过计算找出做功与力的大小和移动的路程之间的关系5-describe energy ch

21、anges in terms of workdone描述能量的改变就是做功6-recall and use W = Fd = E记住和应用(d) Power 功率1-relate, without calculation, power to workdone and time taken, using appropriateexamples不用计算用适宜的例子找出功率与做功和时间的关系2-recall and use the equation P = E/t insimple systems记住和应用在一个简单的系统P=E/t1.7 Pressure压强1-relate, without ca

22、lculation, pressure toforce and area, using appropriateexamples不通过计算，通过适宜的例子得出压强，力和面积之间的联系2-describe the simple mercury barometerand its use in measuring atmosphericpressure描述简单的水银气压计和用它来测量大气压强3-relate, without calculation, the pressurebeneath a liquid surface to depth and todensity, using appropria

23、te examples不通过计算通过适宜的例子得出液体外表下的压强，升读和密度之间的关系4-use and describe the use of a manometer描述压力计的应用5recall and use the equation p = F/A记住，会用等式P=F/A6-recall and use the equation p = hg记住会用等式p=pgh2. Thermal Physics热学物理2.1 Simple kinetic molecularmodel of matter物质简单分子动能模型(a) States of matter物质的状态1-state the

24、distinguishing properties ofsolids, liquids and gases描述固体，液体，气体性质的区别(b) Molecular model分子模型1-describe qualitatively the molecularstructure of solids, liquids and gases定性的描述固体，液体，气体的分子结构2-interpret the temperature of a gas in termsof the motion of its molecules以分子运动来描述气体的温度3-describe qualitatively th

25、e pressure of agas in terms of the motion of its molecules以分子运动来定性的描述气体的压强。4-describe qualitatively the effect of achange of temperature on the pressure of agas at constant volume定性的描述体积不变时温度的变化对压强的影响。5-show an understanding of the randommotion of particles in a suspension asevidence for the kinetic

26、 molecular model ofmatter解释和理解粒子的随机运动 是分子动力学模型的一个实例6-describe this motion (sometimes known asBrownian motion) in terms of randommolecular bombardment用分子的随机轰炸来描述一种运动布朗运动7-relate the properties of solids, liquids andgases to the forces and distances betweenmolecules and to the motion of themolecules联系

27、固体，液体，气体的性质与分子间力，分子间距离和分子的 运动8-show an appreciation that massiveparticles may be moved by light, fastmovingmolecules展示一定质量的粒子被光照后移动，并且移动加快。(c) Evaporation蒸发1-describe evaporation in terms of theescape of more-energetic molecules fromthe surface of a liquid以高能量的分子从液体外表逃离的方式描述蒸发。2-relate evaporation a

28、nd the consequentcooling联系蒸发和冷却结果3-demonstrate an understanding of howtemperature, surface area and over a surface influence evaporation描述理解温度，外表积和外表的气流对蒸发的影响。(d) Pressure changes改变压强1-relate the change in volume of a gas tochange in pressure applied to the gas atconstant temperature联系温度不变时，体积的改变引起压

29、强的改变。2-recall and use the equation pV = constantat constant temperature记住和应用当温度不变时等式，PV=常数2.2 Thermal properties 热性质(a) Thermal expansionof solids, liquids andgases固体，液体和气体的热膨胀。1-describe qualitatively the thermalexpansion of solids, liquids and gases定性的描述固体，液体和气体的热膨胀。2-identify and explain some of

30、the everydayapplications and consequences of thermalexpansion描述和解释一些生活中热膨胀的实例3-describe qualitatively the effect of achange of temperature on the volume of agas at constant pressure mention定性的描述提到的压强一定时，温度对气体的影响。4-show an appreciation of the relative orderof magnitude of the expansion of solids,liqu

31、ids and gases说明并展现固体、液体、气体之间膨胀的关系(b) Measurement ofTemperature 温度的测量1-appreciate how a physical property whichvaries with temperature may be used forthe measurement of temperature and stateexamples of such properties赏识一下变化温度的物理性质被用来测量温度并描述一个类似的例子2-recogize the need for and identify fixedPoints识别和识别所

32、需要的固定点3-describe the structure and action of liquidinglass thermometers描述一个液体温度计的结构和作用4-demonstrate understanding of sensitivity,range and linearity说明和理解灵敏度，变化围和线性5-describe the structure of a thermocoupleand show understanding of its use formeasuring high temperatures and thosewhich vary rapidly描述热

33、偶的结构和理解用它来测量迅速变化的高温(c) Thermal capacity 热容量1-relate a rise in temperature of a body to anincrease in internal energy描述一个物体的温度升高能增加。2-show an understanding of the termthermal capacity 理解说明热容量3-describe an experiment to measure thespecific heat capacity of a substance描述一个实验测量一个物体的比热容量。(d) Melting and

34、boiling 熔化和沸腾1-describe melting and boiling in terms ofenergy input without a change intemperature温度不变时用吸收的能量描述融化和沸腾2-state the meaning of melting point andboiling point描述熔点和沸点的意义3-describe condensation and solidification描述液化和凝固4-distinguish between boiling andevaporation区分沸腾和蒸发5-use the terms laten

35、t heat of vaporizationand latent heat of fusion and give amolecular interpretation of latent heat用蒸发潜热和熔化潜热和给定的分子解释潜热。6-describe an experiment to measurespecific latent heats for steam and for ice描述一个测量水流和冰的浅比热。2.3 Transfer of thermalenergy热能的传递(a) Conduction 传导1-describe experiments to demonstrate

36、theproperties of good and bad conductors ofheat描述一个热导体性能好坏的实验。2-give a simple molecular account of heattransfer in solids给出在固体中一个简单分子热能的转移。(b) Convection 对流1-relate convection in fluids to densitychanges and describe experiments toillustrate convection液体密度的改变和转换的关系，描述一个实验解释转换。(c) Radiation 辐射1-ident

37、ify infra-red radiation as part of theelectromagnetic spectrum识别红外辐射是电磁光谱的一局部。2-describe experiments to show theproperties of good and bad emitters andgood and bad absorbers of infra-redradiation描述一些实验证明红外辐射好的和坏的释放者和吸收者。(d) Consequences ofenergy transfer能量转移的结果1-identify and explain some of the ever

38、ydayapplications and consequences ofconduction, convection and radiation识别和解释生活中传导，转换和辐射的应用和结果。3. Properties of waves,including light andsound波的性质包括光和声3.1 General wave properties普通波的性质1-describe what is meant by wave motion asillustrated by vibration in ropes, springs andby experiments using water w

39、aves通过用波动的意义解释绳子，弹簧和水波的振动试验2-use the term wavefront用波振面 3-give the meaning of speed, frequency,wavelength and amplitude给出速率，频率，波长和幅度的意义。4-recall and use the equation v = f 记住和应用等式速率=平率时间5-distinguish between transverse andlongitudinal waves and give suitable examples区分横波和纵波并且举出适宜的例子。6-describe the u

40、se of water waves to show用水波描述(i) reflection at a plane surface平面反射(ii) refraction due to a change of speed折射由于速率的改变。(iii) diffraction produced by wide andnarrow gaps通过宽的或窄的缝隙产生衍射。7-interpret reflection, refraction anddiffraction using wave theory用波的理论解释反射，折射和衍射。3.2 Light光(a) Reflection of light 光的反

41、射1-describe the formation, and give thecharacteristics, of an optical image by aplane mirror描述形成，给出特点在平面镜中呈现的光学图像。2-use the law angle of incidence = angle ofreflection会用入射角等于反射角3-perform simple constructions,measurements and calculations演示简单的结构测量和计算。(b) Refraction of light 光的衍射1-describe an experime

42、ntal demonstration ofthe refraction of light描述一个实验解释光的衍射现象。2-use the terminology for the angle ofincidence i and angle of refraction r anddescribe the passage of light throughparallel-sided transparentmaterial会用术语入射角i折射角r并且描述光通过两个透明的平行板。3-give the meaning of critical angle给出一些重要角度的意义。4-describe inte

43、rnal and total internalreflection描述部的和总的反射5-recall and use the definition of refractive n in terms of speed记住和应用以速度定义折射率n.6-recall and use the equation sin i /sin r = n 记住和应用等式sin i/sin r=n7-describe the action of optical fibres 描述纤维光学的作用。(c) Thin converginglens 薄的会聚透镜1-describe the action of a thin

44、 converginglens on a beam of light描述薄聚焦透镜对一束光的作用。2-use the term principal focus and focallength会用主焦点和焦距。3-draw ray diagrams to illustrate theformation of a real image by a single lens用光线图来解释通过单镜头形成的实相。4-draw ray diagrams to illustrate theformation of a virtual image by a single lens画光线图来解释通过单镜头形成的虚像

45、。5-use and describe the use of a single lensas a magnifying glass用和描述利用一个单镜头作为一个放大镜。(d) Dispersion of light 光的分散1-give a qualitative account of the dispersionof light as illustrated by the action on lightof a glass prism定性的分析当光通过棱镜分散的行为(e) Electromagneticspectrum电磁波谱1-describe the main features of t

46、heelectromagnetic spectrum and state thatalle.m. waves travel with the same highspeed in vacuo描述电磁波的主要特点和描述所有的波以同样的速度在真空中传播。2-state the approximate value of the speedof electro-magnetic waves描述电磁波速度值。3-use the term monochromatic用单一的一色的。3.3 Sound 声音1-describe the production of sound byvibrating sourc

47、es描述声音是由振动产生。2-describe the longitudinal nature of soundwaves描述声音的纵向特性。3-state the approximate range of audiblefrequencies描述可听得见波的大概频率。4-show an understanding that a medium isrequired in order to transmit sound waves展示和理解声音的传播需要介质。5-describe an experiment to determine thespeed of sound in air描述一个测量声

48、音在空气中传播的速度。6-relate the loudness and pitch of soundwaves to amplitude and frequency声波的响度和音调与振幅和频率之间的关系。7-describe how the reflection of sound mayproduce an echo描述声音的反射产生回声。8-describe pression and rarefaction描述压缩和稀疏9-state the order of magnitude of the speedof sound in air, liquids and solids描述液体和固体在

49、空气中传播速率大小的顺序。4. Electricity and magnetism电和磁4.1 Simple phenomena ofmagnetism简单的磁现象1-state the properties of magnets描述磁体的性质。2-give an account of induced magnetism说明感生磁性3-distinguish between ferrous and nonferrousmaterials区分含铁和不含铁的材料。4-describe methods of magnetisation and ofdemagnetisation描述磁化和消除磁性的方

50、法。5-describe an experiment to identify thepattern of field lines round a bar magnet描述一个实验来识别一个条形磁铁周围的场线图案。6-distinguish between the magneticproperties of iron and steel区分铁和钢的磁性。7-distinguish between the design and use ofpermanent magnets and electromagnets区分和设计永久磁体和电磁体。4.2 Electrical quantities电学物理量

51、(a) Electric charge电荷1-describe simple experiments to show theproduction and detection of electrostaticcharges描述一个简单的实验证明静电荷的产生和发现2-state that there are positive and negativecharges描述存在正电荷和负电荷。3-state that unlike charges attract and thatlike charges repel描述同种电荷排斥，异种电荷吸引。4-describe an electric field

52、as a region inwhich an electric charge experiences aforce描述电场是一个电荷受力的区域5-distinguish between electrical conductorsand insulators and give typical examples区分导体和绝缘体并给出典型的例子。6-state that charge is measured in coulombs描述电荷由库伦来测量。7-state the direction of lines of force anddescribe simple field patterns,

53、including thefield around a point charge and the fieldbetween two parallel plates描述力的方向和简单的场的图案，包括点电荷周围的场和两个平行板之间的场。8-give an account of charging by induction9-recall and use the simple electron modelto distinguish between conductors andinsulators记住和应用简单的电子模型区分导体和绝缘体。(b) Current电流1-state that curren

54、t is related to the flow ofcharge描述电流和流动电荷的关系。2-use and describe the use of an ammeter用和描述电流表的用法。3-show understanding that a current is arate of flow of charge and recall and usethe equation l = Q/t理解电流是流动电荷的变化率，记住何用等式I=Q/t4-distinguish between the direction of flow ofelectrons and conventional curr

55、ent区分电子的流动方向和传统电流的方向。(c) Electro-motive force 电动势5-state that the e.m.f. of a source ofelectrical energy is measured in volts描述一个电能源的电动势用伏特测量。6-show understanding that e.m.f. is definedin terms of energy supplied by a source indriving charge round a plete circuit理解电动势被定义为能源提供的能量迫使电荷环绕整个电路。(d) Potent

56、ial difference 电势差1-state that the potential difference across acircuit ponent is measured in volts描述通过一个电路元件的电势差用伏特测量。2-use and describe the use of a voltmeter用和描述电压表的用法。(e) Resistance 电阻1-state that resistance = p.d./ current andunderstand qualitatively how changes inp.d. or resistance affect curr

57、ent描述电阻=电势差/电流并且理解怎样改变电势差和电阻影响电流。2-recall and use the equation R = V/I记住和用等式R=V/I3-describe an experiment to determineresistance using a voltmeter and anAmmeter描述一个实验用电压表和电流表测电阻值。4-relate (without calculation) the resistanceof a wire to its length and to its diameter不通过计算联系一个导线的电阻值与他的长度，直径的关系。5-reca

58、ll and use quantitatively theproportionality between resistance and thelength and the inverse proportionalitybetween resistance andcross-sectionalarea of a wire记住和定性的用电阻和长度成正比和面积成反比。(f) Electrical energy电能1-recall and use the equations P = I V andE = I V t记住用等式P=I*V和E=I*V*t4.3 Electric circuits电路(a)

59、 Circuit diagrams电路(b) Series and parallel circuits串联和并联1-draw and interpret circuit diagrams containing sources, switches, resistors(fixed and variable), lamps, ammetersvoltmeters, magnetising coils,transformers, bells, fuses and relays画和解释电路图包括电源,开关,电阻器(固定的和变化的)灯泡,电流表,电压表,电磁圈,转换器,电铃,保险丝和延迟.2-under

60、stand that the current at every pointin a series circuit is the same理解串联电路中每一点电流相等.3-give the bined resistance of two ormore resistors in series给出个电阻串联的总电阻.4-state that, for a parallel circuit, the currentfrom the source is larger than the current ineach branch描述,对于一个并联电路电源的总电流总是大于每一个之路的电流.5-draw an

61、d interpret circuit diagramscontaining diodes and transistors画和解释电路图包括二极管和晶体三极管.6-recall and use the fact that the sum of thep.d.s across the ponents in a seriescircuit is equal to the total p.d. across thesupply记住和应用串联电路中各用电器电势差之和等于总的电源电势差.7-recall and use the fact that the currentfrom the source i

62、s the sum of the currentsin the separate branches of a parallelcircuit记住和应用并联电路电源的总电流等于各个支路电流之和.(c) Action and use ofcircuit ponents作用和用电路元件(d) Digital electronics 数字电子学1-state that the bined resistance of tworesistors in parallel is less than that ofeither resistor by itself描述两个电阻并联的合电阻大于其中的任意一个电阻.

63、2-state the advantages of connecting lampsin parallel in a lighting circuit说明照明电路中并联灯泡的优点.3-describe the action of a variable potentialdivider (potentiometer)描述分压器的作用.4-describe the action of thermistors and lightdependent resistors and showunderstanding of their use as inputtransducers描述热敏电阻和光敏电阻的作用 并且理解它们作为输入导体的作用.5-describe the action of a capacitor as anenergy store and showunderstanding of itsuse in time delay circuits描述电容作为能量储存的作用和理解它在延迟电路中的作用.6-describe the action of a relay and showund