94-00年考研英语阅读真题译文与词汇

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1、【真题精讲】2000 Passage 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, g

2、iving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the worlds best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed

3、as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of

4、 foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Koreas LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. Americas machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while

5、it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing

6、 business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of Americas industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How

7、things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. American industry h

8、as changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted, according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvards Kennedy School of Government. It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity, says Stephen Moore of the Ca

9、to Institute, a think-tank in Washington, D.C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as a golden age of business management in the United States.【译文】2000 Passage 1一段长时间并且不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的不利因素，但假设处理得当，这种不利因素也有可能转化为一种积极的推动力。二战结束后，美国恰好进入了

10、这样的一个辉煌时期，当时，它拥有比任何竞争者大8倍的市场，这使其工业经济具有前所未有的规模经济。美国的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是最富于技术的。美国的国富民强是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚诸国做梦也无法到达的。随着其他国家日益强盛，美国的这一优势地位逐渐下降是不可防止的。从优势地位上退出的痛苦也同样是不可防止的。到了80年代中期，面对其日益衰退的工业竞争力，美国人感到不知所措。面对国外竞争，一些大型的美国工业，如消费电子产业，已经萎缩或渐渐消失。到1987年，美国只剩下Zenith这一家电视生产商。现在一家也没有了：Zenith于当年7月被韩国LG电器公司收购。外国制造的汽车和纺织品正在大举

11、进入国内市场。美国的机床工业也即将灭亡。人们曾一度感觉下一个在海外品牌面前全军覆没的似乎该轮到美国的半导体制造业了，而在新计算机时代有着核心作用的半导体正是美国人创造的。所有这一切导致了信任危机。美国不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。他们开始相信自己的商业经营方式不灵了，也相信不久他们的收入也会因此而下降。80年代中期，人们对美国工业衰退的成因作了一次又一次的探寻。在美国人那些有时耸人听闻的发现中充满着对其他国家日益增长的经济竞争的警告之词。情况的变化真快！1995年，当日本还在奋力拼搏的时候，美国却可以对5年的稳固开展作一回忆了。没几个美国人将这一巨变单纯归因于美元贬值或商业周期循环这些显而易见的原

12、因。到如今，对自身的疑心已被盲目乐观所取代。“美国的工业已经改变了结构，消除了滞胀，学会了明智，这是哈佛大学肯尼迪管理学院行政院长理查德卡佛纳的看法。华盛顿特区的智囊团卡托研究院的史蒂芬莫尔说：“看到我们的企业正在提高自身的生产率，作为一个美国人，我感到自豪。哈佛商学院的威廉萨尔曼相信人们将会把这一时期视为“美国企业管理的黄金时代。【重点词汇】：1. handicap n.v.阻碍；使不利hand+i(n)+cap，据说源自古代一种赌博：将罚金置于帽子里，手进入帽子抽签，抽中者处不利地位。handicapped (adj. 残废的, 有生理缺陷的)They were handicapped b

13、y (a) poverty of resources. 他们因资源短缺处境窘迫。Illiteracy is a serious handicap in life.文盲是生活中的严重障碍。cultural handicap 文化障碍 language handicap 语言障碍non-tariff barrier非关税壁垒 He was handicapped by lack of education. 他因文化水平低而吃了亏。They were handicapped by (a) poverty of resources. 他们因资源短缺处境窘迫。 2. unparalleled无可比较的u

14、n+parallel+ed；paralleln.v.a.平行；相似即para+llel，para-前缀“在旁边=beside，llel三个l看作是“平行线。parallel points in the characters of different men 不同人的个性的相同之处。para 局部paralyze偏瘫、parachute降落伞、parasite寄生虫、paralympic残奥会Only the Paranoid Survive?只有偏执狂才能生存?英特尔前任总裁Andrew S. Grove的一本极具影响力的书3. prosperous繁荣的prosperv.繁荣+ous；pro

15、sperity繁荣prosper+ity名词后缀。The problems to be resolved demand, and create, spiritual resources which the prosperous ease of a golden age will never inspire.等待解决的问题需要并且造成了黄金时代的繁荣安逸不可能激发的精神资源。The prosperity of a people is proportionate to the number of hands and minds usefully employed.国家的繁荣与有效使用的人手和头脑的

16、数量成比例。If we did not taste something of adversity, prosperity would not be so welcome.如果不偶尔遭遇不幸，幸福就不会如此甜蜜。prosperity something the businessmen create for the politicians to take credit for 繁荣实业家创造出来让政客居功的某种东西。4. predominance优势即pre+domin+ance，pre-“在前，domin词根“支配如dominatedomin+ate动词后缀支配；占优势，-ance名词后缀；pr

17、edominant占优势的；起主要作用的pre+domin+ant形容词后缀。the predominant feature of sb.s character 某人性格的主要特征。5. sensational感动的；引起轰动的即sens(e)+ation+al，sense词根“感觉，-sation名词后缀，-al形容词后缀。sensational literature 令人冲动的作品；a sensational crime 骇人听闻的罪行。sentimental情绪化的，多愁善感的6. attribute属性v.归因于即at+tribute，at-(=to)，tribute词根“给，于是“把

18、属性给某物归因于；contributev.奉献；捐献；投稿即con一起+tribute，“一起给捐献引申为“投稿。I attribute the little I know to my not having been ashamed to ask for information, and to my rule of conversing with all descriptions of men on those topics that form their own peculiar professions and pursuits.我把自己这点知识归因于不耻于提问，归因于常常与各种各样的人谈论

19、那些造成了他们各自专业与行当的主题。The value of a man is decided by what he has contributed, not by what he has obtained.人的价值取决于他所奉献的，而非他所获取的。7. executive执行的；执行官可看作exe+cut+ive，exe即“可执行文件后缀名，cut切，-ive后缀，“执行(exe)官的任务是如果你不听话，就把你cut掉。The business system is blessed with a built-in corrective, namely, that one executives

20、mistakes become his competitors assets.商界有一条天然的校正法那么，即：决策者的失误会变成竞争对手的资产。8. productivity生产率即produc(e)+tiv(e)+ity，produce生产，-tive形容词后缀，-ity名词后缀。raise the labour productivity 提高劳动生产率。9. impetusn.推动；推动力可看作im+pet+us，im-即in-in-在p前变形为im-，pet宠物，us我们，宠物(pet)里面(im)有我们(us)的动力(impetus)。the primary impetus behin

21、d the economic recovery 促使经济复苏的主要推动力He gave the initial impetus to a type of painting which, using analogues of music, developed the themes of abstract expressionism.他最早促进了这样一种类型的绘画,即它通过运用与音乐相类似的手法,开展了抽象表现主义的主题。10. manifest明白的；v.说明看作man+if+est，man男人，if是否，est形容词最高级，“男人是否最明白。 manifestation (n.说明)No am

22、ount of manifest absurdity. could deter those who wanted to believe from believing.无论明显的荒唐有多大都无法阻止那些由于相信而相信的人。This riot is only one manifestation of peoples discontent. 这骚乱仅仅是人们不满的一种表露而已。11. withdrawv.撤销；缩回；提取with+draw，with-(=back, against)，draw拉，“拉回来。This is no time for any man to withdraw into som

23、e ivory tower and proclaim the right to hold himself aloof from the problems and the agonies of his society.现在对于任何人都不是缩进某座象牙塔并声明自己有权置身于社会问题与痛苦之外的时候。12. restructurev.重组re+structure，re-再=again，structurev.n.构造。The past has revealed to me the structure of the future.过去向我揭示了未来的结构。13. casualtyn.事故, 伤亡者, 伤

24、亡人数, 急诊室The cottage was a casualty of the forest fire. 那小屋被森林大火烧毁。Heavy casualties were reported (ie It was reported that many people had been killed) in the fighting. 据报战斗中伤亡沉重(很多人被杀).The driver was rushed to casualty after the car accident.车祸后,司机被迅速送到急救室抢救。a no-casualty accident一般车祸 14. at a loss

25、不知所措；on the ropes美语俚语，岌岌可危，意为“即将完蛋； quick-witted 机智的；think-tank 智囊团。【真题精讲】2000 Passage 2Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as me

26、n. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has

27、been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.There i

28、s another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women has 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the sam

29、e number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of tod

30、ay everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No

31、 other species fills so many places in nature. But in the past 100,000 years even the past 100 years our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they look at an or

32、ganic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension. No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.【译文】2000 Passage

33、 2做男人总是充满危险，出生时男女比例大约是105:100，但到了成熟期，这一比例几乎持平，而在70岁的老人中女性是男性的两倍，但是男性死亡率普遍偏高这种情况正在改变，现在男婴存活率几乎同女婴一样高。这就意味着男孩到了寻找伴侣的关键年龄将首次出现男孩过剩现象。更重要的是，又一次自然选择的时机不复存在了。50年前，婴儿尤其是男婴存活的时机取决于体重，过轻或过重几乎意味着必死无疑。今日体重几乎不起什么作用，因为大局部差异是由基因引起的，又一个进化的因素消失了。进化自杀还有另一种方法：存活，但少生孩子。现在没有几个人像过去那样具有旺盛的生育力。除了在一些宗教社区之外，没有几名妇女有15个孩子。当今婴

34、儿出生的数量同死亡年龄一样已趋于平均化，我们多数人的子女数量大致相同。人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的时机再一次减少。印度可以说明正在发生的一切。这个国家给大城市里的少数人提供财富，而给其余的各部落民族以贫困。今天这种极其显著的平均化每个人的生存时机和子女数量都相同意味着与部落相比较，自然选择在印度中、上层已经失去了80的效力。对我们来说，这意味着进化已经结束；生物学上的乌托邦已经降临。奇怪的是，这一过程几乎丝毫没有牵涉到身体上的变化，没有其他物种充满着自然中如此多的空间。但在过去的10万年甚至过去的100年中，我们的生活发生了变化，但我们的身体却没变。我们没有进化。因为机器和社会替我

35、们办了这一切。达尔文有一句话描述那些对进化一无所知的人，他们“看有机的生命如同野人看船，好似看某种完全不能理解的东西。毫无疑问，我们将记住20世纪的生活方式，尽管对其丑陋之处不得其解，但是，不管我们的子孙后代对我们离乌托邦的理想境界还差多远感到有多么惊讶，他们的样子会同我们差不了多少。【重点词汇】：1. maturity成熟matur(e)+ity，mature成熟的v.成熟，-ity名词后缀。Love is quiet understanding and the mature acceptance of imperfection.爱情是静静的理解和对缺乏之处的成熟接受。2. mortalit

36、y死亡率mortal+ity，mortal，终有一死的，不共戴天的， 极度的 n.凡人，-ity名词后缀。His injuries proved mortal. 他的伤成了致命伤。All creatures are mortal.一切生物终有死。 a mortal attack你死我活的战斗3. evolutionn.进化；开展，动词形式为evolve；evolutionary进化的evolution+ary形容词后缀； Evolution is not the force but a process, not a cause but a law.进化不是动力而是过程，不是原因而是法那么。4.

37、 diminishv.缩小，减少即di+min+ish，di-前缀“使，min词根“小=mini，-ish动词后缀。Absence diminishes little passions and increases great ones, just as the wind blows out a candle and fans a fire.离别减弱浅薄的感情而增强深厚的感情，正如风吹灭蜡烛而煽旺火焰。He likes to diminish the skills of others. 他喜欢贬低别人的技能。His illness diminished his health.疾病侵蚀了他的健康。

38、5. mediocrity平常可看作medi+ocr+ity，medi-前缀“中间如mediummedi+um后缀中间的；媒介，ocr看作Optical Character Recognition光学字符识别，-ity名词后缀，用中等(medi)识别率OCR的效果是平常(mediocrity)的。His plays are distinguished only by their stunning mediocrity. 他的戏剧与众不同之处就是平凡得出奇。They have often raised a man from mediocrity to success.它们常常使一个平凡之辈迈向成

39、功。6. descendant后裔即de+scend+ant，de-向下，scend词根“爬，-ant名词后缀表“人。同根词：descendde+scend“向下爬下降；ascenda+scend“向上爬攀登。One of the best things people could do for their descendants would be to sharply limit the number of them.人们能为后代做的最好的事情之一大概就是严格限制自己的数量。7. survivev.幸存；比活的长即sur+vive，sur-(=super-)前缀“超，vive词根“活的，于是“

40、超过别人活的长度比别人活得长幸存；survivaln.幸存；幸存者surviv(e)+al名词后缀。同根词：revivev.恢复；复苏I have observed that only those plants in nature which are strongest survive and reproduce themselves. It seems to me that hardiness is the chief essential for success.我观察到，自然界中只有最强壮的植物才能存活并繁衍。看来坚韧是成功的根本要素。The survival of the fittest

41、, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life.我在这里一直想要以机械论术语表达的适者生存，就是达尔文先生说过的“自然选择，或者说是优越种族在生存斗争中的保存。8. opportunity时机即op+port+un(e)+ity，op-前缀=to，port港口，-une后缀，-ity后缀，有港

42、口的地方都是很兴旺的，因此人们都到港口去寻找“时机。A wise man will make more opportunities than he finds.智者创造的时机要比他发现的多。opportunity a bird that never perches 机遇一只不落的鸟。9. upper-middle-class 上中阶层。10. Utopia乌托邦是英国空想社会主义者托马斯莫尔(Thomas More)所著书名的简称，书中描写了作者所想象的没有阶级的幸福社会乌托邦，意即“没有的地方。Utopia a place where men are severely punished fo

43、r all odours and noises they expel the place where all women get married, and all men remain bachelors 乌托邦在那个地方，人类因其散发的气味和制造的噪音而受到惩罚 所有女人都结了婚，而所有男人却仍然单身的地方。11. involve v.陷入；涉及in+volve，in-前缀=into，volve词根“卷，“把东西卷到里面。参revolution词条含revolve，2003年Text 1。Great discoveries and improvements invariably involv

44、e the co-operation of many minds.伟大的开展和改良总是牵涉到许多富于才智的人的协作。The power of choice must involve the possibility of error that is the essence of choosing.选择的权力必须包括出错的可能这是选择的精髓。12. transformv.转变；改造即trans+form，trans-前缀“改变，form词根“形状。Marriage is the miracle that transforms a kiss from a pleasure into a duty,

45、and a life from a luxury into a necessity.婚姻是个奇迹，它把接吻从快乐化为义务，把生活从享乐化为必需。13. describe v.描述，形容de向下+scribe写，“写下来，名词为description。A man never discloses his own character so clearly as when he describes anothers.在描述另一个人的性格时，人最清楚地显露自己的性格。第2天为什么读不懂文章？-如何理解长难句？问题？阅读理解文章是如何加修饰、拉长句子的？一句话，在后面做文章。三式扩展句子法：l 第一式：(

46、n.) + which/who/that/whose/in whiche.g. 许多人很重视自己拥有多少奢侈品。1素颜版：Many people may take luxuries seriously.2浓妆版：那些把一个人拥有财产的数量当作评判其社会地位的唯一标准的人们，会很重视追逐奢侈品的生活方式。Many people who consider the quantity of ones belongings as a unique criterion to judge ones social ranking, thus, may take seriously the lifestyle

47、of chasing for luxuries.l 第二式：(n.) /句子结尾，+V-ed、en被动/V-ing主动e.g. youngsters youngsters, ranging from/who range from 20- to 30-year-olds/who range from 20 to 30 years olde.g. There is a girl over there. There is a girl swimming over there.e.g. 研究发现，和十年前的5%相比，现在有近24%的年轻白领表示不清楚自己想要什么。A recent finding ha

48、s provided the first concrete clue that 24 percent more or less of young white collars, ranging from 25- to 30-year olds, are hardly sure of what to keep and what to get rid of, compared with that of 5 percent one decade ago.l 第三式：(n1.) + with+(n2.) (n2.)附属于n1.a pretty girl a girl with an angel-like

49、 face and a fairy-like figure拥有天使面孔魔鬼身材的女孩e.g. 当今，很多有钱人喜欢通过买豪车来显示自己的成功和存在。素颜版：Nowadays, a lot of riches like buying luxurious autos to show their existence.变妆版：These days, an overwhelming number of people with money bulging out of their pockets, are switching their expenditure into purchasing limous

50、ines/luxurious vehicles (which are) defined as the typical marks of ones attainment.【精讲真题】94年Passage 1The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the ma

51、rketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produce

52、d. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.An important

53、factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offe

54、red by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by selle

55、r-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), a

56、nd they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine th

57、e price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.从根本上说，美国经济体制是围绕私有企业、在以市场为导向的经济根底上建立起来的。在这种体制下需要生产什么在很大程度上是消费者通过到市场花钱购置他们最需要的商品和效劳来决定的。为了获取利润，私有企业主在与他人竞争中生产这些产品，提供这些效劳。在竞争的压力下追求利润的动机以及如何运作在很大程度上决定生产商品和提供效劳的方式。因此，在美国经济体制中，消费者个人的需求，加上商人获取最大利润的追求及消费者想最大限度提高购置力的愿望三者共同决定应该生

58、产什么和如何利用资源来生产这些产品。市场型经济中的一个重要因素是反映消费者需求以及生产者对消费者需求作出反响的机制。在美国经济中，这一机制是由价格体制表达的，价格随消费者的相对需求与生产者的供给情况而上下浮动。如果供不应求，价格就上升，有些消费者就会被排挤出市场。另一方面，某种产品大量生产导致本钱下降，产销者提供的产品就会增加，这就会使价格下跌，那么，更多的消费者就购置该产品。因此，价格是美国经济体制中的调节机制。私有企业经济的一个重要因素是允许个人拥有生产资料私有财产，允许他们雇用劳动力，控制自然资源，通过生产产品、提供效劳来获取利润。在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包括生产资料的所有权，也

59、包括一定的权利，比方，产品价格的决定权或与其他私有个体的自由签约权。51. In line 8, paragraph 1, the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes means _.A Americans are never satisfied with their incomesB Americans tend to overstate their incomesC Americans want to have their incomes increasedD Americans want to increase the purc

60、hasing power of their incomes答案【D】52. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that _.A producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized productionB consumers can express their demands through producersC producers decide the prices of productsD supply and demand regulate prices答案【D】5

61、3. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by _.A private property and rights concernedB manpower and natural resources controlC ownership of productive resources生产资料D free contracts and prices答案：【A】54. The passage is mainly about _.A how American goods are producedB

62、how American consumers buy their goodsC how American economic system worksD how American businessmen make their profits答案：【C】【重点词汇】1. market-oriented以市场为导向的/市场型market市场+orient定位+ed形容词后缀。oriented adj.以.为方向的, 以.为目的的an export-oriented /global-market-oriented / foreign-oriented economy/city外向型经济/城市Shift

63、 the Basic education from examination-oriented education to quality oriented one根底教育由应试教育向素质教育转变2. permitv.许可；许可证即per+mit，per-(=through)，mit词根“放松，送，意为“让人通过许可。同根词：admitv.让进入；成认 ad(=to)+mit；emitv.散发，发射e(=ex)+mit；transmitv.传播；传导trans(=through)+mit。Liberty is the right to do whatever the laws permit.自由就

64、是做法律允许的任何事的权利。3. embracev.拥抱；包含即em+brace，em-(=in)，brace词根“手臂，故“使在手臂里拥抱引申为“包含。brace作单词意为“v.支撑n.支柱谐音“不累死，因为累死就支撑不住了。embrace the proposal接受建议Do people in your country embrace Christianity?你们国家的人民信奉基督教吗? 4. coupled with 与相结合；The strike, coupled with the floods, was expected to reduce supplies of food drastically. 这场罢工，再加上洪水泛滥可能会使食品的供给量大