中国传统文化英语表达法(四级)

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1、-中国传统节日Traditional Chinese FestivalsThe Spring Festival 春节The Chinese Spring Festival falls on the very first day of the Chinese Lunar year. The celebration of the Spring Festival, otherwise known as the Chinese New Year, starts from the first day of the first lunar month and ends on the Lantern Fes

2、tival, that is, the fifteenth of the month. The Spring Festival to the Chinese is what Christmas to the Westerners (中国人过春节相当于西方人过圣诞节). The Spring Festival Eve 除夕The Spring Festival Eve, or the Chinese New Years Eve, is call the Danian Sanshi大年三十in Chinese. It is a time of jubilance, with eyeful of S

3、pring Festival couplets, earful of loud firecrackers, and the kitchen full of yummy stuff cooking on the stove. Wherever they are, people will hurry back home for their family reunion on the eve. The Spring Festival Eve Dinner 年夜饭The Spring Festival Eve Dinner is known as the Dinner of Reunion. On t

4、he Eve, children away from home will all e back to enjoy a tableful of delicacies together with their parents. People in the north prefer jiaozi, the southerners like tangyuan, sweet round dumplings to indicate family reunion, and niangao, which means going higher and higher in the ing year.Spring F

5、estival Couples 贴春联It has been a tradition for the Chinese to paste Spring Festival couples on the doors during the Festival. Words of auspiciousness are written in the couples, which are called duilian对联, or the Pair Couplets, because the words on both couplets should be equal in number, parallel i

6、n form, and attuned in meaning. Sometimes people also paste a hengpi横批, a horizontal scroll bearing an inscription, above the couples. Gift Money 压岁钱On the festive occasion, young children will pay New Year calls on and e*press their best wishes to their elders who, in return, will offer them yasuiq

7、ian 压岁钱, money given to children as a Spring Festival gift.The money is usually wrapped up in red paper a symbol of good fortune. Setting off firecrackers 放鞭炮Part of the Spring Festival celebration is to set off firecracker, which is meant to add joy to the festivity. People wish that, by setting of

8、f firecrackers, good luck would e to them in the ing year. Paying New Year Calls 拜年The Spring Festival is also a time to pay festive visits and say good wishes to one another among relatives, friends and neighbours. Vising Temple Fairs赶庙会During the Festival, people visit temple fairs, where an assor

9、tment of entertaining performances takes place, including Yandko秧歌 (a rirual folk dance popular in north China), acrobatics杂技and folk art shows. Varieties of snacks and modity e*changes 商品交易are also the integral parts of the fair. The Lantern Festival 元宵节The 15th day of the first lunar month is the

10、Chinese Lantern Festival, which coincides with the first full-moon night of the year (这一天正好是新年的第一个月圆之夜). The major activities of the day include watching painted lanterns, solving riddles, setting off fireworks, and eating yuan*iao元宵(sweet dumplings) made of glutinous glu:tins(粘的，胶装的) rice flour糯米面，

11、糯米粉.Eating Yuan*iao 吃元宵Eating yuan*iao元宵on the day of the Lantern Festival symbolizes family reunion and happiness. Yuan*iao are made with glutinous rice flour dough, stuffed with a variety of food such as red bean paste, sesame, mi*ed nutlets with sugar. Minced meat is another favored flavor (元宵用糯米

12、粉包馅制成，馅儿有豆沙、芝麻、各类果仁加白糖，还有肉糜馅等). In southern China, people also eat tangyuan汤圆(like yuan*iao元宵).Watching Painted Lanterns 赏花灯On the night of the Lantern Festival, lines of painted lanterns are hung around the courtyard and along both sides of the street. The colorful lights against the full moon crea

13、te quite a visual feast for people to enjoy (人们观灯赏月，其乐融融).Solving Lantern Riddles 猜灯谜Solving riddles written or printed on lanterns is another way of entertaining visitors on the night.The Dragon Boat Festival 端午节The Chinese Dragon Boat Festival falls on the fifth day of the fifth month on the Chine

14、se Lunar Calendar. The story goes that the day is kept in memory of the patriotic poet Qu Yuan屈原who died more than 2000 years ago. Its also a day to pray for agricultural harvests as well as to drive pestilences pestilns away (同时也是人们祈求农业丰收，驱除瘟疫的节日).Qu Yuan (339BC 278BC) 屈原Qu Yuan 屈原, a patriotic poe

15、t of the Chu State 楚国in ancient China, is greatly respected by people of all times, for both his fine poetry and noble character. It was on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month in the year 278 BC after the falling of the Chu State 楚国 that Qu Yuan 屈原gave his life to his beloved motherland by drowni

16、ng himself in the river (因楚国国都失陷，屈原悲愤地投江而死).Dragon Boat Racing 赛龙舟The dragon boat is made of wood, with mythical dragon head and dragon tail decorations on it. Dragon boat racing originally showed peoples wish to rescue Qu Yuan屈原from drowning, and gradually became a popular petitive mass sport (赛龙舟最

17、初是表达屈原投江后，人们寻救他的迫切心情，后来逐渐成为端午节流行的一项民间体育竞技活动).Eating Zongzi 吃粽子Legend has it that in order to keep the fish away from eating Qu Yuans body, people would throw rice wrapped in bamboo or reed ri:d芦苇 leaves into the water to feed the fish. Thats how the tradition of eating zongzi 粽子(rice dumplings wrapp

18、ed in leaves) around the Dragon Boat Festival started. A zongzi 粽子is usually made in the shape of a triangular or square lump (粽子外形为三角形或四角形), wrapped in large bamboo leaves. The ingredients are mostly glutinous rice, beans, Chinese dates, or pork.Hanging Mo*a 挂艾蒿Mo*a leaves are hung in front of ever

19、y household during the Dragon Boat Festival in order to e*pelkspl驱逐 evil spirits and to relieve peoples internal heat or fever (驱邪解毒). The sweet scent of the herb, however, can also repel flies and mosquitoes, and purify the air around the house. The Moon Festival中秋节The Moon Festival or the Mid-autu

20、mn Festival falls on the 15th of the eighth month of the Chinese Lunar year. It is also called the Festival of Family Reunion 团圆节, as the full moon around that time very well symbolizes harvests and reunion. It is a time for family members to get together and savourseiv尽情享受moon cakes as they admire

21、the full moon.The Moon Cake 月饼The Cake of Reunion 团圆饼 is another name for the moon cakes. Made by wheat flour dough and stuffed with a wide variety, sweet or salty,moon cakes are both the must-eat food and major gift items around the Moon Festival (月饼是中秋节人们互赠的主要礼品，也是节日的重要食品).The Double Ninth Festiva

22、l 重阳节Chongyang重阳 the Double Ninth Festival, also known as the Senior Citizens Day 老人节, is on the ninth of the ninth lunar month. As nine is regarded as a number of the Yang (positive or masculine by nature in Chinese philosophy), two nines together makes a Chongyang, or Double Yang (中国古人把九称为阳数，阳在中国哲

23、学中属阳性，代表男性阳刚特质，所以九月九叫做重阳). On this day, people will go climbing mountains, drinking, and admiring chrysanthemum krisnmm 菊花 flowers. More importantly, its a time for children to show some tender loving care to the seniors or to show filialfll pietypat for their parents. filial peity 孝顺，孝心Climbing the

24、 Heights to Keep Away Troubles 登高避灾The Double Ninth Festival is in autumn, when married women are supposed to observe the ritual of visiting their parents and taking them to do some mountain-climbing, so that they could enjoy the seasonal beauty together.Appreciating the Chrysanthemums 赏菊The chrysan

25、themums are in full blossom at this time of the year, and the great variety of the flower has long been the object of admiration for the Chinese (品种繁多的菊花在秋日盛开，欣赏菊花是流传已久的节日风俗).Offering Sacrifices to the Goddess of the Sea 祭海神The ninth of the ninth lunar month happens to be the day when Mazu 妈祖, the G

26、oddess of the Sea, ascended to the heaven. Grand ceremonies are held for her on the day in Chinas coastal cities including the Taiwan Region.The God of Longevitylndevti寿星老the guardian of long-life长寿的保护神Chinese Tea 中国茶In China, tea-drinking is part of the Chinese culture: Tea Culture. To drink tea is

27、 not only a way of life, it is also a custom (喝茶不仅是人们生活中的一种习惯，也是待客的一种习俗). Teahouses where tea-drinkers could also socialize and entertain themselves are all over the country.Tea-sauteing (炒茶), the important part of tea processing, determines the quality of the product.The Home of Tea 茶叶的故土Processed

28、tea leaves picked from tea trees bee the tea we prepare with water and then drink (茶是一种植物，称茶树，它的芽叶经过加工就成了可供冲泡的茶叶). Originally a product of China, tea was e*ported to parts of Asia as early as some 1500 years ago, and it arrived in Europe about 400 years ago.Varieties of Tea 茶叶的品种With different ways

29、of processing, tea can be classified into such varieties as green tea 绿茶, black tea 红茶, oolong teaul乌龙茶, and scented tea 花茶, etc. and under each category, therere different brand names such as the *ihu Longjing西湖龙井(West Lake Longjing Tea, green tea produced in Hangzhou, Zhejiang ), Biluochun碧螺春(gree

30、n tea, produced in Jiangsu Prov.).Tea Ceremony 茶艺In the Chinese tea culture, there are certain rituals and rules to follow, either at the stage of preparing, drinking or treating a guest (沏茶，敬茶，饮茶). Theres also a set of criteria for the quality of water, tea, and tea-making utensils.中国书法绘画 Chinese c

31、alligraphy and paintingThe Four Treasures of the Study 文房四宝Wenfang文房refers to the study for a man of letters, and the tools and materials for calligraphy and painting include the writing brush, ink stick, ink slab and paper (笔、墨、纸、砚), so they are jointly called the four treasures of the study. In ad

32、dition to these, there may also be other accessories for calligraphy and painting in the study, such as brush pots, brush racks, ink bo*es, brush rinsing dishes, seals and seal bo*es, ets (还有笔筒、笔架、墨盒、笔洗、印章、印盒等多种书法和绘画用品).The Writing Brush 毛笔Writing brushes are the traditional writing tools in China,

33、dating from 1600 BC to 1066 BC. The point of the brush is usually made with hair from animal tails and the shaft of bamboo sticks. The sizes of writing brushes fall into three types, namely large, medium and small for writing characters of different sizes respectively (根据书写字体大小不同，毛笔有大、中、小号). There a

34、re also larger ones called Dou brush 斗笔or Ti brush 提笔, and the largest one is called Zha brush 揸笔. The Ink Stick 墨块In ancient China, people had to grindgrand磨碎，碾碎 the ink stick into ink liquid and then dip the writing brush into it to write and paint. For grinding the ink stick, some fresh water sho

35、uld be poured into the ink slab first, then, grind the ink stick round in one direction (用墨块在砚台上顺着一个方向研磨), and gradually, the fresh water turn into ink liquid. The Ink Slab 砚The ink slab, as a tool for grinding ink sticks and usually made of stone, is very important to an ancient man of letters in h

36、is study. The most famous is the Duan Ink Slab 端砚produced in Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province , which is called Duanzhou 端州in ancient times. This kind of ink slabs has a fine, soft and smooth te*ture and the ink liquid ground in them is well mi*ed and durable (端砚质地细密柔润，研出的墨汁均匀耐用). Ink slabs can also be

37、engraved with e*quisite designs as treasures of art (砚台上还能雕出精巧的花纹，成为艺术珍品).Traditional Chinese Paintings 中国画As a traditional art in China, traditional Chinese paintings are created through special manners of presentation and artistic principles, with writing brushes, ink, and pigment色素颜料 which are al

38、l unique to the Chinese (国画是中国传统的绘画艺术，它用中国所独有的毛笔、水墨、颜料，以特有的表现形式和艺术法则创作而成). They can be classified, according to subject matter, into landscape, flower-and-bird and figure paintings.Landscape Paintings 山水画Landscape paintings mainly depict natural scenery of mountains and rivers, which first came into

39、 being in Qin Dynasty 代and reached a high level in Song Dynasty 宋代. Chinese landscape paintings attach great importance to pouring out the emotion of the artist and strive for an artistic acme of emotion being in harmony with scenery (中国山水画重在抒发画家个人情感，到达情景交融的艺术境界). Flower-and-bird Paintings 花鸟画Flower

40、-and-bird paintings do not only depict flowers and birds only, but also bamboos, rocks, beasts, insects and fish (竹石、走兽、虫鱼) as well. What the artist advocates is that the depiction of these things could mould the personal temperament while embodying the internal moral character and the personal purs

41、uit of the artist (画家主通过对花鸟虫鱼的描绘，冶人的情操，表达作者在的思想和追求).Figure Paintings 人物画Figure paintings focus particularly on the portrayal of the characters activities, and the task of the artist is to draw out the pose and attire in lines for the purpose of conveying the romantic charm of the figure in the paint

42、ing (画家用线条勾画出人物的形态和服饰，让人感受到画中人物的神韵). Ancient China has produced many great artists of figure paintings, such as Gu Kaizhi in Jin Dynasty 晋代的顾恺之, Wu Daozi in Tang Dynasty 唐代的吴道子, Tang Bohu in Ming Dynasty 明代的唐伯虎, and so on.New Years Painting 年画New Years painting is a kind of traditional Chinese paint

43、ings produced by means of woodcut process printing. As an old form of folk art in China, this kind of paintings all has festival themes and a sharp contrast in colors (年画是中国画的一种，它采用木刻套印的方法作画，容喜庆、色彩比照强烈，是中国古老的民间美术形式). They are specially created for decoration of homes, warding off evil spirits and om

44、inous occurrences in the celebration of the Chinese New Year (它是专门为过农历新年时装饰环境、除凶辟邪而创作的). That is why they are called New Years paintings. 中国文物The Terra-cotta Warriors 始皇陵兵马俑Qin Shihuang 始皇, the first emperor of the feudal Chinese society, brought with him massive funerary belongings when he die a mo

45、ve to show off the authority and splendor hed enjoyed during his lifetime (始皇是中国封建社会的第一个皇帝。他死后，为了显示他生前的辉煌和权威，在他的墓中陪葬了许多东西). Among them were the three barracks of Terra-cotta Warriors (兵马俑阵), which have been marveled at as the Worlds Eighth Miracle 世界第八大奇迹.The Underground Army 地下军阵Yong is either a hu

46、man or animal figure made with clay. The Qin Shihuangs Tomb 始皇陵and its great army of Terra-Cotta Warriors 7000 soldiers, 100 horses and 100 chariots in all, give us a picture of the kind of grand scale of the army and the pleteness of the armys military services more that 2000 years ago (再现了2000多年前气

47、势宏伟，兵种齐全的军阵队形).Dunhuang Grottoes 敦煌石窟The Dunhuang Grottoes, located on a Cliffside 25 km southeast of down town Dunhuang (位于敦煌县东南25千米处的断崖上), are famous for his Mogao Caves 莫高窟. Now there are 492 grottoes in e*istence, which were constructed during the 4th century to the 10th century. Mogao Caves 莫高窟

48、 became a treasure of the Buddhist art because of the multitude of murals and sculptures in the caves.Cave Relief Murals 石窟壁画Theres a pace of 45000 of murals in the caves, the contents of which range from Buddhist figures, Buddha stories, ancient fairy tales and decorative designs (石窟现存的壁画多达4.5万平方米，

49、容有佛像人物、佛经故事、古代神话及装饰图案). It took more than 1000 years to plete.The Dunhuang Academy China 敦煌研究院The Dunhuang relics have suffered the plundering and looting of quite a number of adventures such as the British, the French, the Russian, the Japanese, the Americans, etc (敦煌文物曾遭到英、法、俄、日、美等国冒险家的盗取和掠夺). Man

50、y such relics can now be seen in museums and libraries throughout the world. As an effort to protect and further study the art of the Dunhuang Grottoes, China founded the Dunhuang Art Institute 敦煌艺术研究所in the 1940s, which became the pre-e*istence of nowadays the Dunhuang Academy China 敦煌研究院.中国民居Chine

51、se Folk ResidenceSiheyuan (Beijing Quadrangleskwdrg()l) 四合院Siheyuan，a pound enclosed by inward-facing houses and high walls on four sides, is the folk residence in north China(四合院是中国北方的民居，由东、南、西、北四面房屋及墙围合起来). Beijing Quadrangleskwdrg()l (周围有建筑物的)四方院子are symmetrical in design, and the inhabitants fol

52、low strict rules of hierarchy.Cave Dwellings in Shaan*i 窑洞Cave dwellings are unique tothe LoesslsPlateau in northern Shaan*i陕北的黄土高原). A cave dwelling measures seven to eight meters deep and more than three meters in breath and height respectively. It is cool in summer and warm in winter, resistant t

53、o fire, and soundproof.The cave dwelling, dating back to thousands of years ago, is an age-old form of residence for people on the Loess Plateau. Today, there are still many people living in cave dwellings.Brick Caves and Stone Caves 砖窑和石窑An earth cave is turned into a brick cave if reinforced with

54、bricks, or a stone cave if reinforced with stones. Brick caves and stone caves are usually used as schools or offices. It is also possible to construct building-like terraced brick caves that are beautiful and imposing (还可以建成类似楼房一样的多层阶梯式砖窑，外表看起来既漂亮又壮观). Fujian Tulou 土楼Tulou (earthen building) is a s

55、elf-defensive folk residence built by the Hakka(客家人) living in such areas as Longyan and Zhangzhou(、) in Fujian Province to protect their clans宗族，部落. It is usually round or square, and big enough for an entire clan.The Ancestral Temple 祠堂The center of a Tulou is the ancestral temple, which is used t

56、o offer sacrifices to ancestors and for clan gatherings.Modern Private Houses 现代民居Great changes have taken place in private houses in towns and countryside in China. Private houses in towns and cities mainly concentrate in residential districts, where peoples living environments and quality are bein

57、g improved. In the countryside, peoples modern private houses generally appear to have a variety of building styles and features(乡村的现代民居，也在呈现出各地多彩的风情面貌).A residential district posed of apartment buildings with different forms and structures has not only an improved system of property management serv

58、ice(完善的物业效劳系统), but also a plete set of educational, medical and transportation set-ups(设施). People can pursue cultural and social activities of all kinds as well as physical e*ercises in the munity of the residential district (在以小区形成的社区，人们可以开展文化、体育及各项社会活动).中华武术The Chinese Martial ArtThe Shaolin Mar

59、tial Art 少林功夫All genres of martial arts are derived from Shaoliln, thus, in talking about the Shaolin Temple, what first enter our minds is its martial art. This kind of Shaolin kungfu, accumulated in the course of more than a thousand years, and e*tensively drawing on the advantages of all other ge

60、nres of martial arts, was founded on the basis of ancient Chinese art of health-building. It involves various methods of fighting techniques, consisting ofShaolin bo*ing, weaponry bat, art of attack and defense, free fighting and qigong(主要包括拳术、器械、技击、散打、气功).Taiji Bo*ing太极拳In traditional Chinese bo*in

61、g, Taiji Bo*ing has its unique effect oncultivating moral character, keeping physical fitness and self-defending against violence(修身、健身和防身的效果). Regular practice of Taiji will be of great benefit to the central nervous system中央神经系统, the blood circulation system血液循环系统 and the respiratoryrsprt()r syste

62、m呼吸系统, and now it has already bee a very popular e*ercise for keeping physical fitness all over the world.The Origins of Taiji Bo*ing 太极拳源流Ancient Chinese called the universe Taiji太极，the Supreme Ultimate, and they e*plained the mechanism of bo*ing according to the ancient Chinese philosophy of yin a

63、nd yang, the two opposing principles e*isting in all things under the heaven, hence the name of Taiji Bo*ing. This kind of bo*ing began to be taught and practiced in the transiting years from Ming Dynasty to Qing Dynasty(明末清初) and originated earliest from Chen Wangting, in Wen County, Henan Province

64、(温县的王廷), which was known as Chen Style Taiji Bo*ing(氏太极拳). Later, as it was passed down, the schools of Yang style and Wu style(氏、吴氏等流派) were developed and evolved.中国文字The Chinese CharacterThe Evolution of Chinese Characters 汉字的演变The characters of Chinese used by Chinese people carry a full load of

65、thousands of years history of China(承载了中国几千的历史). With small changes of in writing methods since ancient times, they are used in all dialects as the mon written characters. Therefore, the Chinese characters have played an e*tremely important role in the inheritance of Chinese civilization汉字在历史上对中华文明的传承起到了十分重要的作用.The Origin of Chinese Characters 汉字的起源In legend, there was a figure in remote antiquity(上古时期) named