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1、1、外文原文（复印件）A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerThe single-chip microcomputer is the culmination of both the development of the digital computer and the integrated circuit arguably the tow most significant inventions of the 20th century 1These tow types of architecture are found in single-chi

2、p microcomputer Some employ the split program/data memory of the Harvard architecture, shown in Fig3-5AT, others follow the philosophy, widely adapted for general-purpose computers and microprocessors, of making no logical distinction between program and data memory as in the Princeton architecture,

3、 shown in Fig. 3-5A-2In general terms a single-chip microcomputer is characterized by the incorporation of all the units of a computer into a single device, as shown in Fig3-5A-3Program memoryCPUFig. 3-5A-1A Harvard typelnput& Output unitCPUmemoryFig 3一5A一2A conventional Princeton computerTimer/ Cou

4、nterSystem clockExter nalTiming componentsResetInterruptsPowerROMPrarallel I/ORAMCPUFig3-5A-3 Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM)ROM is usually for the permanent, nonvolatile storage of an applications program Many microcomputers and microcontrollers are intended for high-vol

5、ume applications and hence the economical manufacture of the devices requires that the contents of the program memory be committed permanently during the manufacture of chips Clearly, this implies a rigorous approach to ROM code development since changes cannot be made after manufacture This develop

6、ment process may involve emulation using a sophisticated development system with a hardware emulation capability as well as the use of powerful software tools.Some manufacturers provide additional ROM options by including in their range devices with (or intended for use with) user programmable memor

7、y The simplest of these is usually device which can operate in a microprocessor mode by using some of the input/output lines as an address and data bus for accessing external memory. This type of device can behave functionally as the single chip microcomputer from which it is derived albeit with res

8、tricted I/O and a modified external circuit The use of these ROMless devices is common even in production circuits where the volume does not justify the development costs of custom on- chip ROM2:there can still be a significant saving in I/O and other chips compared to a conventional microprocessor

9、based circuit More exact replacement for ROM devices can be obtained in the form of variants with piggy-back EPROM(Erasable programmable ROM )sockets or devices with EPROM instead of ROM 。 These devices are naturally more expensive than equivalent ROM device, but do provide complete circuit equivale

10、nts EPROM based devices are also extremely attractive for low- volume applications where they provide the advantages of a single-chip device, in terms of on-chip I/O, etc,with the convenience of flexible user programmabilityRandom access memory (RAM).RAM is for the storage of working variables and d

11、ata used during program execution. The size of this memory varies with device type but it has the same characteristic width (4, 8, 16 bits etc)as the processor ,Special function registers, such as stack pointer or timer register are often logically incorporated into the RAM area It is also common in

12、 Harard type microcomputers to treat the RAM area as a collection of register; it is unnecessary to make distinction between RAM and processor register as is done in the case of a microprocessor system since RAM and registers are not usually physically separated in a microcomputer Central processing

13、 unit (CPU)The CPU is much like that of any microprocessor Many applications of microcomputers and microcontrollers involve the handling of binary-coded decimal (BCD) data (for numerical displays, for example) , hence it is common to find that the CPU is well adapted to handling this type of data It

14、 is also common to find good facilities for testing, setting and resetting individual bits of memory or I/O since many controller applications involve the turning on and off of single output lines or the reading the single line These lines are readily interfaced to twostate devices such as switches,

15、 thermostats, solid-state relays, valves, motor, etcParallel input/output Parallel input and output schemes vary somewhat in different microcomputer; in most a mechanism is provided to at least allow some flexibility of choosing which pins are outputs and which are inputs This may apply to all or so

16、me of the ports Some I/O lines are suitable for direct interfacing to, for example, fluorescent displays, or can provide sufficient current to make interfacing other components straightforward Some devices allow an I/O port to be configured as a system bus to allow off-chip memory and I/O expansion.

17、 This facility is potentially useful as a product range develops, since successive enhancements may become too big for on-chip memory and it is undesirable not to build on the existing software baseSerial input/output Serial communication with terminal devices is common means of providing a link usi

18、ng a small number of lines This sort of communication can also be exploited for interfacing special function chips or linking several microcomputers together Both the common asynchronous synchronous communication schemes require protocols that provide framing (start and stop) information This can be

19、 implemented as a hardware facility or U(S)ART(Universal(synchronous) asynchronous receiver/transmitter) relieving the processor (and the applications programmer) of this low-level, time-consuming, detai 1. t is merely necessary to selected a baud-rate and possibly other options (number of stop bits

20、, parity, etc)and load (or read from) the serial transmitter (or receiver) buffer Serialization of the data in the appropriate format is then handled by the hardware circuit.Timing/counter facilities Many application of single-chip microcomputers require accurate evaluation of elapsed real time This

21、 can be determined by careful assessment of the execution time of each branch in a program but this rapidly becomes inefficient for all but simplest programs The preferred approach is to use timer circuit that can independently count precise time increments and generate an interrupt after a preset t

22、ime has elapsed This type of timer is usually arranged to be reloadable with the required count The timer then decrements this value producing an interrupt or setting a flag when the counter reaches zero. Better timers then have the ability to automatically reload the initial count value This reliev

23、es the programmer of the responsibility of reloading the counter and assessing elapsed time before the timer restarted , which otherwise wound be necessary if continuous precisely timed interrupts were required (as in a clock , for example)Sometimes associated with timer is an event counter With this facility there is usually a special input pin , that can drive the counter directly.继续阅读