翻译方法2女兆月生

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1、Lecturer: Yao ChengshengTranslation MethodsPart 2Comments in These Methods & Equivalent EffectTranslation MethodsComments in These MethodsEquivalent Effectv SL Text emphasis TL emphasisv Word for word Adaptationv Literal translation Free translationv Faithful translation Idiomatic translationv Seman

2、tic translation Communicative translationv 1:word-for-word translation 字对字翻译字对字翻译 5:Adaptation 改写、归化改写、归化v 2:Literal Translation 直译直译 6:Free Translation 意译意译 v 3:Faithful Translation 忠实翻译忠实翻译 7:Idiomatic Translation 地道的翻译地道的翻译v 4:Semantic Translation 语义翻译语义翻译 8:Communicative Translation 交际翻译交际翻译v Mr

3、. Dewar slipped and fell outside his official Edinburgh residence on Tuesday morningHe picked himself up and went on to carry out two lunchtime engagements(BBC news 11102000)v Mr. Dewar slipped and fell outside his official Edinburgh residence on Tuesday morningHe picked himself up and went on to ca

4、rry out two lunchtime engagements(BBC news 11102000)vword-for-word translationword-for-word translation逐字对译逐字对译v Literal Translation Literal Translation 直译直译v Semantic Translation Semantic Translation 语义翻译语义翻译v Communicative Translation Communicative Translation 交际翻译交际翻译v Free Translation Free Trans

5、lation 意译意译v Adaptation Adaptation 改写改写Yonlyv 原文:原文:Mr. Dewar slipped and fell outside his official Mr. Dewar slipped and fell outside his official Edinburgh residence on Tuesday morningEdinburgh residence on Tuesday morningHe picked He picked himself up and went on to carry out two lunchtime himsel

6、f up and went on to carry out two lunchtime engagementsengagementsv 译文:译文:杜瓦先生滑了和跌倒在外面他的官方爱丁堡居所在星期二早晨。杜瓦先生滑了和跌倒在外面他的官方爱丁堡居所在星期二早晨。他拣自己起来和继续去实行两个午餐约定。他拣自己起来和继续去实行两个午餐约定。v字对字翻译字对字翻译vHow old are you?How old are you?v A A怎么老是你怎么老是你? ? B B你多大年纪你多大年纪? ?v橱窗里摆着的是什么东西橱窗里摆着的是什么东西? ?v A AShop window in display

7、ed is what thing?Shop window in displayed is what thing?v B BWhats that in the shop window?Whats that in the shop window?v好是很好,可是买这么多扇子干什么呀好是很好,可是买这么多扇子干什么呀? ?v A AGood is very good, but buy so many fans do what?Good is very good, but buy so many fans do what?v B BThats all well and good, but what a

8、re you buying so many fans Thats all well and good, but what are you buying so many fans for?for?v经常用于外语教学中,检查学习者对原文的理解是否准确。一般的翻译中很少采用这经常用于外语教学中,检查学习者对原文的理解是否准确。一般的翻译中很少采用这种方法。因为,这种方法被视为是不合格的死译或硬译。不过,在翻译难度比较大的种方法。因为,这种方法被视为是不合格的死译或硬译。不过,在翻译难度比较大的语篇或是有较多文化差异的内容时,译者在原文理解阶段或是翻译的前期准备过程中,语篇或是有较多文化差异的内容时,

9、译者在原文理解阶段或是翻译的前期准备过程中,有时需要这样的方法来推敲原文的确切含义,以便选择适当的译文表达方式。有时需要这样的方法来推敲原文的确切含义,以便选择适当的译文表达方式。v小心地滑!小心地滑!vCarefully slideCarefully slide!vCaution! Slippery/ Caution! Wet FloorCaution! Slippery/ Caution! Wet Floor v 原文:原文:Mr. Dewar slipped and fell outside his official Mr. Dewar slipped and fell outside

10、his official Edinburgh residence on Tuesday morningEdinburgh residence on Tuesday morningHe picked He picked himself up and went on to carry out two lunchtime himself up and went on to carry out two lunchtime engagementsengagementsv 译文:译文:星期二早晨杜瓦先生滑倒在他的爱丁堡官邸外面。他爬起来继星期二早晨杜瓦先生滑倒在他的爱丁堡官邸外面。他爬起来继续去参加两个午

11、餐约会。续去参加两个午餐约会。v to add fuel to the fireto add fuel to the firev 火上加油火上加油v one country, two systemsone country, two systemsv 一国两制一国两制v 血浓于水。血浓于水。v Blood is thicker than water.Blood is thicker than water.v 上面几个例子中,原语和译语的语言表达方式十分接近,在这种情况上面几个例子中,原语和译语的语言表达方式十分接近,在这种情况下,直译不但下,直译不但是可行的是可行的,也是可以接受和值得提倡的。然

12、而,有时原,也是可以接受和值得提倡的。然而,有时原语和译语的表达方式不同,如果采用直译的方法,就会出现不符合译语和译语的表达方式不同,如果采用直译的方法,就会出现不符合译文表达习惯,或者令译文读者不知所云的情况:文表达习惯,或者令译文读者不知所云的情况:v It was an old and ragged moon It was an old and ragged moonv A A那是一个又老又破的月亮。那是一个又老又破的月亮。v B B这是一弯下弦残月。这是一弯下弦残月。v Cast pearls before swine. Cast pearls before swine.v A A把珍

13、珠扔到猪面前。把珍珠扔到猪面前。v B B对牛弹琴。对牛弹琴。v 阅后请放原处。阅后请放原处。 v A APlease put back what you read after readingPlease put back what you read after readingv B BPlease replace after readingPlease replace after readingv 这几个译例中的第一种译文都采取了直译的方法来翻译原文,但是这几个译例中的第一种译文都采取了直译的方法来翻译原文,但是“又老又又老又破的月亮破的月亮”并不符合汉语的表达习惯,并不符合汉语的表达习惯,

14、“珍珠珍珠”和和“猪猪”联在一起的比喻方联在一起的比喻方式对汉语读者来说颇为费解。同样式对汉语读者来说颇为费解。同样“put back”put back”所表达的所表达的“放回原处放回原处”的意的意思不如思不如“replace”replace”来得自然。来得自然。v 原文:原文:Mr. Dewar slipped and fell outside his official Mr. Dewar slipped and fell outside his official Edinburgh residence on Tuesday morningEdinburgh residence on Tue

15、sday morningHe picked He picked himself up and went on to carry out two lunchtime himself up and went on to carry out two lunchtime engagementsengagementsv 译文:译文:星期二早晨,杜瓦先生在爱丁堡官邸外滑倒了,但他仍爬起来星期二早晨,杜瓦先生在爱丁堡官邸外滑倒了,但他仍爬起来继续去参加两个午餐活动。继续去参加两个午餐活动。v Our son must go to school. He must break out of the pot Ou

16、r son must go to school. He must break out of the pot that holds us in.that holds us in.v A A我们的儿子一定要上学,一定得打破这个把我们关在里面的罐子。我们的儿子一定要上学,一定得打破这个把我们关在里面的罐子。v B B我们的儿子一定要上学,一定要出人头地。我们的儿子一定要上学,一定要出人头地。v 第一种译文直接翻译原文中的表达方式,这一表达在译语中意义不明第一种译文直接翻译原文中的表达方式,这一表达在译语中意义不明确,读者看后对其中的含义仍然不甚了解。改用语义翻译的方式后,确,读者看后对其中的含义仍然

17、不甚了解。改用语义翻译的方式后,原文所表达的意思就比较清楚明了。当然,这种方法有时无法再现原原文所表达的意思就比较清楚明了。当然,这种方法有时无法再现原文中生动形象的语言表达方式。文中生动形象的语言表达方式。v 原文:原文:Mr. Dewar slipped and fell outside his official Mr. Dewar slipped and fell outside his official Edinburgh residence on Tuesday morningEdinburgh residence on Tuesday morningHe picked He pic

18、ked himself up and went on to carry out two lunchtime himself up and went on to carry out two lunchtime engagementsengagementsv 译文:译文:杜瓦先生的官邸在爱丁堡。星期二早晨,他不小心在屋外摔一杜瓦先生的官邸在爱丁堡。星期二早晨,他不小心在屋外摔一跤。不过他仍奋力爬起,去参加了两个午餐活动。跤。不过他仍奋力爬起,去参加了两个午餐活动。v Wet paint.Wet paint.v 小心油漆。小心油漆。v Headroom 3Headroom 38 meters8 me

19、tersv 限高限高3 38 8米。米。v 非工作人员请勿入内。非工作人员请勿入内。v Staff onlyStaff onlyv 这里有人吗这里有人吗? ?v Is this seat taken?Is this seat taken?v 小心地滑!小心地滑!v Caution! Slippery/ Caution! Caution! Slippery/ Caution! Wet FloorWet Floorv 在上面的几个译例中,译文既在上面的几个译例中,译文既没有再现原文的语言表达形式,没有再现原文的语言表达形式,也没有一一对应原文所表达的也没有一一对应原文所表达的语义,而是根据原文在具

20、体语语义,而是根据原文在具体语境中的交际功能和含义,选用境中的交际功能和含义,选用译语读者比较熟悉的方式来表译语读者比较熟悉的方式来表达。因此,我们可以看到英语达。因此,我们可以看到英语和汉语中表达相同交际目的和和汉语中表达相同交际目的和功能时,其语言形式上的差异。功能时,其语言形式上的差异。可以说,由于强调信息传递的可以说,由于强调信息传递的功能和语用效果,交际翻译也功能和语用效果,交际翻译也属于一种比较常用的翻译方法。属于一种比较常用的翻译方法。v 原文:原文:Mr. Dewar slipped and fell outside his official Mr. Dewar slipped

21、 and fell outside his official Edinburgh residence on Tuesday morningEdinburgh residence on Tuesday morningHe picked He picked himself up and went on to carry out two lunchtime himself up and went on to carry out two lunchtime engagementsengagementsv 译文:译文:杜瓦先生在爱丁堡有一座官邸。星期二早晨,他刚出门就摔了杜瓦先生在爱丁堡有一座官邸。星期

22、二早晨,他刚出门就摔了一跤。不过,他觉得没事,就爬起来继续参加当天的活动,午餐时还一跤。不过,他觉得没事,就爬起来继续参加当天的活动,午餐时还与两个团体进行了正式会谈。与两个团体进行了正式会谈。v 意译在不同程度上进一步解释了原文的意义。这种翻译方法有时在译意译在不同程度上进一步解释了原文的意义。这种翻译方法有时在译文中增加更多阐释字句,有时则完全改动或删减原文中的表达的方式文中增加更多阐释字句,有时则完全改动或删减原文中的表达的方式和比喻形象。和比喻形象。v 原文:原文:Mr. Dewar slipped and fell outside his official Mr. Dewar sli

23、pped and fell outside his official Edinburgh residence on Tuesday morningEdinburgh residence on Tuesday morningHe picked He picked himself up and went on to carry out two lunchtime himself up and went on to carry out two lunchtime engagementsengagementsv 译文:译文:爱丁堡的早晨空气新鲜。杜瓦先生喜欢晨练。那天一大早,他爱丁堡的早晨空气新鲜。杜

24、瓦先生喜欢晨练。那天一大早,他穿着运动装出门,正要开始晨跑,不小心踩到一块香蕉皮上,跌倒在穿着运动装出门,正要开始晨跑,不小心踩到一块香蕉皮上,跌倒在地。他奋力爬起,打消跑步的念头,出门上班,午餐时还坚持参加了地。他奋力爬起,打消跑步的念头,出门上班,午餐时还坚持参加了两个见面会。两个见面会。v (强调客观事实的非文学翻译,不宜进行这样的改写,因为有些细节(强调客观事实的非文学翻译,不宜进行这样的改写,因为有些细节没有事实根据)没有事实根据)v SL Text emphasis TL emphasisv Word for word Adaptationv Literal translation

25、 Free translationv Faithful translation Idiomatic translationv Semantic translation Communicative translationv侧重译出语侧重译出语(程度由程度由高高到到低低) 侧重译入语侧重译入语(程度由程度由低低到到高高)v 1:word-for-word translation 字对字翻译字对字翻译 5:Adaptation 改写、归化改写、归化v 2:Literal Translation 直译直译 6:Free Translation 自由译(意译)自由译(意译) v 3:Faithful T

26、ranslation 忠实翻译忠实翻译 7:Idiomatic Translation 地道的翻译地道的翻译v 4:Semantic Translation 语义翻译语义翻译 8:Communicative Translation 交际翻译交际翻译v 从逐字对译到改写是一个连续体,逐字对译与原文的形式最为对应,改写最强调译人从逐字对译到改写是一个连续体,逐字对译与原文的形式最为对应,改写最强调译人语的流畅性。可以看出,从逐字对译到改写,译者的自由度越来越大,译文在形式上语的流畅性。可以看出,从逐字对译到改写,译者的自由度越来越大,译文在形式上与原文的距离越来越远。与原文的距离越来越远。v Q1

27、 Which method(s) can fulfill the two main aims of translation: accuracy and economy?v Key: Semantic and communicative translation can fulfill the two aims of translation, which are first accuracy, second, economy. v 古今中外提法颇多古今中外提法颇多: :v 直译和意译直译和意译v 泰特勒的泰特勒的三原则三原则v 严复的信达雅:严复的信达雅: 信信是指准确地传达原文的内容,是指准确地

28、传达原文的内容, 达达指译文使用标准汉语即语言应通俗明白,指译文使用标准汉语即语言应通俗明白,雅雅指译文的美学价值,他体现在修辞,文体,指译文的美学价值,他体现在修辞,文体,韵律,诗意和心理等韵律,诗意和心理等5 5个方面个方面 事实是事实是, ,上述标准都只能适应某上述标准都只能适应某一种或几种文本。一种或几种文本。v纽马克认为纽马克认为: :v翻译标准必须能够衡量某种翻译方法是翻译标准必须能够衡量某种翻译方法是否准确,是否最大限度地重现原文的意否准确,是否最大限度地重现原文的意义。义。v他提出的翻译标准他提出的翻译标准: : 准确准确(accurate,(accurate,内容准确内容准确

29、, ,事实准确事实准确, ,风格准确风格准确) )和和简洁简洁(economical)(economical)v他认为只有他认为只有语义翻译法语义翻译法和和交际翻译法交际翻译法能能达到这个目的。达到这个目的。v译 文 是 否 准 确 可 通 过译 文 是 否 准 确 可 通 过 回 译回 译 ( b a ck ( b a ck translation)translation)来检验。来检验。v 1. A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. 译文应该完全传达原文的意思译文

30、应该完全传达原文的意思v 2. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. 译文的风格和笔调应与原文的一致译文的风格和笔调应与原文的一致v 3. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. 译文应像原文一样流畅译文应像原文一样流畅v Q2 At which level does a semantic translation is written, the authors

31、or the readerships? How about a communicative translation?v Key: A semantic translation is written at the authors linguistic level, a communicative is at the readerships. 作者作者交际翻译交际翻译读者读者语义翻译语义翻译v Q3 What kinds of texts is each method used for ?v Key: A semantic translation is used for expressive te

32、xts, a communicative for informative, and vocative. ExpressiveCommunicative TranslationInformativevocativeSemantic Translation表达型表达型文本文本交际翻译交际翻译信息型和信息型和呼唤型文本呼唤型文本语义翻译语义翻译v Q4 The similar treatment in the two methods?Q4 The similar treatment in the two methods?v Key:Key: Semantic and communicative tr

33、anslation treat Semantic and communicative translation treat the following items similarly: the following items similarly: stockstock and and dead dead metaphorsmetaphors, normal collocations, technical terms, , normal collocations, technical terms, slang, colloquialisms, standard notices, phaticism

34、s, slang, colloquialisms, standard notices, phaticisms, ordinary language.ordinary language. v 纽马克认为翻译是有规则可循的。要使原作内容和译文内容等同,译纽马克认为翻译是有规则可循的。要使原作内容和译文内容等同,译文中所采用的比喻、谚语、成语、俗语、词项、语序在语言的使用频文中所采用的比喻、谚语、成语、俗语、词项、语序在语言的使用频率上应与原文等同。率上应与原文等同。v A A dead metaphordead metaphor is a metaphor which has is a metap

35、hor which has lost the lost the original imagery of its meaningoriginal imagery of its meaning due to extensive, due to extensive, repetitive popular usage. Because dead metaphors repetitive popular usage. Because dead metaphors have a conventional meaning that differs from the have a conventional m

36、eaning that differs from the original, they can be understood without knowing their original, they can be understood without knowing their earlier connotation. Dead metaphors are generally the earlier connotation. Dead metaphors are generally the result of a semantic shift in the evolution of a resu

37、lt of a semantic shift in the evolution of a language.language.v flowerflowerbedbedv headheadteacherteacher v to to runrun for office for office v to lose to lose faceface v to lend a to lend a handhandv已经普遍为人所知的隐喻,有些学者称为已经普遍为人所知的隐喻,有些学者称为“死的隐喻死的隐喻”(dead (dead metaphor)metaphor)。死隐喻的隐含意思已经成为。死隐喻的隐含意

38、思已经成为常规词义常规词义,即所谓,即所谓比喻意义比喻意义,所以有些学者认为这些隐喻已经不能算是隐喻。例如所以有些学者认为这些隐喻已经不能算是隐喻。例如“山腰山腰”的的“腰腰”,原来大概是个比喻,今天已经约定俗成,我们不再觉得是个,原来大概是个比喻,今天已经约定俗成,我们不再觉得是个比喻。比喻。“铁拳铁拳”、“蚕食蚕食”、“鲸吞鲸吞”、“酝酿酝酿”、“覆没覆没”,都属,都属于这种情况。比喻意义不同于比喻。我们用祖国的心脏来比喻首都,于这种情况。比喻意义不同于比喻。我们用祖国的心脏来比喻首都,但首都不是心脏的意义。更有甚者,用来比喻的意思逐渐成了主要的但首都不是心脏的意义。更有甚者,用来比喻的意

39、思逐渐成了主要的意思,原来的意思反倒被人淡忘了,例如意思,原来的意思反倒被人淡忘了,例如“穷困穷困”原指走投无路,用原指走投无路,用来比喻没钱,这个比喻义现在成了穷困的主要意思,乃至于我们很难来比喻没钱,这个比喻义现在成了穷困的主要意思,乃至于我们很难用另外什么表达方式来称谓没钱的状况。这是词义转变的一例。用另外什么表达方式来称谓没钱的状况。这是词义转变的一例。“桌桌腿腿”、“桌面桌面”、“发火发火”、“责任责任”也属此类。也属此类。v Stock metaphorStock metaphor也叫也叫standard metaphorstandard metaphor就是就是常见常见隐喻隐喻、

40、标准隐标准隐喻喻。v 比如,比如,on the eve ofon the eve of表示在某一事件的前一天或前夕;表示在某一事件的前一天或前夕;keep the pot boilingkeep the pot boiling表示养家糊口;表示养家糊口;in a fogin a fog表示表示mentally confumentally confusedsed,not sure what is not sure what is happeninghappening;get in touch with someoneget in touch with someone表示表示to to conta

41、ct someone by either phonecontact someone by either phone,faxfax,or or emailemailv 纽马克在纽马克在翻译文体探讨翻译文体探讨( (第第88889191页页) )一书中,提出一书中,提出stock metaphorstock metaphor的七种翻译方法,下面将予以介绍。的七种翻译方法,下面将予以介绍。从逻辑上看纽马克的归纳比较详尽,其他类型的隐喻也不从逻辑上看纽马克的归纳比较详尽,其他类型的隐喻也不外乎使用这几种方法或其组合,所以下面介绍中所举的例外乎使用这几种方法或其组合,所以下面介绍中所举的例子就不一定是子

42、就不一定是stook metaphorstook metaphor。需要指出,每个隐喻。需要指出,每个隐喻的翻译不只一种方法,不同的场合,需要作出不同选择:的翻译不只一种方法,不同的场合,需要作出不同选择:v 1.1.直译直译( (在译入语中再现相同意象在译入语中再现相同意象) )。条件是该意象在译入。条件是该意象在译入语中出现频率、常用程度和文体相当:语中出现频率、常用程度和文体相当:a ray of hopea ray of hope一线希望,一线希望,spend money like waterspend money like water花钱如流水花钱如流水( (也也可借用可借用“挥金如

43、土挥金如土”) );be armed to the teethbe armed to the teeth武装武装到牙齿,到牙齿,crocodile tearscrocodile tears鳄鱼的眼泪,鳄鱼的眼泪,God helps God helps those who help themselvesthose who help themselves自助者天助也。自助者天助也。v 这几个例子,除了前两对正好相当外,其余几个还是有外这几个例子,除了前两对正好相当外,其余几个还是有外来痕迹。既直译,又要符合来痕迹。既直译,又要符合“出现频率、常用程度和文体出现频率、常用程度和文体相当相当”的标准是

44、非常困难的。的标准是非常困难的。v 2.2.借用借用( (用标准的译人语意象替代源语意象用标准的译人语意象替代源语意象) )。v sunny smilesunny smile 灿烂的微笑;灿烂的微笑;Among the blind the one-eyed Among the blind the one-eyed man is kingman is king山中没老虎,猴子称霸王;山中没老虎,猴子称霸王;He who keeps He who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howlcompany with the wolf will lea

45、rn to howl近朱者赤,近近朱者赤,近墨者黑;墨者黑;Old dog will not learn new tricksOld dog will not learn new tricks人过三十不学艺;人过三十不学艺;Talk of the devil (and he will appear)Talk of the devil (and he will appear)说到曹操,曹操就说到曹操,曹操就到;到;v 物不平则鸣物不平则鸣Injustice will cr y outInjustice will cr y out负荆请罪负荆请罪abject abject apologiesapo

46、logies;v 又如又如burn oneburn ones boats(bridges)s boats(bridges),用来比喻,用来比喻“不留后路,下定不留后路,下定决心干到底决心干到底”,意思同汉语的,意思同汉语的“破釜沉舟破釜沉舟”,形象稍有差异;,形象稍有差异;kill kill the goose to get the eggsthe goose to get the eggs比喻只贪图眼前利益,没有长远打算,比喻只贪图眼前利益,没有长远打算,与汉语与汉语“杀鸡取卵杀鸡取卵”意思相同,喻体也相近。意思相同,喻体也相近。v 上述几例中,有些可能产生文化冲突,如上述几例中,有些可能产

47、生文化冲突,如“说到曹操,曹操就到说到曹操,曹操就到”。v 3.3.把把隐喻翻译为明喻隐喻翻译为明喻,保留原来的意象,这样可以避免隐喻造成的,保留原来的意象,这样可以避免隐喻造成的突兀。突兀。v 如:如:龙飞风舞龙飞风舞like dragons flying and phoenixes dancinglike dragons flying and phoenixes dancing;狗咬吕洞宾,不识好人心狗咬吕洞宾,不识好人心Like the dog that bit Lu Tung-pin-Like the dog that bit Lu Tung-pin-you bite the hand

48、 that feeds youyou bite the hand that feeds youv 4.4.直译直译+ +意译意译( (把比喻翻译为把比喻翻译为比喻比喻+ +意思意思) )。v A skeleton in the closetA skeleton in the closet衣柜里的骷髅,见不得人的事儿;衣柜里的骷髅,见不得人的事儿;v 龙飞凤舞龙飞凤舞like dragons flying and phoenixes dancing-bold like dragons flying and phoenixes dancing-bold cursive calligraphycur

49、sive calligraphy;v Pandoras boxPandoras box潘多拉的盒子潘多拉的盒子灾难、麻烦、祸害的根源;灾难、麻烦、祸害的根源;v 病来如山倒,病去如抽丝病来如山倒,病去如抽丝Getting better is always a lengthy Getting better is always a lengthy businessbusinessYou know what they sayYou know what they say“Sickness comes Sickness comes like an avalanche but goes like reel

50、ing silklike an avalanche but goes like reeling silk”v 5.5.意译意译( (把比喻转换为意思把比喻转换为意思) )。v Every family is said to have at least Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in one skeleton in the cupboardthe cupboard据说家家户户至少也有据说家家户户至少也有一桩丑事一桩丑事;v The teenagers donThe teenagers dont invite Bob to

51、 their parties t invite Bob to their parties because he is because he is a wet blanketa wet blanket青少年们不邀请鲍勃参加他们青少年们不邀请鲍勃参加他们的聚会因为他是的聚会因为他是一个令人扫兴的人一个令人扫兴的人;v Old dog will not learn new tricksOld dog will not learn new tricks老人学不了新东西;老人学不了新东西;v AchillesAchillesheelheel惟一致命弱点;惟一致命弱点;v meet onemeet one

52、s Waterloos Waterloo一败涂地;一败涂地;v 说得说得天花乱坠天花乱坠,不由得尤老娘不肯,不由得尤老娘不肯He He painted such a glowing painted such a glowing picturepicture that naturally old Mrs. You agreed that naturally old Mrs. You agreedv 阿基里斯阿基里斯(拉丁语:(拉丁语:AchillesAchilles)是海洋女神忒提斯()是海洋女神忒提斯(ThetisThetis)与国)与国王佩琉斯(王佩琉斯(PeleusPeleus)的儿子,他

53、是所有英雄之中最耀眼的一位,也)的儿子,他是所有英雄之中最耀眼的一位,也是战无不胜的。荷马在伊利亚特中花了很大的篇幅对之进行描写。是战无不胜的。荷马在伊利亚特中花了很大的篇幅对之进行描写。他历来以其勇气,俊美和体力著称。典型的反英雄他历来以其勇气,俊美和体力著称。典型的反英雄(antihero)(antihero)。他。他对雅典娜(对雅典娜(AthenaAthena)和赫拉()和赫拉(HeraHera)非常尊敬。)非常尊敬。 v 他的母亲是不死的,所以她也希望自己的孩子不死。忒提斯每次生育他的母亲是不死的,所以她也希望自己的孩子不死。忒提斯每次生育之后,无一例外都将孩子放到天火中炼,但都以失败

54、告终。在阿基里之后,无一例外都将孩子放到天火中炼,但都以失败告终。在阿基里斯出生后,忒提斯照样捏着他的脚踝将他浸泡在冥河斯提克斯(一说斯出生后,忒提斯照样捏着他的脚踝将他浸泡在冥河斯提克斯(一说天火)中,使他全身刀枪不入,惟有脚踝,即忒提斯手握着的地方是天火)中,使他全身刀枪不入,惟有脚踝,即忒提斯手握着的地方是例外,此即西谚例外,此即西谚“阿基里斯之踵阿基里斯之踵”的来源。的来源。v 后来,阿基里斯被赫克托尔弟弟帕里斯一箭射中了脚踝而死去。后人后来,阿基里斯被赫克托尔弟弟帕里斯一箭射中了脚踝而死去。后人常以常以“阿基里斯之踵阿基里斯之踵”譬喻这样一个道理:即使是再强大的英雄,他譬喻这样一个道

55、理:即使是再强大的英雄,他也有致命的死穴或软肋。也有致命的死穴或软肋。v 6.6.删除删除。v 如果隐喻多余或没有什么意义,可以删除。如果隐喻多余或没有什么意义,可以删除。v 例如:他不但不去管束,反例如:他不但不去管束,反助纣为虐助纣为虐讨好。讨好。He had not checked He had not checked his disgraceful behavior but actually abetted him in his disgraceful behavior but actually abetted him in order to curry favororder to c

56、urry favorv 7.7.直译直译+ +解释解释。v To carry coals to NewcastleTo carry coals to Newcastle运煤到纽卡斯尔,多此一举运煤到纽卡斯尔,多此一举。( (注:注:“纽卡斯尔纽卡斯尔”是英国的一个产煤中心地,运煤到此是多余的事是英国的一个产煤中心地,运煤到此是多余的事) );v 班门弄斧班门弄斧show off oneshow off ones skill with the axe before Lu s skill with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenterBan the

57、master carpenter,也可直接翻译意思:,也可直接翻译意思:show off show off oneones talents talentskill before an expertskill before an expert;v 卧薪尝胆卧薪尝胆sleep on brush-wood and taste gall-undergo sleep on brush-wood and taste gall-undergo self-imposed hardship(to strengthen oneself-imposed hardship(to strengthen ones res

58、olve to s resolve to wipe out a national humiliation or to accomplish some wipe out a national humiliation or to accomplish some ambition)ambition)。expressive expressive componentscomponentscultural cultural componentscomponentsexpressive expressive texttextif not literally, if not literally, render

59、ed rendered closelycloselytransferred transferred intactintactinformative informative texttextnormalized or normalized or toned downtoned downtransferred and transferred and explained with explained with culturally culturally neutral termsneutral termsv Q4 How to deal with the expressive and cultura

60、l components in different texts?v Q5 How to use the two methods to deal with badly and/or inaccurately written passages?v Key: Badly and/or inaccurately written passages must remain so in translation if they are expressive, although translator should comment on any mistakes of factual or moral truth

61、, if appropriate. However, it should be corrected in communicative translation.DifferencesSemantic Translationpersonal & individual; follow the thought process of the author; tend to over-tanslate; persue nuances of meaning; aim at concision in order to reproduce pragmatic impact; normally inferior

62、to its original; to interpretsocial; concentrate on the message and the main force of the text; tend to under-translate; to be simple, clear and brief; written in a natural and resourceful style;often better than its original; to explainv Q6 How to understand the differences between semantic transla

63、tion and communicative translation?Semantic TranslationCommunicative TranslationDifference1. personal & individual; 2. the thought process of the author; 3. tend to over-translate; 4. persue nuances of meaning; 5. aim at concision in order to reproduce pragmatic impact; 6. normally inferior to its o

64、riginal; 7. to interpret1. social; 2. message and main force of text; 3. tend to under-translate; 4. simple, clear and brief; 5. written in a natural and resourceful style;6. often better than its original;7. to explainv Q6 How to understand the differences between semantic translation and communica

65、tive translation?v 语义翻译比交际翻译复杂精细语义翻译比交际翻译复杂精细, ,较笨拙晦涩较笨拙晦涩, ,重在再现原文作者的思维重在再现原文作者的思维过程而不是他的意图过程而不是他的意图, ,倾向于过译倾向于过译, ,即选用的词是比原文的词更专的特即选用的词是比原文的词更专的特指词指词, ,为了表现意义的细微差别为了表现意义的细微差别, ,译文词汇往往增添了原文没有的意思。译文词汇往往增添了原文没有的意思。v 交际翻译则更通顺、简朴、清晰、直接、更合乎译语习惯交际翻译则更通顺、简朴、清晰、直接、更合乎译语习惯, ,采用的语采用的语域与原文一致域与原文一致, ,倾向于欠译倾向于欠

66、译, ,即遇到难译的词便使用包罗万象的泛指词。即遇到难译的词便使用包罗万象的泛指词。交际翻译的译文通常比语义翻译的译文长交际翻译的译文通常比语义翻译的译文长, ,因为后者没有帮助读者理因为后者没有帮助读者理解的多余词汇。解的多余词汇。v Q7 How to understand the following viewpoint: “semantic translation and communicative translation must be seen as wholes”?v Key: Key: 语义翻译与交际翻译二者往往有重合而不能绝对地区分开来。语义翻译与交际翻译二者往往有重合而不能绝对地区分开来。v 如果原文信息带有普遍性如果原文信息带有普遍性, ,不带文化特性不带文化特性, ,信息内容的重要性与表达信息的方信息内容的重要性与表达信息的方式和手段同等重要式和手段同等重要, ,而译文读者的知识水平和兴趣又与原文读者相当而译文读者的知识水平和兴趣又与原文读者相当, ,就可以就可以同时采用语义翻译和交际翻译同时采用语义翻译和交际翻译, ,应该说这是最应该说这是最“ “理想理想” ”

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