语音学Lectu课件

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1、语音学Lectu课件Vowels of American English Here the vowels of American English are plotted according to the point of primary obstruction by the tongue in the articulation of the sound. Low refers not only to the position of the tongue but the jaw as well.语音学Lectu课件Vowels of British English Here is another

2、 quadrilaterial with samples of British vowels as posted by Tony Robinson. His samples are of one person pronouncing words with a hVd frame (hood, hid, had, whod, hayed, etc.) 语音学Lectu课件General American English Vowels语音学Lectu课件BBC Vowels Sets语音学Lectu课件Vowel Charts (I) There are various levels of rea

3、lism/idealism we can use in drawing vowel charts. The actual physical distribution of tongue body positions is close to being an ellipse For some reason, printers dont like charts that look like ellipses.语音学Lectu课件Vowel Charts (II) The IPA vowel chart makes the ellipse look closer to being a rectang

4、le, but still preserves much of the relative spacing of the vowels.语音学Lectu课件Vowel Charts ( III) A very idealized (and ruthlessly rectangular) vowel chart is usually used in the North American tradition.语音学Lectu课件Phonetic Alphabets In this course, we will be learning to use the phonetic alphabet dev

5、eloped by the International Phonetic Association. In this section, we look at some of the reasons why a special phonetic alphabet is necessary and then some of the background of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Writing things the way they sound How not to do it Problems with using English

6、spelling conventions Ways to overcome the problem The IPA The International Phonetic Association 1.The International Phonetic Alphabet 语音学Lectu课件Writing things the way they sound The standard system used to write a language is called its orthography (from Greek stems: ortho- correct, graphy writing)

7、. Even for languages whose writing systems are based on alphabets, the standard correct spellings often have little to do with how the words are pronounced. Phonetic alphabets are designed (and necessary) for writing down utterances in a way that records how they sounded. Ideally, someone who never

8、heard the original utterance should be able to recreate it simply by reading the written transcription out loud. 语音学Lectu课件How Not to Do it Fiction writers will often try to give the impression that a speaker is using a different accent by deliberately misspelling some randomly chosen words. Pets th

9、im animals may be, an domestic they be, but pigs Im blame sure they do be, an me rules says plain as the nose on yer face, Pigs Franklin to Westcote, thirty cints each. An Misther Morehouse, by me arithmetical knowledge two time thurty comes to sixty cints. Ellis Parker Butler, Pigs is pigs Pears la

10、k she should pay some tention to her fifth husban, or leastwise her foth, but she don. I don understan wimmin. Seem lak evbody settin fire to somethin evtime I turn my back. Wonder any buildins standin in the whole gahdam United States. James Thurber, Bateman comes home“语音学Lectu课件Why Not There are s

11、everal problems with trying to use ordinary English spelling conventions to suggest how a word is pronounced. Firstly, doing so usually has offensive connotations. Writers seldom use misspelling for the speech of characters they are trying to get you to respect. While the misspellings may help sugge

12、st that a character speaks differently (from whom?), it usually also implies that the character is stupid or illiterate. (This is especially obvious with misspellings like sez that suggest a pronunciation which is almost certainly identical to pronunciation used by the writer.) 语音学Lectu课件More import

13、antly, English spelling conventions are not consistent enough to be used in a systematic phonetic transcription. The same letter or letter combination can refer to different sounds. low vs. cow vs. bow, row, sow The same sound can be written with different letters or letter combinations. sound, cow,

14、 bough Different dialects pronounce the same word differently. Good only for English (at best) 语音学Lectu课件Overcoming the Problems Several writing systems have been developed which are more concerned with how a word sounds than with how it has traditionally been spelled. Shorthand systems (e.g., Pitma

15、n shorthand) Traditional dictionary keys Informal transcription conventions Specialized alphabets, e.g., George Bernard Shaws Proposed English Alphabet 1.the International Phonetic Alphabet 语音学Lectu课件Shorthand Systems Many of the shorthand systems developed for English in the last couple of centurie

16、s use the idea of writing down words the way they sound, rather than the way they are spelt - a large motivation being the time saved in not writing silent letters. 语音学Lectu课件Traditional Dictionary Keys English dictionaries usually give the pronunciation of a word as part of its entry. In Websters d

17、ictionary, for example, you will find that the pronunciation of knight is nt and cat is kt. In order to understand these pronunciation entries, you have to learn what sounds are meant by symbols like and . As consistent as they can be made for a single dialect of English, both shorthand systems and

18、the traditional dictionary pronunciation keys will suffer from the same problems as ordinary orthography when it comes to discussing the differences between dialects.语音学Lectu课件Informal Transcription Conventions Professional linguists, particularly those in the North American tradition, have over the

19、 past century developed a collection of symbols for use in phonetic transcriptions. Many of these are identical to the symbols used in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), but there are also several differences.语音学Lectu课件 Many of these differences made it easier to type the symbols on a typewr

20、iter - instead of leaving a space where an F should have been and writing it in by hand later, you could type an ordinary s and only have to put the check mark on later. Unfortunately, this set of transcription conventions was never standardized. While some of the symbols were used the same way by a

21、lmost everybody, most were not. If you read a particular symbol in a linguistics article, you could never be certain what sound it was supposed to represent. 语音学Lectu课件Specialized Alphabets A more radical solution is to create an entirely new alphabet. Several proposals for new alphabets have been m

22、ade over the centuries. One example is George Bernard Shaws proposed alphabet for English. The only proposed alphabet which has achieved widespread use is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), used by phoneticians, linguists, speech/language pathologists, and increasingly by dictionary makers a

23、nd second language teachers.语音学Lectu课件The IPA The initials IPA are used for both the International Phonetic Alphabet and for the International Phonetic Association which created it. It should usually be clear which one is being referred to.语音学Lectu课件The International Phonetic Association founded in

24、France in 1886 most original members were language teachers. (Until 1897, its name was the Phonetic Teachers Association.) published the first version of its alphabet in 1888. The aim of the IPA is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. T

25、he latest version of the IPA Alphabet was published in 1993 (updated in 1996).语音学Lectu课件The International Phonetic Alphabet Guiding principle: one sound = one symbol a different symbol for each distinctive sound the same symbol should be used for that sound in every language which uses it simple sym

26、bols for major sounds (from the roman alphabet where possible) diacritics for more minor modifications 语音学Lectu课件Symbol Sources Roman small letters Capitals with the size cut down Italics uprighted Obsolete letters Greek letters adapted New symbols (turning the letters upside down, writing two lette

27、rs together)语音学Lectu课件Diacritics A mark added to a letter to indicate a special phonetic value or distinguish words that are otherwise graphically identical. Diacritics are used to show the shades of sounds which are not identical by the plain symbols.语音学Lectu课件IPA Symbols for English Consonants Str

28、aight forward symbols Not-so-straight forward symbols New symbols语音学Lectu课件Straight Forward Symbols The following IPA symbols are used for the same sounds as the letters represent in standard English orthography. p, b, t, d, l, m, f, v, w语音学Lectu课件Not-So-Straight Forward Symbols The following IPA sy

29、mbols may be used slightly differently (or more consistently) than they are in ordinary English orthography. j is used completely differently. You should take special care in using these. 语音学Lectu课件Foundation of Linguistics by Franklin C. Southworth and C.J.Daswani Labial唇音Apical舌尖音Laminal or dorsal

30、唇背音Glot-tal声门音 Bilabi-al双唇音Labio-dental唇齿音Dent-al齿音Alveo-lar齿龈音 Palatal腭音Ve-lar软腭音Uvu-lar悬雍垂音Stop(plo-sives)塞音Voice-less清音p tckq Voiced浊音b d g Frica-tives (spir-ants)摩擦音Voice-less清音 f s x hVoiced浊音 v z Nasals鼻音 m n Trills颤音 r Later-als舌边音 l 语音学Lectu课件k cake crack quick The k sound may be spelled wit

31、h orthographic k, c, ck, or q.语音学Lectu课件g In English spelling, the letter g sometimes represents the first sound of get (hard g) and sometimes the first sound of gem (soft g) - and sometimes represents no sound at all, as in night! The IPA symbol g always represents only the hard g sound of get. get

32、 give Rog语音学Lectu课件s Note that orthographic s often represents z instead of s. Note that the sound s is often spelled with orthographic c. sake peace, piece Sell语音学Lectu课件z Note that the sound z is often spelled with orthographic s, and that some orthographic zs are not z, e.g., pizza. zone lazy kno

33、ws, nose语音学Lectu课件n n is always used for the sound in now or sun. It is not used for the sound that is spelled with the combination ng. when nose, knows语音学Lectu课件h h is always used for the sound in happy or here. It is not used as in English spelling in combinations like ch, sh, th.语音学Lectu课件j The y

34、 sound of English is represented with the IPA symbol j, similar to the way it is spelled in German orthography. yes yellow Cute语音学Lectu课件New symbols The following sounds are represented with new symbols not found in the English alphabet. W, T, F, V, tF, dV, N, 语音学Lectu课件TranscriptionDefinitionKinds

35、of transcriptionsNarrow transcriptionBroad transcription语音学Lectu课件Definition Phonetic transcription is a method of writing down speech sounds in a systematic and consistent way. In phonetic study it can serve as an aid to the description of speech sounds, and bring spelling and pronunciation into co

36、nformity.语音学Lectu课件Kinds of Transcriptions There is no such thing as the transcription of a word. Strictly speaking, you can only transcribe how, for example, Kevin Russell uttered that word cat at 12:58:03 pm on January 15, 1997. You can transcribe that utterance as exactly as possible, within the

37、limits of your hearing and the conventions provided by the IPA. If you want to go beyond that, to try to describe how Kevin Russell pronounces the word in general, or further still to how English speakers pronounce it in general, then you have to start making abstractions - you have to decide which

38、details to include and which details to ignore. Its common to distinguish between two kinds of transcription, based on how many details the transcribers decide to ignore: narrow transcription and broad transcription语音学Lectu课件Narrow Transcription Narrow transcription: captures as many aspects of a sp

39、ecific pronunciation as possible and ignores as few details as possible. Using the diacritics provided in the IPA, it is possible to make very subtle distinctions between sounds. 语音学Lectu课件Broad Transcription Broad transciption (or phonemic transcription): ignores as many details as possible, capturing only enough aspects of a pronunciation to show how that word differs from other words in the language.