新概念英语第二册语法总结材料

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1、word新概念英语二册语法详解和总结一、学习前的准备新概念英语第二册旨在全面训练学生的4项技能、理解、口语、阅读、写作。使学生具有使用语言的能力。一般来说，具有以下知识便可进入新概念英语第二册的学习：1、动词be与have现在时与过去时的根本用法。 2、现在进展时，能够识别并懂得如何构成。 3、一般现在时：能够识别；懂得动词第3人称单数上添加-s, -es, 或 -ies后缀。 4、一般过去时：能够识别并会运用常见的规划动词与不规如此动词的一般过去时形态。 5、过去进展时：能够识别。 6、现在完成时一般：能够识别。 7、过去完成时：能够识别。 8、将来时：能够认识并运用going to, sh

2、all与will构成将来时。 9、助动词：can, may与must的根本用法；能够识别could, might与would的形式。 10、能够用do/does/did等助动词造疑问句与否认句；能运用疑问代词与副词。 11、能够回答以助动词与疑问词开头的问句。 12、副词：能够用-ly与-ily后缀组成副词；能够识别well, hard, fast等特例。 13、冠词：定冠词与不定冠词。懂得a/an/the的根本用法；some, any, no, much, many, a lot of 接可数、不可数名词的用法。 14、名词：能够用-s, -es，-ves后缀组成名词复数形式；会用常见的不规

3、如此复数形式：men, women, children, teeth r等形式。 15、代词：人称代词、所有格代词、反身代词；所有符号“加s(s)。 16、形容词：根本用法；规如此的比拟级；不规如此的比拟级：good, bad, much与little. 17、介词：常见的地点、时间、方位介词的用法。 18、关系代词：能够识别并使用who/whom, which/that。 19、this/that; these/those。 20、省略形式：its, Im, isnt, didnt等。 21、There is/it is; there are/they are。 22、祈使句。 23、一周7

4、天的名称、日期、季节、数字、时辰今天、昨天、明天等。 24、报时。二、新概念英语第二册语法知识总结和详解1.简单句的结构: 主语+谓语+宾语+状语地点状语+方式状语+时间状语时间状语还可以放在句首2.一般现在时，现在进展时感叹句：what+名词+主语+谓语，how+形容词/副词+主语+谓语频度副词：位于主语和谓语之间，常见频度副词与其程度的深浅：always, often, usually, frequently, sometimes, hardly, rarely, seldom, neverI always buy CDs on Sundays.直接宾语和间接宾语：主语与物动词间接宾语直接

5、宾语直接宾语是与物动词的直接对象，间接宾语是与物动词的动作所涉与的人或事务，也可以说间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，或者是为谁做的。所以间接宾语要用名词或者宾格代词来担当。He gives me a book.me间接宾语, a book直接宾语直接宾语和间接宾语的位置调换时要加一个介词to或for，to表示动作对谁而做，for表示动作为谁而做。主语与物动词直接宾语介词+间接宾语Give the book to me.Send a letter to him.I bought a coat for my mother.4.现在完成时，注意频度与时间副词的位置receive/take5.复习：一般过

6、去时与现在完成时的区别in the way/on the way/in this way/by the way/in a way/get out of my way/Dont stand in my way./by the way/no wayspare/to spare6.冠词用法一1不定冠词用于修饰单数可数名词，当一个单词的第一个发音为元音时要用冠词an, 如果是辅音用a即可。2不定冠词还可以用来修饰一类事物，有时候也可以省略：A cat is a lovely animal. Cat is a lovely animal.3不可数名词加冠词表示一类事物：Apple is a fruit.

7、4如果特制某人,某物或上文提过的人或物时要用定冠词the5Some表示一些，可以修饰可数名词与不可数名词。6在某某，城市，地名，过名，月份，节日，星期前不加冠词，季节前也一般不加，特指时加。put on/take off/look for/look after/knock at/knock sth. off/knock off/knock %off/knock over/knock out7.过去进展时，时间状语短语：在短语中动词后面的介词或副词叫小品词，有些小品词既可以紧跟在动词后面也可以跟在动词的宾语后面，而有些如此只能紧跟着动词使用。单音节词的比拟级最高级：u直接加-er, -est:

8、small-smaller, smallestu以e结尾的加-r, -st: large-larger, largestu以辅音字母加y结尾的词变y为i加-er, -est: busy-busier, busiestu重读闭音节结尾的词，双写最后一个辅音字母再加-er, -est：big-bigger, biggest以ow, er, le结尾的双音节词和个别单音节词也直接加-er, -est：narrow, mon, clever, simple，polite, quiet多音节词与双音节词：more/less, most/lest不规如此变化：good/bad/many/little/fa

9、r少数单音节词也要通过加more/less, most/lest构成比拟级和最高级：pleased, glad, tired, fond,注意：形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the 不定代词的用法，如果不定代词做主语，谓语动词要用单数：Everyone is here.enter/enter for9.介词表示时间uin:表示一天中的某段时间：in the morning/afternoon/evening表示月份/年份：in March, in 1990表示季节：in spring/winterin+一段时间可以表示在一段时间之内也可以表示在一段时间之后，可以与现在时，过去时和将来时连用。uon

10、:表示星期：on Monday表示具体日期：on June 1st表示具体时间：on that day/that evening/on that nightuat:表示确切时间：at 10 oclock表示用餐时间：at lunch time/teatime表示其他时刻：at noon/night/midnight, at this timeuduring+一段时间ufromtillutill/untill直到not any=no，语气更强10.被动语态：结构：be+过去分词用法：u主语不清或不需要提与时I was born in 1999. The apple was eaten. u强调不

11、同的主语时，为了说明动作是谁做的，用by+动作执行者The policeman caught the thief. The thief was caught by the policeman.Be made in/be made of/be made from/be made by双重名词所有格：one of +形容词性物主代词/名词所有格+名词复数单数名词+of+名词性物主代词/名词所有格one of my fathers friends/a friend of my fathersone of my friends/a friend of mineone of your records/a

12、 record of yours1. 复习动词不定式做宾补的用法：want/help/ask/teach/advise sb. to do, 代词要用宾格形式borrow/lend, salary/wages2. 一般将来时：be going to结构的用法be+副词词组：be away/be back/be out/be in/be over/be on/be up to sb./sth.set out=set off, set up=create3. 将来进展时：名词所有格：如果名词复数以S结尾一般只加，如果名词是以S结尾的专有名词如人名，可以加S, 也可以直接加，如：Keats work

13、, the Johns house 名词所有格也可以用来表示无生命的1 时间：todays, new centrys2 国家，城市名词：the countrys, the citys3 机构组织：the stations waiting room, the universitys library4 车，船，用具: the cars wheel, the puters harddisk5 专有结构：at ones wits end,6 价值：ten pounds worth of meat, 7 时间：in twenty minutes time4. 过去完成时：ask/ask forexcep

14、t/except for/apart fromwhich of/neither of/both of/neither of5. 直接引语/间接引语一如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时，那么间接引语要做相应变化：时态，人称，时间地点与指示词u时态变化：一般现在时一般过去时现在进展时过去进展时一般过去时过去完成时现在完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时be going towas/were going to/wouldcan-couldmay-mightu时间地点与指示词的变化：herethere, tomorrowthe next day, the following day, thisthatu人

15、称变化：根据句意改变人称。Nervous/irritableOffice/study/deskafford6. 条件状语从句：主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时，有时为了强调“能够，“必须还可以用情态动词police/policemanpay attention to/care for/take care ofremind/rememberone/you可以指任何人：One must never tell lies. You must never tell lies.7. 情态动词：must/have toas作为介词，以身份，与like一样as作为连词，因为，正当。时候，以。方式，如同。那样dr

16、ess/suit/costumegrow/grow up8. have用法give in, give away, give up, give upbeside/besides9. can/could/may/might might as well表示“还是。的好，“还不如。He will never pass. He might as well give up.10. 动名词：动名词1 动词的-ing形式在起名词作用时称为动名词。动名词可以做主语，标语，宾语，介词宾语定语即复合名词2 动名词的几种形式：主动形式被动形式一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving

17、 been done3. 做主语：Finding work is difficult now.Watching TV is my favorite pastime.4. 做表语：My main hobby is reading. One of her duties is growing roses.My job is teaching.5. 做宾语：I like taking with famous people.We enjoy learning English. The flowers need watering.6. 介词宾语：He is fond of watching footbal

18、l matches.He went away without saying a word.常用的一些加动名词的动词词组注意总结：take part in, look forward to , insist on, be interested in,7. 做定语：waiting room, swimming pool, washing machine, reading room, living room, drinking fountain(引水机)，parking slot8. 动名词的否认：在动名词前面加not,I am sorry for not asking you.Interested

19、/interesting, excited/exciting, amused/amusing1. 被动语态二will/must/can/would/could/have to be donehave/has been donemust have been donedrive 用法home/house2. 介词用法：见书3. 复习there be句型it做为虚主语可以用来表示时间，天气，温度，距离，人或指代一个句子或不定式。4. Summary of Unit two 5. 并列句我们可以将几个简单句连在一起,组成并列句,常用以下连词:and, but, so, yet, or, bothand

20、, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut as well, not onlybut also 主谓一致: u当主语由and , bothand 连接时,通常用复数谓语.Both the girls and the boy are his friends.u当主语由neither nor, eitheror, not onlybut also或or 连接时,谓语动词与 nor, or, but also后面的一致,在英语语法中，这被称为就近一致.Neither he nor I am going to the airport.Not only Mary but al

21、so her parents have gone abroad. 6. 一般现在时的复习,状态动词,标点符号的使用. 以下一些动词很少用与进展时态:appear(看起来), appreciate(鉴赏), believe(相信), feel(感觉到), forget(忘记), hear(听见), know(知道), like(喜欢), look like(看起来像), notice(注意到), remember(记得), resemble(形似), see(看到), think(认为), understand(理解), have(拥有),love(爱), seem(看起来), show(显示)

22、, mind(介意), sound(听起来), hate(讨厌), detest(憎恨), desire(意欲), 引号: n引号位于一行之上,应该在句尾其他标点符号, 如逗号,句号,问好之外.n引语的第一个词以大写字母开头.n在said, asked, 等词后面用逗号,只有当它们位于句尾时才在它们后面用句号.n当said, asked等词置于引语之间时,句子的后半局部以小写开头.n当一个新的说话人开始讲话时, 要另起一个段落.7. 复习一般过去时/不规如此过去式和过去分词常用不规如此动词过去式和过去分词在英语里约有300多个put up(搭建), put out(扑灭), put on(穿上

23、), put sb. up(为某人安排住宿), put up with(容忍), put down(抄写), put off(推迟), put away(放好，放到一边去)8. 现在完成时复习/定语从句(见复合句局部) l与现在完成时连用的时间副词:yet, just, before, recently, lately, ever, never, so far(迄今为止), up till now(直到现在), up to now(直到现在), since(自从), for a long time(很长时间), in the past/in the last few years(在过去的几年里

24、), these days(目前), l某些非延续性动词(动作开始变终止的动词), 在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配:例如:die, arrive, join, leave, go, refuse , fail, finish, buy, marry, divorce, awake, buy, borrow, lend, 这些动词并非不能用在现在完成时,而是不能接由for引导的时间状语.但是用在否认句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用.Jane has gone away for a month. (wrong)Jane has been away for a mo

25、nth.(right) His father has died for two years. (wrong)His father has been dead for two years.(right)has gone to (去了某地,指人还在那里), have been to (去过某地, 人已经不在那里了)。9. 一般过去时比照过去完成时,现在分词/过去分词refuse/deny, bring/take/fetch, very/too10. 冠词用法定冠词用法(1)特指(2)地理名词前加定冠词l河流the yellow riverl山脉the Alps, the Himalayasl海峡海

26、湾the Taiwan Straits, the English Channel(3)由普通名词构成的专有名词前要加定冠词l国名与政治组织名the United States, the United Kingdoml某些机构学校与建筑名the British Museuml由普通名词构成的报刊杂志名the New York Times, the Times零冠词1. 街名2. 广场名3. 车站, 机场, 公园, 桥梁名: Kennedy Airport, Beijing Railway Station, London Bridge4. 大学名Yale University, Cambridge

27、 University5. 节日名National Day, May Day, News Years Day6. 多数杂志名Time, Readers Digest7. 物质名词一般意义Water boils at 100 degrees. We can not live without air.8. 抽象名词Life is short. Art is difficult to appreciate.1. used to do 用法Used to do 表示过去常常做某事现在不做了I used to get up at seven oclock. Experience, save, very/

28、too2. 比拟级/最高级, 比拟状语从句见复合句-比拟状语从句A/one的区别3. 介词用法Passed/past, next/other4. 被动语态总结一般现在时: is/am/are done一般过去时: was/were done现在进展时: is/am/are being done现在完成时: have/has been done过去完成时: had been done一般将来时: will be done过去将来时: would be done过去进展时: was/were being done情态动词: can be done, must be done, could be d

29、one, may be done, might be done,情态动词完成式: can have been done, must have been done, could have been done, may have been done, might have been done,Call at(拜访某地), call out at(大声喊), call on(拜访某人), call sb up(给某人打), call off(取消)5. 主语+谓语(感官动词)+doing表示正在发生的事情,+do 表示已经完成的动作. So/suchSo+adj. /adv.such+n. 固定用法

30、：so many6. 一般将来时will/be going to do will/be going to do一般情况下可以相互替换,但是要表示说话人决定做某事或者表示建议,请求, 肯定或不肯定等含义时只能用will.Watch/look at/follow, solid/firm/stable7. 将来完成时Hold/look, look forward to(期望), look out(当心), look up (查询,), look sb. up(拜访某人)8. as if /though+虚拟语气, 过去完成时总结as if /though 常在描述行为的动词后面使用, 如act/lo

31、ok/feel/appear/smell/sound, 后面要用虚拟语气He looks as if he were a king. Her skin feels as if it were silk. The song sounds as if it were a sad story. He looked as if he had never lived in England. No soonerthan, hardlywhen, country/countryside, continuously, continually,No soonerthan 一就与过去完成时连用I had no s

32、ooner e into the room than it began to rain.The bell had no sooner rung than the game began.如果no sooner 放在句首, 主句的主谓结构倒装No sooner had I e into the room than it began to rain.No sooner had the bell rung than it began to rain.Hardlywhen 几乎没来得与就与过去完成时连用He had hardly got the money when the policeman caug

33、ht him.I had hardly finished the last question when the exam ended.如果hardlywhen放在句首, 主句的主谓结构倒装Hardly had he got the money when the policeman caught him.Hardly had I finished the last question when the exam ended.9. 直接引语变间接引语1. 引语前用that, 口语中可以省略2. 根据句意改变人称3. 时态变化: 一般现在时-一般过去时, 一般过去时-过去完成时, 一般将来时-过去将来

34、时, 现在进展时-过去进展时, 现在完成时-过去完成时, can-could, may-might, must-had to, 4. 一些指示代词与表示地点与时间的词this-that, these-those, now-then, today, tonight-that day, that night, this week-that week, yesterday-the day before, the previous day, last week- the week before, two days ago-two days before(earlier), tomorrow-the n

35、ext (following) day, next week-the following week, here-there, e, bring-go, take如果意思上没有必要改变就不用变了，比如在同一天说的话.She said she would e again tonight. He said he arrived yesterday morning.几种特殊的间接引语n特殊疑问句, 语序要变为陈述语序“Where are you going? he asked.He asked me where I was going.n一般疑问句, 要加if/whether“Will you e t

36、omorrow? he asked.He asked if I would e the next day.n祈使句要变为不定式, 所使用的谓语要根据语气来选择“Stay here, the policeman said. The policeman requested him to stay there.“Close the window, please, my mother said.My mother asked me to close the window. 常用的动词: advise, ask, beg, mand(命令), order, warn, tell, urge(催促), i

37、nvite, persuade, remind, forbid10. 虚拟语气在条件句中的用法, make/do 对现在事实的虚拟, if从句中谈论的是想象的情况,主句如此推测想象的结果结构: 主句用过去时, 从句用过去将来时If you came here earlier, you would catch the train. If you spent more time on studying, you would get better result.If I were you, I would accept this offer.注意: 如果if从句中的动词是be, 那么应该在第一和第三

38、人称单数名词后用were.Make/do用法make conversation(聊天), make the bed(铺床), make a promise(许诺), make trouble(找麻烦), make progress(取得进步), make money(赚钱), make a speech(演讲,讲话), make mistakes(犯错误), make up ones mind(下定决心)do ones best(尽最大努力), do ones homework(做家庭作业), do a few jobs(做家务), do sb. a favour(帮助), do work(工

39、作), do exercise(做练习), do shopping(购物), do business(做生意)1. 情态动词need, must, have to 1. need 一般作为实义动词使用l需要某物He needs a hat. Does he need a hat?l需要做某事need to doI need to have a rest. You need to finish your work.l需要被,主语与need 后的动词为被动关系:need doing=need to be doneThe flowers need watering. =The flowers nee

40、d to be watered.2. need用做情态动词时一般为否认形式neednt(不必要), 可以用来回答含有must, have to 的一般疑问句, 与dont have to 同义Must I wash the dishes? No, you neednt.3. need 完成式neednt have done4. mustnt 表示不应该,一般口气比拟强硬,没有商量.You mustnt get up late.Remark/observe, notice2. have 用法总结have a ride(骑), have a look(看), have a wash(洗), hav

41、e a swim(游泳), have a fight(打架), have quarrel(吵架), have a try(尝试), have a rest(休息), have a smoke(吸烟), have a good sleep(睡觉)Pick sb up(接), pick up(拿出,学习,找到), pick out(挑出), 3. 情态动词can/could/be able to do 1. can 表示可能性If you want, I can go with you.2. 表示天生或学到的能力, 可以用can/could/be able to do, 三者都可以用在现在时和过去

42、时中，在将来时中要用will be able to3. 表示现在正在发生的事要用canLook! He can stand on his head.4. 表示成果的完成某个具体动作时通常不用could而用be able to, 表示某动作没有成功用couldntCan he borrow a book successfully?Yes, he was able to borrow a book from his sister. No, he couldnt.At 词组At first(开始), at once(立即), at present(目前), at last(最后), at any r

43、ate(无论如何), at heart(本质上), at least(至少), at times(不时), at a loss(不知所措)4. 复习动名词用法1. 动名词可以做句子的主语,表语,宾语,介词宾语2. 在含有介词的动词短语后面要用动名词, 如: look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to,be tired of , be thirsty of, go on, insist on etc.3. 有些动词后面既可用动名词也可以用不定式,所表达的意思没有区别,常见的词: start, begin, continue, delay, mean

44、, 4. 有些动词后面加不定式表示一件具体的事情，加动名词表示一种习惯.I like drinking coffee, but today, I like to drink some tea.5. 复习Steal/rob, pay backSteal表示偷偷摸摸的偷, 其宾语一般为物品rob表示抢劫,其宾语一般是人或者某个处所pay back 还钱, 报复6. 介词用法7. 复习suggest 用法, 当建议用时后面加虚拟should +动词原形, should 可以省略. 8. 复习Summary of Unit 39. 复合句的构成：u用现在分词构成复合句：现在分词的动作的主语需与主句的主

45、语一致。u用过去分词构成复合句，用语较正式的文体，代替被动语态，Wounded in the war, his are can not move freely.Born in a happy family, he has never tasted the bitterness of life.u不定式构成复合句，不定式表示目的：To buy a new car, the young man saved up for years.I went into the garden to pick some flowers.u通过从句构成复合句：名词性从句主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同谓语从句，关系从

46、句定语从句，状语从句时间，地点，原因，条件，方式，目的，结果，比拟，让步10. 复合句：lose/loose/missexpect/wait for1. 一般过去时复习：raise/rise, lay/lie, beat/win2. 现在完成进展时形容词变副词：1 直接在形容词后加-ly,careful-carefully, slow-slowly,2 以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词，把y变I, 加-ly,happy-happily, lucky-luckily3 有些词形容词和副词的形式一样，不需要做任何变化fast, hard, late4 有些词加上-ly后意思与原词相差很远：near-ne

47、arly, high-highly, late-lately,3. 时态比照：一般过去时，现在完成时，现在完成进展时throw to,/throw at/throw awayquite/quietcause/reasondrop/fall4. Some, any的用法nsome, any 修饰可数名词或不可数名词，some用于肯定句，any用于否认句和疑问句，注意，当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用somenmany修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词，在口语中表示很多一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否认句中表示很多用many, much.I have a lot of

48、money. I dont have much money.n当一个名词在词组中表示主要目的时不要定冠词：in bed, at church, at class, college, hospital, market, prison, school, sea, university,go to school/church/work/go to the cinema/theatrenmost表示大多数或非常：Most students came to class today. We are most excited.The most是many/much的比拟级，或者构成形容词副词的比拟级，只能表示

49、最多或用在形容词或副词前面，This is the most interesting book I have ever seen.I have the most books in my class.5. Would/used to do would do 表示过去习惯的动作，也可以用来表示过去经常性的行为，与used to do有时可以替换。不能替换的情况：nused to do表示与现在强烈对照时，不可以用wouldI used to get up early every day, but I get up very late now.nused to do描写过去状态，would只表示过去

50、特有的习惯和行为。I used to be a teacher. I used to have a pany.I would walk along the river everyday after dinner.n一个故事的开头不能用would表示过去习惯的动作，只能用used to do或者一般过去时：When I was a little girl, I always went to the cinema(I used to go to the cinema). I would sit there for hours.used to do(过去常常做某事)/be used to doing

51、习惯做某事6. 比拟级最高级复习：很多：many/much/a great deal of/a lot of/lots of/plenty of/a large sum of/a large amount of/a great manyhandsome/beautiful/pretty/good-lookingreach/arrivetake part in/take place7. 介词用法：at表示某个具体的位置in表示在。里面off表示离开in/with还可以表示穿戴,with可以表示带有或长有：a woman in a blue dress, a girl with a hat, a

52、man with a beardumake sb. do迫使某人做某事，变被动时要加toHis father made to quit his job. He was made to quit the job.uLet sb. do表示允许某人做某事Lets表示建议：Lets go out for a walk. Let us go out please.否认：Dont let us/Lets dont8. 被动语态/强调句型：据说：it is said/ it was said that强调：It is/was+ 被强调局部+that/who从句I ate the apple two hou

53、rs ago.It was I who ate the apple two hours ago. It was the apple that I ate two hours ago.I was tow hours ago that I ate the apple.强调谓语用do+动词原型I did eat the apple two hours ago.Increase/growGain/earnPick/cut9. 表示目的的几种方式：u带to的不定式与其变体：in order to, so as toI came to this school to/in order to/so as to

54、 learn English.I came here not to study Chinese but to study EnglishSo as not to/in order not toEvery morning I got up very early in order not to be late.Want/bring/buy/need/take/use常用宾语+不定式，不定式常表示宾语的目的：I want something to drink.I need a pen to write.Bring me a chair to sit.uSo that/in order that 引导

55、的目的状语从句，主句一般用现在时，现在完成时或一般将来时时，从句要用shall, may, can, willHe speaks very loudly in order that his grandpa can hear him.She studies very hard so that she can enter university.主句是一般过去时，过去进展时，过去完成时时，从句要用should, could, might, wouldThe teacher wrote the excerises on the blackboard so that the students would

56、 see them when they came in.He sent a letter to his mother so that she could learn the good news.如主句主语和从句主语不同时还可以用不定式+for+名词/代词He sent a letter for his mother to learn the good news.10. 现在进展时表示将来发生的动作：arrive, e, go, leave用在现在进展时句子里可以表示不远的将来发生的事情。Spring is ing. I am leaving Beijing in two days.Im mee

57、ting a guest this evening.名词修饰名词：car key, world record, flower shop, fur coat, gold watch, cigarette ends, horror film, chair leg1. 时态比照：将来完成时，将来进展时，将来完成时cost/price/value2. 时态比照：过去完成时/过去完成进展时check/controlgreat/bigsoil/ground3. 间接引语祈使句祈使句要变为不定式, 所使用的谓语要根据语气来选择“Stay here, the policeman said. The polic

58、eman requested him to stay there.“Close the window, please, my mother said.My mother asked me to close the window. 常用的动词: advise, ask, beg, mand(命令), order, warn, tell, urge(催促), invite, persuade, remind, forbidinsist/suggest/order/demand后要用虚拟语态should+do，should 可以省略He insisted that we should stay fo

59、r dinner.4. 虚拟语态过去条件句的虚拟见虚拟语态总结draw in/draw back/draw up/draw off5. 情态动词：1 Must/have to do表示必须做某事，must表示现在和将来，have to do 可以用在任何时态2 Should do/ought to do都可以表示应该做某事，ought to do语气更强，一般用在肯定句。3 Had to do 表示过去必须做某事，should have done, ought to have done表示过去本应该做某事而没做。I should have told you the news earlier.H

60、e ought to have known the rules.4 Could have done表示本能够做某事而没做。I could have saved more people.5 Might/must have done表示对过去事实的推测6 Couldnt have done表示对过去事实的否认推测，表示不可能He couldnt have stolen the wallet.Let sb. down, let sb. off, let sb. out, let sb. inAgree/acceptDress up/dress6. Have用法：have sth. done:n使别人

61、为我们做某事I have the car repaired. He has his hair cut. The officer had the clock checked.n表示某种遭遇：I have my wallet stolen. He had his teeth knocked out. My sister has her bike stolen.集合名词：当这个名词作为一个整体使用时动词用单数，当这个名词作为一个组成整体的假如干人时动词用复数。常见的有：family, crew, government, staff, class7. 表示成功的做成某事：managed to do, was able to do, succeeded in doing表示没成功做某事：did not manage to do, wasnt able to do, didnt succeed in doingcouldnt do, tried to docould do表示可能做某事nsay:表示说，讲时，后面不能跟间接宾语，如果加用间接宾语加to，say sth. to sb.表示道别，背诵表达思想，意见表示据说词组：say a good word, say a prayerntell:表示说，讲后面可跟双宾语, tell sb. sth.常用于讲实话，谎话，秘密区分，