医药数理统计课程教学改革探索与实践

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1、 医药数理统计课程教学改革探索与实践【摘要】  以培养21世纪应用型人才为目标，对数理统计课程从教学内容、方法、手段及考核方法进行了一系列改革。 【关键词】  概率论 统计学 数理统计 教学改革随着科技的进步和计算机的发展，数学的思想和思维方法在越来越多的领域中得到了广泛的应用，数学在现代科学中发挥着巨大的作用，将数学思维方法应用到医药学领域，培养学生的应用能力，解决医学实际问题是医学院校数学教育的主要目的。医药数理统计是为医学生开设的一门必修基础课，是一门应用性较强的课程，旨在开阔学生视野，培养学生科研意识，用数理统计方法去分析和解决医药学中实际问题。从数理统计这门学科本

2、身来说它是研究随机现象的科学，它有自己独特的处理问题的思想方法，与以往学生学过的高等数学思考方式不同，两者思想体系差别较大，基本理论比较抽象，描述性色彩比较浓厚，学生除具备高等数学基本知识外，还应具备语文、逻辑学知识，是公认的一门较难课程。为了提高学生的学习兴趣，消除畏难情绪，我们对这门课程进行了教学改革，以下是我们的一些思考与体会。1  联系医药学专业基础，优化教学内容    长期以来，在医药学专业教学过程中形成了专业课和非专业课的观点，而数理统计课是公共基础课、非专业课得不到应有的重视。针对这种情况，我们首先要明确培养目标，转变数学观念，我们认为医学

3、院校的数学教育应以数学的应用为主要目的，以培养学生的应用能力为目标。应改变传统的重知识传授，重技能计算技巧训练，轻能力培养忽视应用，我们应把教学重点转到通过讲解数学概念、定理，思想方法引导学生理解数学思想并应用思想方法解决实际问题，达到培养应用能力，学以致用。为此，我们教学改革第一步就是要根据一般本科医学院校教学定位和医学生的专业特点，改革教学内容，优化教材体系，使教材尽可能体现应用数学的特点，使其知识结构更具实用性、可读性，更具医科的特点。    对教材体系、内容增减方面作了以下探索：   本门课程是应用性较强的课程，主要应用部分在统计学部分

4、，在不影响本课程体系完整性条件下，压缩概率部分内容，减弱概率论部分理论难度。    改变重概率轻统计重理论轻应用的现象，淡化定理证明和计算技巧训练，加强统计思想和统计方法的讲解，重点介绍如何用统计方法解决实际问题，突出应用。增加一些常用统计软件简介。    增加与医药学紧密联系的例题和习题。适当配置一些临床案例，学生通过学习这些案例来体会这门课程的重要性，激发学生的学习兴趣。2  改革教学方法，培养学生应用能力    传统的教学方式是一种封闭型的教学方法，教师讲、学生记的“填鸭型”不利于培养学生

5、的思维能力，其要害在于用教师的思维活动代替学生的思维活动，使学生的智力发展受到束缚，不能用所学知识去分析和解决实际问题，更谈不上有创新能力。根据数理统计课程偏难应用性又较强的特点，我们采用多种教学方法灵活运用，努力培养学生分析问题、解决问题的能力。2.1  讨论式教学法，增强学生积极向上参与意识，培养互相沟通合作的精神    传统教学法偏重于“教”，忽视学生的“学”，课堂教学大多是教师的“一言堂”。我们都知道应重视互动教学，重视教师与学生之间的互动，但往往忽略学生与学生之间的相互影响。讨论式教学法是在师生之间双向信息交流基础上，增加学生之间的协助和交流的

6、一种教学方法。根据数理统计课程特点，对一些较难理解的内容或富有争议性问题，采用教师讲授与讨论相结合。教师在备课过程中就要拟定好要讨论的问题，可以进行课堂提问、讨论、回答，也可以小组讨论，留问题课后讨论等多种讨论形式。例如，我们在讲完区间估计概念后，为了准确理解这个概念，我们出了这样一个思考题让学生讨论，P121能否说参数落入区间（1，2）的概率为1？经过讨论，绝大多数同学认为此说法是错误的，回答正确。但仍有一小部分同学坚持此说法正确，教师及时总结、释疑说明回答错误的同学是把参数当成随机变量了。学生围绕某一问题进行讨论，不仅解答了自己的疑问，同时在解决其它同学疑问的同时对自己所掌握的问题有了进一

7、步的深化。在课堂教学即将结束时，我们往往会留下思考题让学生回去讨论，给学生提问，留下新疑使教学在“有疑”中结束，使学生感到学习这门课程有趣味性，从而激发学习的主动性。实践证明，讨论式教学法对于学生的智力因素和情感因素的开发和发展都会产生积极的影响，激发了学生的学习热情，有效地培养了学生创新意识和合作精神。同时这种方法也督促教师不断更新知识，积极学习，提高讲课素质。 2.2  案例式教学法，培养学生解决实际问题能力和决策技能    案例是一个实际情况的描述，它一般要涉及一个决策问题。教学案例是适应教学目标的需要，围绕一个或几个问题，在对实际调查后所作的客观

8、书面的描述。案例式教学法又称“苏格拉底式”教学法，主要采用对话式、讨论式和启发式。这种教学方法是在教师指导下，组织案例，把学生引导到实际问题中去，进行学习、研究、通过分析、讨论找到解决问题的方法。在备课中，注意选取医药学真实案例，一旦选定某个案例作为教学方法，首先要熟悉案例内容，找出案例涉及的重要问题，寻找该案例相关资料，将案例要求学生事先阅读，拟定解决问题的步骤，教师引导学生讨论，在学生充分发表了观点后，教师及时总结答疑。例如：在讲假设检验内容时，我们主要采用案例教学法阐述基本概念、基本原理及推理方法，将理论教学与实际案例结合起来，使课堂讲解生动，激发了学生学习兴趣，提高了教学效果。&nbs

9、p;   数理统计这门课是公认的一门较难课程，学生学习起来确实存在畏难情绪，而案例教学法采用的案例是来源于现实的医药学实际问题，有可能就是学生将来步入工作岗位要面临的实际问题，这样对学生来说就有一种吸引力，提高了学生参与的积极性，案例教学法采取以学生为主进行课堂讨论方式，有效地培养了学生分析问题、解决问题能力和决策技能。在这个过程中同学们切身感受到数学应用的奇妙作用。    案例教学法虽然在培养学生能力方面具有明显优势，但我们也看到它的不足之处，案例教学是对某一方面问题的描述，它不能代替系统的理论教学，只有掌握了一定的理论知识，才能分析案例，理

10、论教学是基础，案例教学是补充，只有把两者有机结合好，才能达到好的教学效果。12.3  开展计算机辅助教学，创设良好的教学环境，提高授课效果    21世纪，教育现代化已经成为大势所趋，教育的现代化既包括教育理念、教育管理的现代化，也包括教学手段的现代化。对于学生来说，数理统计这门课程要比以往学过的高数难学，基本理论比较抽象，描述性色彩比较浓厚，为了消除畏难情绪，增强课堂学习内容的感染力，在课堂上恰当地使用多媒体教学课件，能提高学生的学习兴趣，因为通过图形显示配上文字说明，能创设一个图文并茂，声像并举，生动直观的教学环境。使教学的表现形式更加形象化、多样化

11、、视觉化。在使用多媒体教学时，我们应该注意到CAI教学是一种辅助手段，不能取代教师在课堂中的主导地位。教师的人格魅力和语言魅力是任何机器所无法取代的，一节课是否能吸引学生，不在于CAI课件的趣味性，而在于教师的语言魅力，用语言吸引学生，而不是课件吸引学生。教师不可过多地用课件进行授课，也更不适合应用在教学的全部过程，因为它的条理性较强，不易更改，使教师在课堂上的随机应变，融会贯通受到限制。只有把计算机辅助教学技术和传统的教学手段有机地结合起来，才能更好地提高教学效果和教学质量。3  改革考试方式和内容，注重对学生能力的考察    教学改革的一项重要内容就

12、是考试改革，它与教学内容、教学方法的改革相辅相成，互相促进，前者对后者具有强烈的导向作用，后者为前者打下了基础。对于数理统计这门课程，除了改革教学内容、教学方法，对考试改革不可忽视。通过改革考试，更好地促进学生能力的培养和教学质量的提高。考试改革主要从以下3个方面进行。    改革考试内容。考试内容如果局限于教材，划范围、定重点，这样助长了一部分学生死背硬记也能得高分，伤害了认真学习学生的积极性，不利于培养学生的创新能力。考试内容应体现出对基本理论、基本统计方法的掌握，淡化计算技巧，注重对分析问题解决问题能力的考察，适当出一、二道能考察创新能力的题目。 

13、   避免考试方式单一。考试模式多样化，平时要有测验，要提交读书报告，增大平时考试成绩的比例。学生的成绩应根据平时成绩、读书报告和期末卷面成绩综合评定。    改革考试题型。应减少客观性试题比例，多出些综合性思考、分析题，以达到培养学生的综合素质和创新能力。    总之，医药数理统计教学改革的目的就是提高学生的学习兴趣，提升学生应用数学能力和分析问题解决实际问题的能力，培养学生的科研意识。本研究是针对一般本科医学院校的教学定位进行的一些思索和实践，还有一些方法不够完善，但我们相信在以后的教学中将不断改进，为培养21

14、世纪应用创新型医学人才贡献力量。【参考文献】  1 周永治.医药数理统计方法.科学出版社，2001.2 王新成.数理统计.西北工业大学出版社，2002./Porganization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual w

15、ork of the Communist Youth League Organization published and League branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (total) using bran

16、ch ratio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of municipal Party Committee Organization Department on the strengthening of the Communist Youth L

17、eague cadres management opinions implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous counties, cities) Commission and city directly under the group (workers) appointed to carry out the Five team building activities. Improve the League Association Department working mechanism. Conscientiously f

18、ulfill the duties of CO, combined with the city group directly under (the) Committee of the general election and the adjustment, actively jointly with the unit where the party organization department good group leadership selection with the work. Do a good job in municipal Party committee assistant

19、committee leadership and leading cadres of the annual assessment work, adhere to and improve the assistant secretary of the Communist Youth League talk system group To weave individual conversation and collective conversation, to strengthen the committees of all levels, the Standing Committee of the

20、 Standing Committee, the establishment of a sound system of central group learning, the system of investigation and study, the system of important issues and the reporting system.(two) to strengthen the work of education and training of cadres to conscientiously implement the Central Committee. On t

21、he implementation of grassroots cadres training project and opinions on carrying out the mission municipal CYL Cadres training project implementation opinions, full implementation of the project of the City Youth League cadres training education. Focus on the county grassroots cadres and workers foc

22、used on training, the new school system vocational training League cadres, for the Municipal Organization Department jointly held the third session of the Communist Youth League system training cadres in party. Focusing on the construction of new socialist countryside, strengthening village cadres a

23、nd rural construction team group member of the young team, the county organizations at various levels throughout the year is expected to train 100 00 rural grassroots cadres, plans to train 1000 village secretary of the village Party branch.(three) actively promote grassroots cadres election work. U

24、nder the unified leadership of the party organization, to strengthen grassroots organizations direct work, standardize the election work rules and procedures, in the designated candidate, open competition to democratically elected branch secretary at the same time, actively and steadily the developm

25、ent of Township, streets and other grassroots organizations in the direct election of the pilot work, on the basis of summarizing the experience and gradually expand the scope of the pilot, and gradually formed a set of measures and cadres election system.(four) to strengthen the cadres testing exer

26、cise. To study the development of XX city from 2006 to 2008 cadres testing exercise planning. To select outstanding cadres to the central mission in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other central organs and sending work in developed areas. With the Central Committee the implementation of the western

27、 region and ethnic minorities cadres training plan . To carry out the eighth batch of municipal organs attachment cadre management, selection, training work. The outstanding cadres to start the National Development Bank XX branch testing exercise.(five) to strengthen the group construction. The main

28、 position to play the role of Youth League cadre education and training as the city, in accordance with the requirements of post training, further curriculum scientifically and rationally, adopt arrangement menu course, basic theory includes group work, focus, hot and difficult issues, to enhance th

29、e content and practice; to strengthen the construction of teaching staff, the integration of teachers, establish a quality teacher training team, establish and implement course evaluation system; take delivery of training to the countryside, on-site training, and increase the rural grassroots cadres

30、 training efforts.Four, efforts to strengthen the work of young talent(a) to tenth XX young 54 medal in recognition of the publicity, and actively explore the XX youth service. 54 Medal of institutionalization, standardization and socialization mechanism. Give full play to the XX award in recognitio

31、n of 54 youth medal Association, Youth Award winner in the 54 chapter, investigation activities. Who won the Youth Service medal, dedication to the society to create conditions, build the stage. During the 54, named in recognition of the tenth XX young 54 medal. The association of XX editing of youn

32、g talent , the exchange of information and communication platform for the XX of outstanding young talents.(two) the establishment of municipal Party committee of young talent information database. In accordance with the feasible, effective, classification management, implement step by step principle

33、, the establishment of municipal Party committee of youth talent database; guiding organizations at various levels generally established the young talent database, construction of city, county (directly under the Communist Youth League), grassroots organizations three young talent information databa

34、se the relevant information collection system, and gradually establish the citys young people, the Communist Youth League youth talent information network, provide information platform for young talent resource development.Five, take effective measures to strengthen the mission management(a) to stre

35、ngthen the mission management work. Strengthen the dues collection and management, continue to adhere to the dues collection regularly reporting system, the annual comprehensive award in recognition of the tour and the tour one vote veto system audit system. Do statistical work in the group. The gro

36、up service award in recognition of the advanced units, standardization, promoting group management work institutionalized.(two) to strengthen the organization of research and information exchange efforts. Grassroots carry out research, efforts to form a number of theoretical results. Make full use o

37、f the network carrier, to explore the establishment of electronic group service system, promote the work of Communist Youth League information.Attachment 4:XX municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department of the Communist Youth League work pointsIn 2006, the Communist Youth League propaganda ideol

38、ogical work XX to Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents as guidance, study and implement the partys sixteen and the spirit of the the fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee implementation of the eight plenary session of the two committee, the citys cultu

39、ral work conference, the Propaganda Department of the meeting and the the fourth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee permanent mission spirit, closely around 11th Five-Year XX the goal of full implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, emancipating the mind, seeking truth fro

40、m facts, keep pace with the times, close to reality, close to life, close to the young, persevere grasp orientation, grasping deepening, grasping construction innovation, further improve the groups propaganda and ideological work ability, unity To guide the majority of members of the youth to achiev

41、e the 11th Five-Year planning tasks, the overall construction of a well-off society, building a socialist harmonious society to make new contributions.One, adhere to the Three Represents important thought and Scientific Outlook on Development education to guide the youth, to further strengthen the i

42、deological and political education of youth(a) armed with youth science theory. Unremittingly with Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents armed members of youth education, to promote the study and implement to expand the depth and breadth. To study and implement the impor

43、tant thought of Three Represents with the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development combine with the implementation of the requirements of constructing socialist harmonious society with Scientific Outlook on Development, carry out education as an important part of the the

44、ory of armed youth in the new period, strengthen the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development education, educate and guide the youth to fully understand the great significance of establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, in-depth understandin

45、g of the Scientific Outlook on Development era back The king, the practice foundation, basic connotation, historical status, spirit and practice requirements, a profound understanding of Scientific Outlook on Development with Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, inheriting and developing relationsh

46、ip between Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents, to help young people establish and consciously practice Scientific Outlook on Development. Persist in learning, grasping the backbone, grasp the practice, grasp the opportunity. Catch club, effective way to grasp the netw

47、ork, with the group of cadres, young students and young backbone fronts as the focus, to promote the work of the armed youth theory to develop in depth, to help the youth continue to firm ideals and beliefs, to build a powerful spiritual pillar. To carry out the study and implementation of the party

48、s sixteen session of the five Eight plenary session of the two plenary session of the Central Committee and the party spirit, to the citys Youth League members thinking into the spirit of the meeting, to achieve the goal of national consciousness and XX economic and social development in 11th Five-Y

49、ear period. Contribute to help and guide the youth to a profound understanding of the significance and main task of building a socialist harmonious society, actively join the construction of socialist harmonious society.(two) to strengthen the ideological and moral construction of teenagers. Thoroug

50、hly implement the central spirit of the document No. 8, No. 16 and the program for Improving Civic Morality to minors and students as focus groups, to strengthen and improve the ideological and moral construction of minors and the ideological and political education of college students. Make full us

51、e of the spirit and the spirit of the Three Gorges migrants Hongyan XX unique the use of educational resources, school, into the team, the league, to join the party, adult occasions, extensive Hongyan spirit generation theme education activities. Use of holidays and leisure time, youth organizations

52、 three rural areas, four communities, four and moral practice, guide the youth Youth to enhance national pride, self-esteem and self-confidence, to establish the trend of the times and adapt to the trend of thinking, value orientation and behavior.(three) innovative ways and means of ideological edu

53、cation. Grasp the new trend of the development of the times, the new hot new features and social ideological status of young people, to further explore the methods of ideological education using modern technology and communication mode of education make lively and vivid, fully embodies the close to

54、reality, close to life, close to the young principle through the cultivation and selection. Hongyan demonstration group, good boy, Hongyan Hongyan Youth and other forms of more scientific use of advanced typical influence and promote youth, and strive to create advocating advanced, learning advanced

55、, striving to advance a good atmosphere.Two, in order to forge ahead with the motherland, and XX with the development as its theme, guide the youth to build a common ideological basis for the construction of a socialist harmonious society(a) grasp the theme of the purpose of the activity. The go ahe

56、ad with the motherland in the youth, and XX with the development of theme educational activities. Vigorously promote patriotism as the core of the national spirit and reform and innovation as the core spirit of the times, the combination of youth with common ideals and beliefs, with great achievemen

57、ts in socialist modernization the motivation of youth, the youth to enhance self-confidence, sense of mission and responsibility to educate and guide the youth to personal pursuit into the common pursuit of all people, their personal struggle into the great practice of building socialism China chara

58、cteristics, further firmly follow the party China characteristics The confidence and determination of the socialist road, and build the common ideological foundation of the young people to build a socialist harmonious society.(two) rich theme activities. By carrying out the two generation dialogue ,

59、 in my eyes, the charm of XX situation and policy through activities such as lectures, report, seminars, theatrical performances, mass cultural activities, to help young people understand Chinas reform and opening up the extraordinary journey and brilliant achievements achieved fruitful results, to

60、understand the citys economic and social development since the new XX, so that young people understand, love the new XX, and then to the construction of the new XX, a firm with the party on the road to socialism with China characteristics of faith; make full use of the 54, 61, National Day and the c

61、ommemoration of the 85 anniversary of the founding of the red In the 70 anniversary of the victory of the long march and other major activities, the favorable opportunity of major events and major festivals, to carry out educational activities, promote the theme education activities continue to crea

62、te momentum, the rise of high tide, popular. Further study, promotion of Scientific Outlook on Development, to carry out a wide range of situation and policy education, the development prospect of the future of the motherland and XX, guiding the youth to continue enhance the sense of mission and res

63、ponsibility, in the implementation of the 11th Five-Year planning and building a well-off society in the historical process of contributions. Be enthusiastic and press on.Three, to lead the trend of youth service, cultural city youth culture is taking action, and promote new progress in the construc

64、tion of youth 10 / 10organization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual work of the Communist Youth League Organization published and L

65、eague branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (total) using branch ratio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good