英语高考一轮语法专项复习:名词

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1、2012年英语高考一轮语法专项复习:名词【考点一】抽象名词具体化1具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事,表示变化了的词义时,这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。(1)difficulty 困难;a difficulty 一件难事(2)experience 经验;an experience 一次经历(3)failure 失败;a failure 一位失败者,一件失败的事(4)knowledge 知识;a good knowledge 对精通/熟知(5)success 成功;a success 一位成功者,一件成功的事(6)surprise 惊奇;a surprise 一件令人吃惊的事(7)hon

2、our 荣誉;an honour 一位(件)带来荣誉的人或事Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母。The party last night was a success.We sang and danced until it came to an end.昨晚的晚会很成功,我们唱啊跳啊直到晚会结束。Losing the game was a difficult experience for her. 对她来说,输掉比赛是一种痛苦的经历。2有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词物质名词可数名词物质名词可数名词drink 饮料two drinks两杯饮料sugar

3、 糖a sugar 一块糖coffee 咖啡a coffee一杯咖啡paper 纸a paper一张报纸;一篇论文tea 茶two teas两杯茶hair 头发a hair 一根头发Would you like some coffee?你想喝点咖啡吗?I would like a coffee and two beers.我想要一杯咖啡和两杯啤酒。【经典考题】1.We all hold the belief that _2012 London Olympic Games will be _success.A/;a Bthe;/Cthe;a Da;a解析: 第一空为特指,应用定冠词the;第二空

4、success 为抽象名词具体化,“一个成功的人或事”,应用不定冠词a,类似的词还有failure,pleasure 等。答案: C2Its_good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them_pleasure.A/;a Ba;/Cthe;a Da;the解析: 句意为:上海世博会给人们带来了欢乐,欣赏世博会是一种美好的感受。有些不可数名词,如knowledge,command,feeling等,前面有“a/an形容词”修饰时,表示一件具体的事情或一个的人。pleasure意为“愉快,快乐”,为不可

5、数名词,故不加冠词。答案:B【考点二】名词词义解析1accident,incident,affair,event(1)accident “意外事件,偶发事件”,一般指(不幸的)事故,如车祸、天灾之类。(2)incident 多指较小的事件、小插曲或人生中所碰到的虽小但留下较深印象的平凡事情,也可以指外交、政治方面的重大事件。(3)affair “事物,要事”,头绪繁多的事;恋爱事件。(4)event “大事”,也可指比赛项目。One in seven accidents is caused by sleepy drivers.七分之一的交通事故是司机困倦造成的。Three people wer

6、e arrested in connection with the rock throwing incident.3个人因与扔石头事件有关而被捕。The Prime Minister is busy with affairs of state.首相忙于政务。A daughters marriage is quite an event for a father.女儿的婚姻对父亲而言确实是件大事。2quantity,personality,quality,character(1)quantity 表示“数量”。(2)quality 既可以表示事物的“品质”,还可以表示人的“品德,素质”。(3)ch

7、aracter 泛指性格,无所谓好坏,还可以表示“角色,文字,字母”。(4)personality 意为“个性”。Its often less expensive to buy goods in quantity,but youd better exam the quality before buying them.大量购物便宜,但是在购买之前你最好检测质量。(2009湖北卷)Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health. It may also be good for character.独自徒步旅行可能会很有趣并且有益于健康。或许对意志的

8、磨炼也有好处。3condition,situation,state,position(1)condition 意为“条件,情况,状况”,其单数形式指人或物所处的状况,这时与state 意义相近,常可互换,但condition 还常指由于一定原因或条件造成的状态,如人的健康状况、物的完好程度、设备的可用性等。复数形式多指一般、笼统的情况。(2)situation 指某一时间由各种情况造成的“处境”“形势”。(3)state 指人或事物所处的状态或状况,常和condition 换用,此外,state 还常表示思想、感情、心理等状态。(4)position 指人或事物所处的位置,地位。(2009陕西

9、卷)From their position on the top of the TV Tower,visitors can have a better view of the city.从他们在电视塔顶的位置,游客们可以更好地看到这个城市。School children must be taught how to deal with dangerous situations.学生们必须接受如何应付危险情况的教育。Ive had no exercise for ages,and Im really out of condition.我好久不运动,身体欠佳。They were silent for

10、 a long time,in a state of painful hesitation and doubt.他们处于一种痛苦的踌躇与疑虑状态中,长时间相对无言。4power,strength,force,energy(1)power 主要指做事所依靠的能力、功能,也可指人或机器等事物潜在的或发挥出来的力量,还可以指职权或政权。(2)strength 指固有的潜力。说人时,指“力气”;说物时,指“强度”。(3)force 主要指自然界的力量;暴力、势力以及法律、道德或感情的力量;军事力量等。(4)energy 主要指人的精力或自然界中的能量。Its not within my power t

11、o help you.我是爱莫能助啊。A washing machine is a saver of time and strength.洗衣机省时又省力。The UN tries to limit the use of force in conflicts.联合国尽力禁止使用暴力。Youll need to apply all your energy to this job.你需要把全部精力投入到这项工作中去。【经典考题】1. The school advisers help you talk through your problems but they dont give you any

12、direct_.Asolution BtargetCmeasure Dfunction解析: 句意为:学校顾问会帮你梳理一下你的问题,但是他们不会给你任何直接的解决办法。本题考查名词辨析。solution 解决问题的办法;target目标,靶子;measure措施;function功能,作用。根据句意选A。答案: A2Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving license reached 200,000,a(n)_of 40,000 per year.Aaverage BnumberCamount Dquant

13、ity解析: 句意为:去年毕业时就有驾照的学生数量已达到20万,平均每年4万。本题考查名词辨析。average 平均,平均数;a number of 许多,大量,修饰可数名词;an amount of 许多,大量,与不可数名词连用;a quantity of 许多,大量的,修饰可数和不可数名词。根据句意,选A。答案: A3 If youre looking for a _,you can make it when it is on sale.Aprice BbargainCcost Dbill解析: 考查名词词义辨析。on sale 表示“廉价出售”,因此应用bargain (特价商品)与之呼

14、应。句意为:如果你在寻找特价商品,减价出售时你就可以买到。答案: B4 An experienced doctor usually judges a patients illness according to the various_.Asigns BsymptomsCsignals Dappearances解析: 考查名词辨析。sign意思是“标记,迹象,记号”;symptom意思是“症状”;signal意思是“信号”;appearance意思是“外观,外表”。显然只有B项符合题意,即医生根据病人的症状判断病情。答案: B高考集训启迪【2011江苏卷,27】Teachers have to

15、constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional _.AconsequenceBindependenceCcompetenceDintelligence【答案】C【考点】考查名词的辨义。【解析】句意为 “教师要不断地更新他们的知识以便保持专业上的称职。”consequence后果,结果;independence独立;competence能力,胜任,称职;intelligence智力, 智慧; 理解力。根据句意选C。【2011福建卷,26】The lack of eco-friendly habit

16、s among the public is thought to be a major of global climate change.A.result B.cause C.warning D.reflection【答案】B【考点】考查名词的辨义。【解析】句意为“公众缺乏对生态环境友好的习惯被认为是全球气候变化的主要原因。”result结果;cause原因;warning警告;reflection反映。cause与global climate change存在着因果关系,故选B。【2011浙江卷,18】Anyway, I cant cheat himits against all my _.

17、A. emotions B. principles C. regulations D. opinions【答案】B【考点】考查名词的辨义。【解析】句意为“不管怎样,我不能欺骗他这违反我的原则。”emotion情绪;principle原则,准则;regulation规定,规则;opinions意见。根据句意选B。【2011四川卷,13】Always remember to put such dangerous things as knives out of childrens . A.touch B.sight C.reach D.distance【答案】C【考点】考查名词的辨义。【解析】句意为

18、“时刻记住:这些危险物品,比如刀子,要放在孩子们够不着的地方。”out of touch不联系,不接触;out of sight看不见, 在视野之外;out of reach手够不着, 达不到;out of distance远离=far away。根据前面的交代的危险品,选C。【2011湖北卷,21】“Tommy, run! Be quick! The house is on fire!” the mother shouted, with_ clearly in her voice.A . anger B. rudeness C. regret D. panic【答案】D【考点】考查名词的辨义

19、。【解析】句意为“Tommy,快跑!快点!房子着火了!”母亲大声叫喊,嗓音里夹杂这明显的惊慌。”anger生气;rudeness粗鲁;regret后悔;panic惊慌,慌乱。根据句意选D。【2011湖北卷,22】Giving up my job to go back to full-time education was a big_, but now I know it was the best decision I ever made.A. project B. commitment C. competition D. ambition【答案】B【考点】考查名词的辨义。【解析】句意为“当初放

20、弃我的工作重新接受全日制的教育是个了不起的决定,现在我知道那是我作出的最好的决定。”project项目, 计划, 方案, 课题;commitment承诺,许诺,保证;competition比赛,竞争;ambition抱负,雄心,野心。commitment与后面的decision相呼应,故选B。【2011湖北卷,30】When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster, many teachers would prefer to see him step aside _ younger men.A. in terms of B. in n

21、eed of C. in favor of D. in praise of【答案】C【考点】考查名词的辨义。【解析】句意为“当被问到对于校长的看法时,许多老师都愿意看到他靠边站为更年轻的人让路。”in terms of就而论;in need of需要;in favor of赞成;in praise of表扬,赞扬。【2011江西卷31】Whats the_, in your opinion, of helping him if he doesnt make an effort to help himself?A.sympathy B.theme C.object D.point【答案】D【考点

22、】考查名词的辨义。【解析】sympathy同情,theme 主题,object 物体,point意义。句意为你认为如果他没有作出努力去帮助自己而去帮助他的意义是什么?选D。【2011山东卷,34】Theres a _ in our office that when its somebodys birthday, they bring in a cake for us all to share.A. tradition B. balance C. concern D. relationship【答案】A【考点】考查名词的辨义。【解析】句意为“我们办公室有个传统:轮到某个人的生日时,他就带蛋糕来与

23、大家分享。”tradition传统;balance平衡;concern关心;relationship关系,联系。句中somebody 与they相照应,说明不止一次,因此用tradition作答案。【2011江苏卷,32】Wed better discuss everything _ before we work out the plan.Ain detail Bin general Con purpose Don time【答案】A【考点】考查名词的辨义。【解析】句意为“我们最好先详细地讨论好一切,然后再制定计划。”in detail详细地;in general一般而言, 总的来说;on p

24、urpose故意地;on time准时。根据句意,先讨论后定计划,选A。【2010安徽】I havent seen Sara since she was a little girl, and she has changed beyond_A. hearing B strength C. recognition D. measure【答案】C【考点】本题考查名词辨析。【解析】hearing意为 “听力”;strength意为 “力气;力量”; recognition意为 “认出;识别;认识”; measure意为 “测量;措施”。句意为 “她变得认不出来了。”【2010江西】Last year

25、the number of students who graduated with a driving license reached 200,000, a (n) _ of 40,000 per year.A average B number C amount D quantity【答案】A【考点】考查名词。【解析】a number of 许多 amount of 一般加不可数名词表金额, a quantity of 既可以加可数也可以加不可数, 但没有平均每年增加的意思。【10山东】Those who suffer from headache will find they get _ fr

26、om this medicine.A. relief B. safety C. defense D. shelter【答案】A【考点】本题考查名词在具体语境的使用。【解析】句意应为 “那些头痛的人会发现这种药物能使头痛缓解。”所以A项意义符合句意, relief 表示 “缓解, 减轻, 解除”。 safety表示 “安全, 保险”;defense 表示 “防御, 防护”; shelter表示 “掩蔽, 保护”。【10天津】James took the magazines off the little table to make for the television.A. room B. are

27、a C. field D. position【答案】A【考点】考查名词意义和用法。【解析】句意:詹姆斯把杂志从小桌子上拿下了, 目的是为电视腾出空间。make room for是固定搭配, 意思是 “为让空”的意思, 其中的room是不可数名词。【10江苏】The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients, so he has a very good_.A. expectation B. reputation C. contribution D. civili

28、zation【答案】B【考点】名词辨析。【解析】reputation 表示名声而expectation是期望的意思。Contribution是贡献的意思。Civilization是文明的意思。【10湖北】This restaurant has become popular for its wide of foods that suit all tastes and pockets.A. division B. area C. range D. circle【答案】B【考点】本题考查名词/名词短语。【解析】此题不仅考查学生对于四个选项的认知, 更重要的是要理解句子的含义。 “这家餐馆越来越出名

29、是由于它做的各种各样的食物适应各种类型人群。” “a range of “强调一个系列, 而 “a wide range of”意为 “各种各样的”。正好符合题意。从句子结构来讲, 这个句子属于典型的 “从句套从句”。 “for”引导原因状语从句, “that”引导定语从句。 【10四川】After the earthquake, the first thing the local government did was to provide for the homeless families.A. accommodation B. occupation C. equipment D. furn

30、iture.【答案】D【考点】本题考查名词辨析。【解析】512的汶川地震, 414玉树地震。天灾 “earthquake”相信是很多考生都准备过的一个话题。所以相关词汇“accommodation”表示 “住处”应该是考生们准备的系列词汇之一。这道题难度不大, 句子结构也相对简单。只要背过这几个词, 知道 “occupation”表示 “占用”或者“工作, 职业”;“furniture”表示 “家具”;“equipment”表示 “设备, 器材”就能选出正确答案D了。【10浙江】The school advisers help you talk through your problem but

31、 they dont give you any direct _.A. solution B. target C. measure D. function【答案】A【考点】本题考查名词辨析。【解析】分析四个选项:solution解决方法;target目标;measure措施;function功能。根据句意:学校的建议者们帮助你分析问题, 但是他们不会给你直接的解决方法。语法专项提升1(2011福建毕业班检测)Any help from you will be greatly appreciated.Please give me a reply at your earliest_.Ainterr

32、uption BinstructionCconsideration Dconvenience解析: 考查名词辨析。这里表示“请在你方便的时候尽早给我回复”,at your earliest convenience 是固定表达,表示“在你方便的时候请尽早”,符合语境。interruption打断;instruction 指导,指示;consideration 考虑。答案: D2(2011浙江金华十校联考)If you ask why I plan to study in the United States,the only answer is that it is a(n) _for me.Ap

33、uzzle Badvantage Cchallenge Daverage解析: 考查名词辨析。challenge 意思是“挑战”,即选择在美国学习的理由是因为这样做具有挑战性。其他选项不合语境;puzzle 意思是“困惑”;advantage 意思是“优点,优势”;average 意思是“平均数”。答案: C3(2011浙江金华十校联考)The conference has been held to discuss the _of global warming on peoples lives all over the world.Aimportance BeffectsCprotection

34、 Dattitudes解析: 考查名词辨析。effects 意思是“影响”,即讨论全球气候变暖对人们生活的影响。其他选项不合题意:importance 意思是“重要性”;protection 意思是“保护”;attitudes 意思是“态度”。答案: B4(2011潍坊教学质量抽样监测)I am really a bit worried because I have no idea what my parents _will be to my poor examination result.Aexpression BreactionCappearance Dexpectation解析: 考查名

35、词辨析。句意为:我真的有点担心,因为我不知道我父母对我不好的考试结果会是什么反应。expression 表情;reaction 反应;appearance 外表;expectation 期望。答案: B5(2011陕西教学质量检测)There is no_in going to school for the students merely to learn some facts.Adoubt BmindCpoint Dwonder解析: 考查名词辨析。固定句式There is no point in doing sth.表示“做是没有必要的”,其他搭配不正确,所以这里选C项。答案: C6(20

36、11郑州第二次检测)Here are some _for you to follow when you take a test in chemistry.Apatterns BtipsCtopics Defforts解析: 考查名词辨析。语境为“下面给你提出几点忠告,当你参加化学测验时应该遵循”。tip 忠告,意见;pattern 样式,花样,图案;topic 题目,论题,话题;effort 努力,尽力。答案: B7(2011海南五校联考)Mr Li has some trouble sleeping,so drinking a glass of milk before going to be

37、d every night is his common_.Apractice BknowledgeCexperience Dduty解析: 考查名词辨析。因此每晚睡前喝一杯牛奶是他通常的做法。common practice 通常的做法,符合题意。答案: A8(2011福建检测)Paul has gone abroad to try his luck.In my_,his decision is not wise.Aword BviewCsight Dway解析: 考查名词。句意为:在我看来,他的决定不明智。in ones view表示“在某人看来”。答案: B9(2011安徽合肥第一次质检)M

38、y English teacher is really very kind.Ill never forget the_he has done me.Afavor BdeedChelp Dvalue解析: 句意为:我的英语老师实在是太好了。我永远不会忘记他对我的帮助。do sb.a favor 帮助某人。答案: A10(2011宝鸡检测一)The speech that Mr Smith made today gave a strong_on the students.Aexpression BimpressionCreputation Dexpectation解析: 考查名词的词义辨析。句意为

39、:史密斯先生今天所做的演讲给学生们留下了深刻印象。give/leave/make an impression on sb.给某人留下印象。expression表情,表达;reputation声誉,名声;expectation期望,指望。答案: B11(2011郑州一模)It was reported that the problem had been settled without much_.Aaffect BaffairCeffect Deffort解析: 考查词义辨析。affect影响;affair事务;effect影响,效果;effort尝试,努力。据报道,问题没费多大事就解决了。根据

40、语意可知,D项正确。without effort意思是“毫不费力地”。答案: D12(2011潍坊检测)I am really a bit worried because I have no idea what my parents_will be to my poor examination result.Aexpression BreactionCappearance Dexpectation解析: 考查名词辨析。句意为:我真的有点担心,因为我不知道我父母对我不好的考试结果会是什么反应。expression表情;reaction反应;appearance外表;expectation期望。答

41、案: B13(2011皖南八校第二次联考)Our government has decided to give_to those environmentallyfriendly businesses in many aspects.Aprofit BinterestCpreference Dadvantage解析: 考查名词辨析。profit利益;interest兴趣,嗜好,利息;preference偏爱,优待;advantage优势,有利条件。政府已经决定给那些环保的企业多方面的优惠政策。答案: C14(2011长春第一次调研)Finding a girl struggling in the

42、 water,he threw himself into the water without_.Ahesitation BsuggestionCorder Dasking解析: 考查名词。发现一名女孩正在水中挣扎,他毫不犹豫地跳入水里。without hesitation毫不犹豫,符合题意。答案: A15(2011西安检测)How do you like the scenery (景色) here,Mr Black?Wonderful indeed. Beyond all_,I suppose.Aexplanation BintroductionCdescription Dinstruction解析: 考查名词的用法。beyond all description的意思是“无法(用言语)表达”,即这里的景色很美,无法用言语表达。答案: C

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