视频的前期拍摄与后期制作外文翻译（可编辑）

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1、视频的前期拍摄与后期制作外文翻译 视频的前期拍摄与后期制作 电影电视媒体已经成为当前最为大众化,最具影响力的媒体型式。从好莱坞电影所创造的幻想世界,到电视新闻所关注的现实生活,到铺天盖地的电视广告,无不深刻地影响着我们的世界。过去,影视节目的制作只是专业人员的工作,似乎还拢罩着一层神秘的面纱。十几年来,数字技术全面进入影视制作过程,计算器逐步取代了许多原有的影视设备,在影视制作的各个环节发挥了很重大的作用。但是直到不久之前,影视制作使用的一直是价格极端昂贵的专业硬件及软件,非专业的人员很难有机会见到这些设备,更不用说熟练掌握这些工具来制作自己的作品了。随着PC性能的显著提升以及价格上的不断降低

2、,影视制作从以前专业等级的硬设备逐渐向PC平台上转移,原先身价极高的专业软件逐步移植到PC平台上,价格也日益大众化。同时影视制作的应用也从专业的电影电视领域扩大到计算机游戏、多媒体、网络、家庭娱乐等更为广阔的领域。许多在这些专业领域的从业人员与大量的影视爱好者们现在都可以利用手中的计算机来制作自己的影视节目。 许多人接触到影视节目制作,是从3D计算机动画开始的,直到目前,了解乃至掌握3D计算机动画制作的人员很多,介绍这方面的书籍也不少,而对于影视后期制作,多数人并不太了解,相关的书籍也较少,而且一般也只关心某一软件的操作使用,而对于影视后期制作的基本流程和原理却不甚重视,希望读者能透过本书,不

3、但可以了解和掌握软件的使用,同时也对影视后期制作的整个过程有一个比较全面的了解。一、影视后期制作概况: 影视节目的制作是一个相当复杂的过程。由于影视节目本身的多样化,从耗资巨大的电影制作到个人制作的家庭录像带,可以说有天壤之别。虽然这些节目的使用意图,编列的制作预算,投入的人力物力都有很大的区别,但其制作过程却有相当的共同之处,一般来说,影视节目的制作可以分为前期制作,实景拍摄,和后期制作三个主要阶段。 前期制作是筹划与准备的阶段,对于电影制作来说,这个过程多半是从剧本开始,然后是制定预算、筹募资金、选定拍摄地点、挑选演员、组成摄影小组等一系列复杂的过程。而对于个人制作者来说,这也许不过是突发

4、奇想,然后拿起自己的摄影机,拍摄周遭环境人物短短数分钟互动的事。拍摄阶段就是利用摄影机记录画面的过程,这时拍摄的素材可以说是构造最终完成片的基石。 当主要的拍摄工作完成后,就到了后期制作阶段。传统上这个阶段的主要工作是剪辑,把拍摄阶段得到的散乱素材剪辑成为完整的影片。一般在电影的拍摄过程中,实际拍摄的素材是最终剪辑完成影片长度的数倍甚至数十倍。剪辑师要从大量的素材中挑出最满意的素材并把它们按照适当的方式组织在一起。后期制作还包括声音的制作与合成。一般只有到这个阶段,当多余的素材已经去掉,镜头已经组合串联在一起,画面与声音已经同步,才可以看到影片的全貌。因为影片的大量信息和涵义,并不是包含在某一

5、个镜头的画面中,而正是包含在一连串画面的组合当中,包含在画面与声音的联系中,毫不夸张地说,影视艺术有很大的程度上正是表现在后期制作之中的。 传统的电影剪辑是真正的剪接,拍摄所得到的底片经过冲洗,要制作一套工作样片,利用这套样片进行剪辑。剪辑师从大量的样片中挑选需要的镜头,用剪刀将胶片剪裁,再用胶带或胶水把它们黏在一起,然后在剪辑台上观看剪辑的效果,这个剪裁、黏贴的反复过程要不断重复直到最后看当满意的结果。这个过程直到现在仍然很常见,虽然看起来很原始,但这种剪接却是非线性的。剪辑师不必从头到尾顺序地工作,因为他可以随时将样片随时从中间剪裁,插入一个镜头,或者直接剪掉一些画面,都不会影响整个片子。

6、但这种方式对于很多制作技巧是无能为力的。剪辑师无法在两个镜头之间制作一个特效融合的画面,也无法调整画面的色彩,所有这些技巧都只能在冲印过程中完成,同时剪刀和浆糊的手工操作效率也很低。 传统的电视编辑则是在剪辑设备上进行的。剪辑设备通常由一台放影机和一台录像机组成,剪辑师通过放影机选择一段适合的素材,然后把它记录到录像机中的磁带上,然后在寻找下一个镜头。此外,高级的剪辑设备还有很强的特效功能,可以制作各种画面的融合与特效过场,可以调整画面的颜色,也可以制作字幕等。但是由于磁带记录画面是顺序的,无法在已有的画面之间插入一个镜头,也无法删除一个镜头,除非把其之后的画面全部重新录制一遍。所以这种编辑叫

7、做线性编辑,它给编辑人员带来了很多限制。 我们可以看到传统的剪辑方法虽然各有特点,但又都有很大的局限性,大大减低了剪辑人员的创造力,并使宝贵的时间浪费在烦琐的操作过程当中。基于计算机科技的数字化非线性编辑技术使剪辑的方法得到很大的进步发展的空间。这种技术将素材记录到计算机磁盘中,利用计算机的运算与数据读取与储存进行剪辑的过程。它采用了电影剪辑的非线性模式,但用简单的鼠标及键盘操作替代了剪刀和浆糊式的手工操作,剪辑结果可以马上回放观看,所以大大提升了制作的效率。二、随着影视制作的迅速发展,后期制作又肩负起了一个非常重要的职责: 特效镜头的制作?特效镜头是指拍摄无法直接得到的镜头。早期的影视特效大

8、多是通过模型制作、特殊摄影、光学合成等传统手段完成的,主要在拍摄及冲印的阶段中完成。计算机数字的使用为特效制作提供了更好更多的手段,也使许多过去必须使用模型和摄影技术完成的特效可以透过计算机科技来制作完成,所以更多的特殊效果就成为了后期制作的工作。特效镜头无法拍摄到一般是由于两种原因,一是拍摄对象或环境在现实生活中根本不存在,或者即使存在也不可能拍摄到,例如恐龙或是外星人;二是拍摄的对象和环境虽然在实际生活中存在,但无法同时出现在同一个时空中,例如影片的主角从剧烈的爆炸场景中逃生。对于第一种困难,就必须利用别的东西来模仿拍摄的对象,常用的手段包括制作模型,利用对人的化妆来模仿其它生物以及计算机

9、的3D动画,实际上3D计算机动画也是一种模型,只不是它是存在在计算机中的虚拟模型而已。总之要解决这类问题,需要用一种无中生有的办法。 对于第二种困难解决的方法就是合成。既然拍摄的对象都是存在的,就可以单独拍摄他们,然后在分别把拍摄的这些画面合成起来。过去,合成主要依靠特效摄影和冲印时的技巧来完成,但计算机数字合成技术的快速发展使这些方式都相形落伍了。在近年来特效电影的迅速发展,并带动了整个电影工业的成长。计算机数字合成技术与3D计算机动画有很大的差别,它本身不是无中生有的一种技术,而是利用已有的素材画面进行组合,同时可以对画面进行大量的修饰、美化。可以说是一种锦上添花的一种技术。对于电视节目来

10、说,我们经常可以看到这样的画面,画面本身就是由很多没有关联的物体组合而成,显然不是透过拍摄,而是透过合成得以的。例如很多电视片头,广告,MTV等节目就是如此。这时合成的首要逃条件不是真实感,而是纯粹的审美和形式感,但从合成的技术方式来说与拟真的合成没有太大的差别。经由以上的介绍,我们大致总结出影视后期制作的样貌:利用实景拍摄所得到的素材,透过3D计算机动画和合成的技术来制作特效镜头,然后把镜头剪接组合在一起,形成完整的影片,并且为影片制作声音。在以下图中我们可以看到电视数字后期制作的基本流程。目前大部份的电视节目,比如广告、片头、MTV、电视剧等都是按这样的工作方式制作出来的,但在合成的过程中

11、必须符合以下要求:画面干净画面干净包括以下几个方面: 1、没有夹帧 就是完整镜头连接,中间没有多余的东西。我们在剪辑时如果在镜头结束时没有剪,后面带着下一个镜头的内容,而这些东西是由于失误加上的,我们并不需要。这就是夹帧。还有我们在连接两个镜头时,中间没有连接好有黑场,这也是夹帧。通常在剪辑时,很重要的一个任务就是把画面剪干净。 2、镜头完整镜头的剪辑方式有动接动、静接静两种方式。动接这里就不多说了,静接时镜头必须完整。静止镜头要保持一定的长度,比如中景5-8秒。运动镜头必须有起幅、落幅。 3、动镜头最后必须定下来,动镜头不能称为结束画面,所以剪辑点动的镜头最后必须静止下来。即使使用动接,最后

12、一个镜头也必须静下来。主体停止运动,或者出画。(二)声音干净这是新手在剪辑中通常被忽略的内容,包括几个方面:1、话要完整 无论是现场原音还是旁白,不能让人说半句话。声音要纯净 特别嘈杂的声音不能使用,必须让观众听明白。3、声音的音量高低要合适 一个节目的音量要统一,不能有高有低。 背景音乐的音量比例要合适,不能让背景音乐的声音影响到说话的声音 原文出处:John Wiley & Sons.Press,Mark Gerhard Jeffrey MHarper.Mastering Autodesk 3ds Design 2011M.Publisher: John Wiley & Sons,2012

13、.22-32.In the early period of the video filming andpost-production Film and television media has become the most popular, the most influential media type. From created the fantasy world of Hollywood movies to television news focus on the reality of life, into a frenzy of television advertising, whic

14、h profoundly affects our world. In the past, film and television program production is only professional work, seems to be gathering cover with a layer of mysterious veil.For decades, digital technology comprehensively in the process of film and television production, calculator gradually replaced m

15、any of the original film and television equipment, in film and television production each link has played a very important role. But until recently, the use of film and television production has always been extremely expensive specialized hardware and software, non-professional personnel it is diffi

16、cult to have the chance to see these equipment, let alone familiar with the tools to create their own works. As the PC performance significantly increased and the lower price, film and television production from the previous level of professional hardware equipment to gradually shift on PC platform,

17、 the original value is extremely high professional software gradually transplanted to the PC platform, the price also becomes more and more popular.At the same time, the application of film and television production, film and television from the professional field expanded to computer games, multime

18、dia, network, home entertainment, such as wider areas. Many practitioners in these fields and a lot of movie and TV fans can now be used his computer to make his film and television programmes. Many people come into contact with the film and television programme production, starts from the 3 d compu

19、ter animation, until now, to understand and master the 3 d computer animation production personnel many, introduce the many books, too, for the film and television post-production, most people dont know, books are less, and generally only care about a software operation, basic process and principle

20、for the film and television post-production has not very seriously, hope I can through this book, readers can not only understand and master the use of software, but also to the whole process of film and television post-production has a more comprehensive understanding.A profile of film and televisi

21、on post-production: Film and television program production is a quite complex process. Due to the diversity of film and television program itself, made from expensive movie-making to personal home videos, it could not be more different. Intention while the use of these programs, the budgeted product

22、ion budget, investment of manpower to have very big difference, but its production process has much in common, in general, film and television program production can be divided into pre-production, live action, and post-production three main stages. Pre-production is planning and preparation stage,

23、for film production, the process often begins with script, and then the budget, raise money, the selected location, select group of actors, photography and a series of complex process. The ?Is the process of using the camera to record the picture shooting stage, then the footage is the foundation of

24、 the construction finished, so to speak. When after the completion of the work, like the post-production stage. Traditionally the main job of this phase is the clip, the shooting stage get scattered material cutting complete film. General in the filming process, the actual final cut finished filming

25、 material is film length several times or even dozens of times. Editor, a large amount of material is from selected the satisfaction of material and put them together according to the proper way. Production and post-production include voice synthesis. Generally only at this stage, when the material

26、has been removed, excess lens is in series with the combination of picture and sound is synchronous, can only see the outline of the film. Because of the large amount of information and meaning of the film, is not included in a lens painting Traditional movie clips were taken real splicing, the resu

27、lting film after wash, to make a working sample, use these samples for clips. Clips from a large number of samples selected need to shot, the film with scissors, tape or glue to stick them together again, and then watch a clip on JianJiTai effect, the cut and paste the process is repeated until till

28、 the final see repeatedly when satisfied with the results. This process until now is still very common, although look very primitive, but this kind of splicing is nonlinear. Editors dont have to order from beginning to end, because he can keep samples at any time from the middle clipping, insert a l

29、ens, or directly cut off some of the pictures, will not affect the entire film. But Traditional TV editing is performed on editing equipment. Editing equipment generally consists of a projector and a video recorder, editor by projector choose a suitable material, and record it into the video tape, a

30、nd then looking for the next shot. In addition, advanced editing equipment and effects of the strong function, can make all kinds of image fusion and special effects played, can adjust the color of the picture, also can make subtitles and so on. But due to tape record the order of images is, not in

31、existing images inserted between a camera, cant delete a lens, unless all the after picture to record it again. So the editor called linear editing, it brought many restrictions to editors. Although we can see that the traditional editing methods have different characteristics, but also have very bi

32、g limitation, greatly reducing the editing staffs creativity, and waste precious time in the operation process of cumbersome. Based on computer technology, digital non-linear editing technology makes them ways to get great progress in the development of space. This technique will material records to

33、 the computer disk, using the computer calculations and data is read and stored in editing process. It USES a film clip of the nonlinear model, but with a simple mouse and keyboard instead of a scissors and paste type of manual operation, the editing results can playback watch right away, so greatly

34、 improve the efficiency of production.With the rapid development of film and television production, post-production and shoulder an important responsibility: Production refers to the special effects shots - special effects shots taken cannot directly get the lens. Early in the film and television sp

35、ecial effects are mostly through the model making, special traditional means such as photography, optical synthesis, mainly in the stage of the film and print completed. Digital computer used for special effects production provides more better method, also makes a lot of the past must be used to mod

36、el and photography done special effects can be completed through the computer technology, so that more special effects became a post-production work. Special effects shots cant shooting, due to two reasons, one is the subject doesnt exist in real life or the environment, or even impossible to shoot,

37、 also such as dinosaurs or aliens; Second, the subject and For the second solution is difficult. Since the subject is there, they can be taken separately, and then in combining the different of these pictures, respectively. In the past, the synthesis relies on special effects of photography and prin

38、t techniques to complete, but the computer the rapid development of digital synthesis technology to make these in way behind The Times. In recent years the rapid development of the special effects film, and led to the growth of the whole film industry. Computer digital synthesis technology and 3 d c

39、omputer animation has very big difference, it itself is not out of a technology, USES the existing material images are combined, but at the same time, the picture can be a lot of decoration and beautification. A technology is a kind of icing on the cake, so to speak. For TV showsThrough the above in

40、troduction, we summarize the film and television post-production appearance: using the live action of material, through 3 d computer animation and synthetic technology to produce special effects shots, then the scene splicing together, form a complete film, and sound for film production. In the foll

41、owing figure, we can see the basic process of TV digital post-production. At present most of the TV show, from advertising, opening, MTV, TV series and so on all is according to this way of working.一、Body clean clean pages including the following respects1、No clamp frame is a complete lens connectio

42、n, no superfluous things. If when we clip at the end of the lens is not cut, followed the next content of the lens, and is due to mistakes with these things, we dont need. This is clip frames. And when we connect two lenses, no good connection there is black, this is clip frames. Usually in the clip

43、, it is an important task is to cut the screen clean.2、Camera lens cutting complete move by dynamic and static static in two ways. Movements meet here is not much said, still answer the lens must be complete. Static shots to keep a certain length, such as middle 5-8 seconds. Sports camera must have

44、picture, picture.3、move the lens must be decided finally Even using dynamic, last scene also need to calm down. The main body stop motion, or out of the picture.二、Sounds clean and this is usually neglected in novice in editing content, including several aspects1、Something to complete Whether the ori

45、ginal sound or narrator, not let people say half sentence.To pure Can not use the special noise, must let the audience understand it.3、The volume of the sound to the right The volume of the one show to unification, cannot have high low. Background music volume percentage to the right, cant let the background music sounds affect the voice.