高层建筑短肢剪力墙与异形柱结构受力分析与设计探讨

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1、 高层建筑短肢剪力墙与异形柱结构受力分析与设计探讨摘要：在众多短肢剪力墙结构与异形柱框架的试验资料与工程实践基础上，论述了这两种结构形式的受力特点，并分析了各自的结构计算、构造的相关问题。关键词：高层 剪力墙 异形柱随着人们对住宅，特别是高层住宅平面与空间的要求越来越高，原来普通框架结构的露梁露柱、普通剪力墙结构对建筑空间的严格限定与分隔已不能满足人们对住宅空间的要求。于是在原有剪力墙的基础上，吸收了框架结构的优点，逐步发展形成了能适应人们新的住宅观念的高层住宅结构型式，即“短肢剪力墙结构”和“异形柱框架结构”型式。这两种新的结构由于在很大程度上克服了普通框架与普通剪力墙结构的缺点，受到了建筑

2、师的肯定，更得到了住户与房开商的欢迎，为此，本文对这两种新的高层住宅结构型式的受力特点、结构分析及构造要求进行阐述。1 短肢剪力墙结构短肢剪力墙结构是指墙肢的长度为厚度的5-8倍剪力墙结构，常用的有“T”字型、“L”型、“十”字型、“Z”字型、折线型、“一”字型。这种结构型式的特点是：结合建筑平面，利用间隔墙位置来布置竖向构件，基本上不与建筑使用功能发生矛盾；墙的数量可多可少，肢长可长可短，主要视抗侧力的需要而定，还可通过不同的尺寸和布置来调整刚度中心的位置；能灵活布置，可选择的方案较多，楼盖方案简单；连接各墙的梁，随墙肢位置而设于间隔墙竖平面内，可隐蔽；根据建筑平面的抗侧刚度的需要，利用中心

3、剪力墙，形成主要的抗侧力构件，较易满足刚度和强度要求。对短肢剪力墙结构的设计计算，因其是剪力墙大开口而成，所以基本上与普通剪力墙结构分析相同，可采用三维杆-系簿壁柱空间分析方法或空间杆-墙组元分析方法，前者如建研院的TBSA、TAT，广东省建筑设计院的广厦CAD的SS模块，后者如建研院的TBSSAP、SATWE，清华大学的TUS，广东省建院的SSW等。其中空间杆墙组元分析方法计算模型更符合实际情况，精度较高。虽然三维杆系-簿壁柱空间分析程序使用较早、应用较广，但对墙肢较长的短肢剪力墙，应该用空间杆-墙组元程序进行校核。在进行以上分析后，按高层建筑结构设计与施工规范进行截面与构造设计，相对于异形

4、柱结构，短肢剪力墙结构的理论与实践较为成熟，但这种结构在结构设计中仍然有需要引起重视的方面。（1）由于短肢剪力墙结构相对于普通剪力墙结构其抗侧刚度相对较小，设计时宜布置适当数量的长墙，或利用电梯，楼梯间形成刚度较大的内筒，以避免设防烈度下结构产生大的变形，同时也形成两道抗震设防；（2）短肢剪力墙结构的抗震薄弱部位是建筑平面外边缘的角部处的墙肢，当有扭转效应时，会加剧已有的翘曲变形，使其墙肢首先开裂，应加强其抗震构造措施，如减小轴压比，增大纵筋和箍筋的配筋率；（3）高层短肢剪力墙结构在水平力作用下，显现整体弯曲变形为主，底部外围小墙肢承受较大的竖向荷载和扭转剪力，由一些模型试验反映出外周边墙肢开

5、裂，因而对外周边墙肢应加大厚度和配筋量，加强小墙肢的延性抗震性能。短肢墙应在两个方向上均有连接，避免形成孤立的“一”字形墙肢；（4）各墙肢分布要尽量均匀，使其刚度中心与建筑物的形心尽量接近，必要时用长肢墙来调整刚度中心；（5）高层结构中的连梁是一个耗能构件，在短肢剪力墙结构中，墙肢刚度相对减小，连接各墙肢间的梁已类似普通框架梁，而不同于一般剪力墙间的连梁，不应在计算的总体信息中将连梁的刚度大幅下调，使其设计内力降低，应按普通框架梁要求，控制砼压区高度，其梁端负弯矩钢筋可由塑性调幅70%-80%来解决，按强剪弱弯，强柱弱梁的延性要求进行计算。2 异形柱结构异形柱结构是指柱肢的截面高度与柱肢宽度的

6、比值在2-4，相对于正方形与矩形柱而言是异形的柱子。它包括异形柱框架和异形柱框架剪力墙，常用的有“L”型、“T”型、“十”字型。这种结构的特点是：由于截面的这种特殊性，使得墙肢平面内外两个方向刚度对比相差较大，导致各向刚度不一致，其各向承载能力也有较大差异；对于长柱（H/h>4）可以不考虑剪切变形的影响，控制轴压比较小时，受力明确，变形能力较好。而对短柱（H/h<4），剪切变形占有相当比例，构件变形能力下降。异形柱通常在短柱范围，且属薄壁构件，即使发生延性的弯曲形破坏，也因截面曲率M/EI或cu/（cu为砼的极限压应变，为截面受压区高度）较小，使弯曲变形性能有限，延性较差；异形柱由

7、于是多肢的，其剪切中心往往在平面范围之外，受力时要靠各柱肢交点处核心砼协调变形和内力，这种变形协调使各柱肢内存在相当大的翘曲应力和剪应力，而该剪应力的存在，使柱肢易先出现裂缝，也使得各肢的核心砼处于三向剪力状态，它使得异形柱较普通截面柱变形能力低，脆性破坏明显；特别是异形柱不同于矩形柱，它存在着单纯翼缘柱肢受压的情况，其延性更差。由国内外大量的试验资料和理论分析2，异形柱的破坏形态为：弯曲破坏、小偏压破坏、压剪破坏等，影响其破坏形态的因素有：荷载角、轴压比、柱净高与截面肢长比（剪跨比），配箍率以及箍筋间距S与纵筋直径D的比值等。由于其受力性能的复杂，设计中必须通过可靠的计算和必要的构造措施来保

8、证其强度和延性。 目前，异形柱结构设计还没有统一的国家规范，仅有两部地方性法规，即广东省标准DBJ/T15-15-95和天津市标准DB29-16-98可供参考。在进行异形柱结构设计时，除满足高规中对结构布置要求外，还应注意几个方面的问题：（1）异形框架的计算由于其截面的特殊性，在柱截面对称轴内受水平力作用时，弹性分析计算其翘曲应力很小，此时如同承受水平力的偏压构件，仍可按平截面假定分析，按砼设计规范计算，特别是在框剪，框筒结构中，对6度及其以下烈度区的、类场地，框架柱只承担水平风载的一小部分，如按一般偏压柱计算，误差较小。此时异形柱可用等刚度等面积代换成矩形柱后由程序进行整体分析。而在水平力较

9、大，且水平力作用在非主轴方向，则翘曲应力不容忽视，按平截面假定误差较大，则应对异形柱框架结构进行有限元分析，决定内力和配筋位置及大小。在进行内力计算和配筋计算时，宜选用带有异形柱计算功能的计算软件。现在有一些软件没有异形柱截面形式，如要用它进行计算，要先进行等刚度等面积换算成矩形柱，进行整体分析，得到双向内力后再进行异形柱的截面设计，其工作量相当大，且截面设计的可靠性不高。目前，国内可直接进行异形柱截面内力计算和截面设计的软件有建研院的TAT、SATWE程序，广东省1建院的SS、SSW程序以及天津大学的钢筋砼异形柱结构配筋计算程序CRSC.这些程序均用数值积分法进行正截面配筋设计，准确性较高，

10、经过大量工程校算，能有效地满足结构安全性要求。（2）轴压比控制对框架结构，框-剪结构，柱的延性对于耗散地震能量，防止框架的倒塌，起着十分重要的作用，且轴压比又是影响砼柱延性的一个关键指标。由试验结构分析3，柱的侧移延性比随着轴压比的增大而急剧下降。在高轴压比情况下，增加箍筋用量对提高柱的延性作用已很小，因而轴压比大小的控制对柱的延性影响至关重要，特别是异形柱结构剪力中心与截面形心不重合，剪应力使砼柱肢先于普通矩形压剪构件出现裂缝，产生腹剪破坏，加上异形柱多属短柱，这些导致异形柱脆性明显，使异形柱的延性普遍低于矩形柱，因而对异形柱的轴压比要严格控制。在广东规程中，其轴压比按砼设计规范中的要求减少

11、0.05，但其适用高度较低，一般为35 m.当高层建筑的高度进一步加大时，其水平力的影响会愈来愈显著，对结构的延性要求也愈高。由天津大学土木系对异形柱延性资料可知，影响异形柱延性的因素比普通柱要复杂，且不同的柱截面形式，如L型、T型、十字型，在相同水平侧移下，其延性性能也有较大差异，因而，轴压比控制应参考天津规程。但天津规程的控制过于繁锁，在结构计算中，柱的纵筋与箍面的直径还没有设定，因而箍筋间距与纵筋直径的比值还无法确定。为在实际工作中便于使用，可按不同的截面形式（L、T、十字型）与不同的抗震等级两项指标从严控制，对低烈度地区的这类结构是能够满足其延性要求的。（3）配筋构造在正确的结构选型及

12、计算后，截面内钢筋的构造也是保证异形柱受力性能的重要因素。由于异形柱截面的特点，柱肢端部会出现较大应力，加上梁作用于柱肢上应力的不均匀，一般越靠肢端应力越大，对柱肢形成偏心压力，进一步加大肢端压应力。因而在异形柱配筋时，应在肢端设暗柱，暗柱的外排钢筋由计算而定。离端部厚度范围内设214的构造纵筋，箍筋同柱，这样可限制柱肢的砼裂缝的开展，提高异形柱局部抗压抗剪强度及变形能力。柱上的箍筋不仅能抗剪，也可约束砼变形，增大其延性。异形柱由于不易形成多肢复合箍，因而其配筋率只能由加大箍筋直径和加密间距来实现。相同配箍率下，箍筋直径大，其延性指标好，因而箍筋且用8、10，其间距可比普通柱箍筋间距小。总之，

13、短肢剪力墙结构与异形柱框架结构有着较大的市场需求，在设计中根据其受力的特点，充分了解其破坏的各种机理，选用合理的结构形式，正确掌握计算机分析方法和截面配筋，其结构才能有可靠的安全保证/Porganization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) th

14、e manual work of the Communist Youth League Organization published and League branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (total)

15、using branch ratio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of municipal Party Committee Organization Department on the strengthening of the Communi

16、st Youth League cadres management opinions implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous counties, cities) Commission and city directly under the group (workers) appointed to carry out the Five team building activities. Improve the League Association Department working mechanism. Conscie

17、ntiously fulfill the duties of CO, combined with the city group directly under (the) Committee of the general election and the adjustment, actively jointly with the unit where the party organization department good group leadership selection with the work. Do a good job in municipal Party committee

18、assistant committee leadership and leading cadres of the annual assessment work, adhere to and improve the assistant secretary of the Communist Youth League talk system group To weave individual conversation and collective conversation, to strengthen the committees of all levels, the Standing Commit

19、tee of the Standing Committee, the establishment of a sound system of central group learning, the system of investigation and study, the system of important issues and the reporting system.(two) to strengthen the work of education and training of cadres to conscientiously implement the Central Commi

20、ttee. On the implementation of grassroots cadres training project and opinions on carrying out the mission municipal CYL Cadres training project implementation opinions, full implementation of the project of the City Youth League cadres training education. Focus on the county grassroots cadres and w

21、orkers focused on training, the new school system vocational training League cadres, for the Municipal Organization Department jointly held the third session of the Communist Youth League system training cadres in party. Focusing on the construction of new socialist countryside, strengthening villag

22、e cadres and rural construction team group member of the young team, the county organizations at various levels throughout the year is expected to train 100 00 rural grassroots cadres, plans to train 1000 village secretary of the village Party branch.(three) actively promote grassroots cadres electi

23、on work. Under the unified leadership of the party organization, to strengthen grassroots organizations direct work, standardize the election work rules and procedures, in the designated candidate, open competition to democratically elected branch secretary at the same time, actively and steadily th

24、e development of Township, streets and other grassroots organizations in the direct election of the pilot work, on the basis of summarizing the experience and gradually expand the scope of the pilot, and gradually formed a set of measures and cadres election system.(four) to strengthen the cadres te

25、sting exercise. To study the development of XX city from 2006 to 2008 cadres testing exercise planning. To select outstanding cadres to the central mission in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other central organs and sending work in developed areas. With the Central Committee the implementation of t

26、he western region and ethnic minorities cadres training plan . To carry out the eighth batch of municipal organs attachment cadre management, selection, training work. The outstanding cadres to start the National Development Bank XX branch testing exercise.(five) to strengthen the group construction

27、. The main position to play the role of Youth League cadre education and training as the city, in accordance with the requirements of post training, further curriculum scientifically and rationally, adopt arrangement menu course, basic theory includes group work, focus, hot and difficult issues, to

28、enhance the content and practice; to strengthen the construction of teaching staff, the integration of teachers, establish a quality teacher training team, establish and implement course evaluation system; take delivery of training to the countryside, on-site training, and increase the rural grassro

29、ots cadres training efforts.Four, efforts to strengthen the work of young talent(a) to tenth XX young 54 medal in recognition of the publicity, and actively explore the XX youth service. 54 Medal of institutionalization, standardization and socialization mechanism. Give full play to the XX award in

30、recognition of 54 youth medal Association, Youth Award winner in the 54 chapter, investigation activities. Who won the Youth Service medal, dedication to the society to create conditions, build the stage. During the 54, named in recognition of the tenth XX young 54 medal. The association of XX editi

31、ng of young talent , the exchange of information and communication platform for the XX of outstanding young talents.(two) the establishment of municipal Party committee of young talent information database. In accordance with the feasible, effective, classification management, implement step by step

32、 principle, the establishment of municipal Party committee of youth talent database; guiding organizations at various levels generally established the young talent database, construction of city, county (directly under the Communist Youth League), grassroots organizations three young talent informat

33、ion database the relevant information collection system, and gradually establish the citys young people, the Communist Youth League youth talent information network, provide information platform for young talent resource development.Five, take effective measures to strengthen the mission management(

34、a) to strengthen the mission management work. Strengthen the dues collection and management, continue to adhere to the dues collection regularly reporting system, the annual comprehensive award in recognition of the tour and the tour one vote veto system audit system. Do statistical work in the grou

35、p. The group service award in recognition of the advanced units, standardization, promoting group management work institutionalized.(two) to strengthen the organization of research and information exchange efforts. Grassroots carry out research, efforts to form a number of theoretical results. Make

36、full use of the network carrier, to explore the establishment of electronic group service system, promote the work of Communist Youth League information.Attachment 4:XX municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department of the Communist Youth League work pointsIn 2006, the Communist Youth League propag

37、anda ideological work XX to Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents as guidance, study and implement the partys sixteen and the spirit of the the fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee implementation of the eight plenary session of the two committee, the c

38、itys cultural work conference, the Propaganda Department of the meeting and the the fourth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee permanent mission spirit, closely around 11th Five-Year XX the goal of full implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, emancipating the mind, seeking

39、 truth from facts, keep pace with the times, close to reality, close to life, close to the young, persevere grasp orientation, grasping deepening, grasping construction innovation, further improve the groups propaganda and ideological work ability, unity To guide the majority of members of the youth

40、 to achieve the 11th Five-Year planning tasks, the overall construction of a well-off society, building a socialist harmonious society to make new contributions.One, adhere to the Three Represents important thought and Scientific Outlook on Development education to guide the youth, to further streng

41、then the ideological and political education of youth(a) armed with youth science theory. Unremittingly with Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents armed members of youth education, to promote the study and implement to expand the depth and breadth. To study and implement

42、 the important thought of Three Represents with the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development combine with the implementation of the requirements of constructing socialist harmonious society with Scientific Outlook on Development, carry out education as an important part

43、of the theory of armed youth in the new period, strengthen the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development education, educate and guide the youth to fully understand the great significance of establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, in-depth un

44、derstanding of the Scientific Outlook on Development era back The king, the practice foundation, basic connotation, historical status, spirit and practice requirements, a profound understanding of Scientific Outlook on Development with Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, inheriting and developing

45、relationship between Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents, to help young people establish and consciously practice Scientific Outlook on Development. Persist in learning, grasping the backbone, grasp the practice, grasp the opportunity. Catch club, effective way to gras

46、p the network, with the group of cadres, young students and young backbone fronts as the focus, to promote the work of the armed youth theory to develop in depth, to help the youth continue to firm ideals and beliefs, to build a powerful spiritual pillar. To carry out the study and implementation of

47、 the partys sixteen session of the five Eight plenary session of the two plenary session of the Central Committee and the party spirit, to the citys Youth League members thinking into the spirit of the meeting, to achieve the goal of national consciousness and XX economic and social development in 1

48、1th Five-Year period. Contribute to help and guide the youth to a profound understanding of the significance and main task of building a socialist harmonious society, actively join the construction of socialist harmonious society.(two) to strengthen the ideological and moral construction of teenager

49、s. Thoroughly implement the central spirit of the document No. 8, No. 16 and the program for Improving Civic Morality to minors and students as focus groups, to strengthen and improve the ideological and moral construction of minors and the ideological and political education of college students. Ma

50、ke full use of the spirit and the spirit of the Three Gorges migrants Hongyan XX unique the use of educational resources, school, into the team, the league, to join the party, adult occasions, extensive Hongyan spirit generation theme education activities. Use of holidays and leisure time, youth org

51、anizations three rural areas, four communities, four and moral practice, guide the youth Youth to enhance national pride, self-esteem and self-confidence, to establish the trend of the times and adapt to the trend of thinking, value orientation and behavior.(three) innovative ways and means of ideol

52、ogical education. Grasp the new trend of the development of the times, the new hot new features and social ideological status of young people, to further explore the methods of ideological education using modern technology and communication mode of education make lively and vivid, fully embodies the

53、 close to reality, close to life, close to the young principle through the cultivation and selection. Hongyan demonstration group, good boy, Hongyan Hongyan Youth and other forms of more scientific use of advanced typical influence and promote youth, and strive to create advocating advanced, learnin

54、g advanced, striving to advance a good atmosphere.Two, in order to forge ahead with the motherland, and XX with the development as its theme, guide the youth to build a common ideological basis for the construction of a socialist harmonious society(a) grasp the theme of the purpose of the activity.

55、The go ahead with the motherland in the youth, and XX with the development of theme educational activities. Vigorously promote patriotism as the core of the national spirit and reform and innovation as the core spirit of the times, the combination of youth with common ideals and beliefs, with great

56、achievements in socialist modernization the motivation of youth, the youth to enhance self-confidence, sense of mission and responsibility to educate and guide the youth to personal pursuit into the common pursuit of all people, their personal struggle into the great practice of building socialism C

57、hina characteristics, further firmly follow the party China characteristics The confidence and determination of the socialist road, and build the common ideological foundation of the young people to build a socialist harmonious society.(two) rich theme activities. By carrying out the two generation

58、dialogue , in my eyes, the charm of XX situation and policy through activities such as lectures, report, seminars, theatrical performances, mass cultural activities, to help young people understand Chinas reform and opening up the extraordinary journey and brilliant achievements achieved fruitful re

59、sults, to understand the citys economic and social development since the new XX, so that young people understand, love the new XX, and then to the construction of the new XX, a firm with the party on the road to socialism with China characteristics of faith; make full use of the 54, 61, National Day

60、 and the commemoration of the 85 anniversary of the founding of the red In the 70 anniversary of the victory of the long march and other major activities, the favorable opportunity of major events and major festivals, to carry out educational activities, promote the theme education activities contin

61、ue to create momentum, the rise of high tide, popular. Further study, promotion of Scientific Outlook on Development, to carry out a wide range of situation and policy education, the development prospect of the future of the motherland and XX, guiding the youth to continue enhance the sense of missi

62、on and responsibility, in the implementation of the 11th Five-Year planning and building a well-off society in the historical process of contributions. Be enthusiastic and press on.Three, to lead the trend of youth service, cultural city youth culture is taking action, and promote new progress in th

63、e construction of youth 10 / 10organization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual work of the Communist Youth League Organization publi

64、shed and League branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (total) using branch ratio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to furthe

65、r strengthen the groups leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of municipal Party Committee Organization Department on the strengthening of the Communist Youth League cadres management opinions implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous counties, cities) Commission and city directly under the group (workers)