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1、老托福精选95-05阅读真题 Questions 11-21The Music of FilmsKeywords: films, music, pianists, orchestras, conductorAccustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as silent, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indis

2、pensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was

3、sufficient.Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film. As movie theaters grew in number and importance, a violinist, and perhaps a cellist, wou

4、ld be added to the pianist in certain cases, and in the larger movie theaters small orchestras were formed. For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualification for hold

5、ing such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces. Since the conductor seldom saw the films until the night before they were to be shown (if, indeed, the conductor was lucky enough to see them then), the musical arrangement as normally

6、improvised in the greatest hurry.To help meet this difficulty, film distributing companies started the practice of publishing suggestions for musical accompaniments. In 1909, for example, the Edison Company began issuing with their films such indications of mood as pleasant, sad, lively. The suggest

7、ions became more explicit, and so emerged the musical cue sheet containing indications of mood, the titles of suitable pieces of music, and precise directions to show where one piece led into the next.Certain films had music especially composed for them. The most famous of these early special scores

8、 was that composed and arranged for D. W. Griffiths film Birth of a Nation, which was released in 1915.11. The passage mainly discusses music that was B(A) performed before the showing of a film(B) played during silent films(C) specifically composed for certain movie theaters(D) recorded during film

9、 exhibitions12. What can be inferred that the passage about the majority of films made after 1927 C(A) They were truly silent.(B) They were accompanied by symphonic orchestras.(C) They incorporated the sound of the actors voices.(D) They corresponded to specific musical compositions.13. The word sol

10、emn in line 6 is closest in meaning to B(A) simple(B) serious(C) short(D) silent14. It can be inferred that orchestra conductors who worked in movie theaters needed to C(A) be able to play many instruments(B) have pleasant voices(C) be familiar with a wide variety of music(D) be able to compose orig

11、inal music15. The word them in line 17 refers to D(A) years(B) hands(C) pieces(D) films16. According to the passage, what kind of business was the Edison Company? B(A) It produced electricity.(B) It distributed films.(C) It published musical arrangements.(D) It made musical instruments.17. It may be

12、 inferred from the passage that the first musical cue sheets appeared around B(A) 1896(B) 1909(C) 1915(D) 192718. Which of the following notations is most likely to have been included on a musical cue sheet of the early 1900s? A(A) Calm, peaceful(B) Piano, violin(C) Key of C major(D) Directed by D.

13、W. Griffith19. The word composed in line 20 is closest in meaning to D(A) selected(B) combined(C) played(D) created20. The word scores in line 20 is closest in meaning to C(A) totals(B) successes(C) musical compositions(D) groups of musicians21. The passage probably continues with a discussion of D(

14、A) famous composers of the early twentieth century(B) other films directed by D. W. Griffith(C) silent films by other directors(D) the music in Birth of a NationQuestions 22-31The Earth comprises three principal layers: the dense, iron-rich core, the mantle made of silicate rocks that are semimolten

15、 at depth, and the thin, solid-surface crust. There are two kinds of crust, a lower and denser oceanic crust and an upper, lighter continental crust found over only about 40 percent of the Earths surface. The rocks of the crust are of very different ages. Some continental rocks are over 3,000 millio

16、n years old, while those of the ocean flow are less than 200 million years old. The crusts and the top, solid part of the mantle, totaling about 70 to 100 kilometers in thickness, at present appear to consist of about 15 rigid plates, 7 of which are very large. These plates move over the semimolten

17、lower mantle to produce all of the major topographical features of the Earth. Active zones where intense deformation occurs are confined to the narrow, interconnecting boundaries of contact of the plates.There are three main types of zones of contact: spreading contacts where plates move apart, conv

18、erging contacts where plates move towards each other, and transform contacts where plates slide past each other. New oceanic crust is formed along one or more margins of each plate by material issuing from deeper layers of the Earths crust, for example, by volcanic eruptions of lava at midocean ridg

19、es. If at such a spreading contact the two plates support continents, a rift is formed that will gradually widen and become flooded by the sea. The Atlantic Ocean formed like this as the American andAfro-European plates move in opposite directions. At the same time at margins of converging plates, t

20、he oceanic crust is being reabsorbed by being subducted into the mantle and remelted beneath the ocean trenches. When two plates carrying continents collide, the continental blocks, too light to be drawn down, continue to float and therefore buckle to form a mountain chain along the length of the ma

21、rgin of the plates.22. The word comprises in line 1 is closest in meaning to C(A) adapts to(B) benefits from(C) consists of(D) focuses on23. According to the passage, on approximately what percent of the Earths surface is the continental crust found? B(A) 15(B) 40(C) 70(D) 10024. The word which in l

22、ine 7 refers to C(A) crusts(B) kilometers(C) plates(D) continents25. The word intense in line 8 is closest in meaning to D(A) surface(B) sudden(C) rare(D) extreme26. What does the second paragraph of the passage mainly discuss? B(A) The major mountain chains of the Earth(B) Processes that create the

23、 Earths surface features(C) The composition of the ocean floors(D) The rates at which continents move27. Which of the following drawings best represents a transform contact (line 13-14)? D(A)(B)(C)(D)28. The word margins in line 12 is closest in meaning to A(A) edges(B) peaks(C) interiors(D) distanc

24、es29. The word support in line 14 is closest in meaning to D(A) separate(B) create(C) reduce(D) hold30. According to the passage, mountain range are formed when D(A) the crust is remelted(B) two plates separate(C) a rift is flooded(D) continental plates collide31. Where in the passage does the autho

25、r describe how oceans are formed? C(A) Lines 3-4(B) Lines 6-8(C) Lines 16-18(D) Lines 19-21Questions 32-40Biological DiversityKeywords: diversity，species，Earth，human，animal，plantCoincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the import

26、ance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being. Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms, particularly the exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rain-forest habitats. Relatively littl

27、e has been said, however, about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forests in terms of richness of life.An alien exploring Earth would probably give priority to the planets dominants, most-distinctive feature-the ocean. Humans have a bias toward land t

28、hat sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away, it is easy to realize that landmasses occupy only one-third of the Earths surface. Given that two-thirds of the Earths surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean, the total three-dimension

29、al living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater than that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the ocean has fewer distinct species.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the worlds rain forests does not seem surprising, conside

30、ring the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species. One scientist found many different species of ants in just one tree from a rain forest. While every species is different from every other species, their genetic makeup constrains them to be insects and to share similar character

31、istics with 750,000 species of insects. If basic, broad categories such as phyla and classes are given more emphasis than differentiating between species, then the greatest diversity of life is unquestionably the sea. Nearly every major type of plant and animal has some representation there.To appre

32、ciated fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small. Every spoonful of ocean water contains life, on the order of 100 to 100,000 bacterial cells plus assorted microscopic plants and animals, including larvae of organisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish an

33、d clams and much more.32.What is the main point of the passage? C(A) Humans are destroying thousands of species.(B) There are thousands of insect species.(C) The sea is even richer in life than the rain forests.(D) Coral reefs are similar to rain forests.33.The word appreciation in line 2 is closest

34、 in meaning to B(A) ignorance(B) recognition(C) tolerance(D) forgiveness34.Why does the author compare rain forests and coral reefs (lines 4-6)? D(A) They are approximately the same size.(B) They share many similar species.(C) Most of their inhabitants require water(D) Both have different forms of l

35、ife35.The word bias in line 8 is closest in meaning to D(A) concern(B) disadvantage(C) attitude(D) prejudice36.The passage suggests that most rain forest Aspecies are(A) insects(B) bacteria(C) mammals(D) birds37.The word there in line 19 refers to A(A) the sea(B) the rain forests(C) a tree(D) the Ea

36、rths surface38.The author argues that there is more diversity of life in the sea than in the rain forests because A(A) more phyla and classes of life are represented in the sea(B) there are too many insects to make meaningful distinctions(C) many insect species are too small to divide into categorie

37、s(D) marine life-forms reproduce at a faster rate39.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of microscopic sea life? D(A) Sponges(B) Coral(C) Starfish(D) Shrimp40.Which of the following conclusions is supported by the passage? B(A) Ocean life is highly adaptive.(B) More attentions need

38、s to be paid to preserving ocean species and habitats.(C) Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.(D) The sea is highly resistant to the damage done by pollutants.Questions 41-50What geologists call the Basin and Range Province in the United States roughly coincides in its northern portions with

39、the geographic province known as the Great Basin. The Great Basin is hemmed in on the west by the Sierra Nevada and on the east by the Rocky Mountains; it has no outlet to the sea. The prevailing winds in the Great Basin are from the west. Warm, moist air from the Pacific Ocean is forced upward as i

40、t crosses the Sierra Nevada. At the higher altitudes it cools and the moisture it carriers is precipitated as rain or snow on the western slopes of the mountains. That which reaches the Basin is air wrung dry of moisture. What little water falls there as rain or snow, mostly in the winter months, ev

41、aporates on the broad, flat desert floors. It is, therefore, an environment in which organisms battle for survival. Along the rare watercourses, cottonwoods and willows eke out a sparse existence. In the upland ranges, pinon pines and junipers struggle to hold their own.But the Great Basin has not a

42、lways been so arid. Many of its dry, closed depressions were once filled with water. Owens Valley, Panamint Valley, and Death Valley were once a string of interconnected lakes. The two largest of the ancient lakes of the Great Basin were Lake Lahontan and Lake Bonneville. The Great Salt Lake is all

43、that remains of the latter, and Pyramid Lake is one of the last briny remnants of the former.There seem to have been several periods within the last tens of thousands of years when water accumulated in these basins. The rise and fall of the lakes were undoubtedly linked to the advances and retreats

44、of the great ice sheets that covered much of the northern part of the North American continent during those times. Climatic changes during the Ice ages sometimes brought cooler, wetter weather to midlatitude deserts worldwide, including those of the Great Basin. The broken valleys of the Great Basin

45、 provided ready receptacles for this moisture.41.What is the geographical relationship between the Basin and Range Province and the Great Basin? C(A) The Great Basin is west of the Basin and Range Province.(B) The Great Basin is larger than the Basin and Range Province.(C) The Great Basin is in the

46、northern part of the Basin and Range Province.(D) The Great Basin is mountainous; the Basin and Range Province is flat desert.42.According to the passage, what does the great Basin lack? D(A) Snow(B) Dry air(C) Winds from the west(D) Access to the ocean43.The word prevailing in line 3 is closest in

47、meaning to A(A) most frequent(B) occasional(C) gentle(D) most dangerous44.It can be inferred that the climate in the Great Basin is dry because D(A) the weather patterns are so turbulent(B) the altitude prevents precipitation(C) the winds are not strong enough to carry moisture(D) precipitation fall

48、s in the nearby mountains45.The word it in line 4 refers to B(A) Pacific Ocean(B) air(C) west(D) the Great Basin46.Why does the author mention cottonwoods and willows in line 8-9? B(A) To demonstrate that certain trees require a lot of water(B) To give examples of trees that are able to survive in a

49、 difficult environment(C) To show the beauty of the landscape of the Great Basin(D) To assert that there are more living organisms in the Great Basin than there used to be47.Why does the author mention Owens Valley, Panamint Valley, and Death Valley in the second paragraph? B(A) To explain their geo

50、graphical formation(B) To give examples of depressions that once contained water(C) To compare the characteristics of the valleys with the characteristics of the lakes(D) To explain what the Great Basin is like today48.The words the former in line 14 refer to B(A) Lake Bonneville(B) Lake Lahontan(C)

51、 The Great Salt Lake(D) Pyramid Lake49. The word accumulated in line 15 is closest in meaning to C(A) dried(B) flooded(C) collected(D) evaporated50. According to the passage, the Ice Ages often brought about D(A) desert formation(B) warmer climates(C) broken valleys(D) wetter weather1996.01Questions

52、 1-9In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A theory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured

53、 as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experiments to test the theory. If observations confir

54、m the scientists predictions, the theory is supported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected.Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting

55、 information and performing experiments facts by themselves are not science. As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said: Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.Most

56、scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem are formulated. These p

57、ossible solutions are called hypotheses.In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientists thinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes observations to test hypotheses. For without hypotheses, further investigation lac

58、ks purpose and direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.1. The word related in line 1 is closest in meaning to A(A) connected(B) described(C) completed(D) identified2. The word this in line 3 refers to B(A) a good example (B) an imaginary model (C) the kinetic mo

59、lecular theory(D) an observed event 3. According to the second paragraph, a useful theory is one that helps scientists to B(A) find errors in past experiments(B) make predictions (C) observe events (D) publicize new findings 4. The word supported in line 7 is closest in meaning to D(A) finished(B) a

60、djusted(C) investigated(D) upheld5. Bricks are mentioned in lines 11-13 to indicate how C(A) mathematicians approach science(B) building a house is like performing experiments(C) science is more than a collection of facts(D) scientific experiments have led to improved technology6. In the fourth para

61、graph, the author implies that imagination is most important to scientists when they B(A) evaluate previous work on a problem(B) formulate possible solutions to a problem(C) gather known facts(D) close an investigation7. In line 18, the author refers to a hypothesis as a leap into the unknown in ord

62、er to show that hypotheses C(A) are sometimes ill-conceived(B) can lead to dangerous results(C) go beyond available facts(D) require effort to formulate8. In the last paragraph, what does the author imply is a major function of hypotheses? C(A) Sifting through known facts(B) Communicating a scientis

63、ts thoughts to others(C) Providing direction for scientific research(D) Linking together different theories9. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage? D(A) Theories are simply imaginary models of past events.(B) It is better to revise a hypothesis than to reject it.(C) A scient

64、ists most difficult task is testing hypotheses.(D) A good scientist needs to be creativeQuestions 10-20By the mid-nineteenth century, the term icebox had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city deale