安达信咨询方法与工具资料库CS

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1、12Lite Bytes - Client / Server TechnologiesInside This Issue2Understanding C/S8Marketplace Trends9Impact on our Practice10Futures11Sources of More InfoWritten by Bill Compton - BSC AtlantaLite BytesBSCs Topical Technology White PapersVolume 1 Issue 1 November 1994Understanding and Applying Client /

2、Server TechnologiesClient / Server technology is making a significant impact on the packaged software and custom systems projects with which BSC is involved today, and that this trend will continue for the next 3 - 5 years. It is important that BSC seniors and managers understand the underlying conc

3、epts of this technology and its differences from traditional application architectures.Executive OverviewThe growing maturity of client/server technology is beginning to have significant impact on BSC projects. Our clients are asking us what it means to their business, and we in turn are recommendin

4、g it for both packaged application software and custom developed solutions.Client / Server models and practices are the current state-of-the-art in creating flexible and powerful solutions. As an outgrowth of this new model, organizations can refocus their culture by providing users access to inform

5、ation whenever and wherever they need it, dynamic to their market demands. In doing so, they are no longer depending solely on the traditional “centralized” paradigm in which all of the processing in an application system occurs on a single computer. Instead, the processing is distributed to multipl

6、e computer systems, each of which is designed and optimized to perform a given component of the processing. This creates a scenario in which the server is not the computer, nor is the client. Rather, the combination of all the resources on the network is the “computer”.In a client/server system, the

7、 user interface (UI) processing is most often performed by a client workstation or PC at which the user works. The more sophisticated processing of information, however, is performed by a specialized database or application server connected to multiple clients by a network.In some implementations of

8、 client/server architecture, the application logic (or business rules) in the system may be placed on either the client or the server, depending on the business characteristics of the application. The application logic is often placed on the client workstation for relatively simple applications and

9、prototypes; on-line transaction processing applications usually spread the application logic between the client and the server depending on the functionality of the specific logic and the breadth of data on which it acts.Generally speaking, organizations address client/server in one of two modes - D

10、ownsizing from mainframe or proprietary midrange platforms, or “upsizing” to a new level of systems sophistication. In the downsizing scenario there are some opportunities to reduce expenditures on technology by negotiating between multiple vendors as well as increasing application development effic

11、iency. However, cost savings based on client/server systems usually appear only in the long-term; start-up training and implementation costs usually overshadow initial savings. In “upsizing” projects deploying client/server to implement new, more sophisticated solutions, there are four main benefits

12、:Incremental or Spiral methodologies promote continuous users involvement with multiple usability check points.Client/server development tools provide a significantly more efficacious environment for analysis, design, and implementation teams.Client/server hardware, software, and tool sets have a mu

13、ch lower entry cost structure; and,The architecture allows efficient scalability for the systems from the entry point.Client/Server technology has certainly arrived in todays marketplace. BSC is actively integrating C/S into everything from our core training to client projects. The next challenge is

14、 to make our experiences and best practices available to all BSC professionals to best leverage this technology.Understanding and Applying Client/Server TechnologiesClient / Server has matured into the dominant driving force in new and ongoing computer application development. According to Gartner G

15、roup predictions, 70 percent of all new applications developed through 1995 will make use of some form of C/S technology. By 1998, 60 percent of all existing applications will have been migrated to client/server though either a partial rewrite or total replacement.Some of the larger BSC offices bega

16、n experimenting with developing and implementing C/S based systems as early as 5 years ago. These projects were in the “forefront of technology.” In todays market, however, almost every BSC professional is faced with questions from our clients concerning this technology. Our software selection matri

17、ces are increasingly filled with C/S packages from such vendors as Platinum, Great Plains, Adage, and Oracle. Our systems development projects have moved away from using products such as Lotus 1-2-3, FoxPro, and Paradox to such products as Visual Basic, SQLWindows, PowerBuilder, and SQLServer.This “

18、Lite Byte” provides an overview of client/server technology for the experienced BSC professional who has not been actively exposed to C/S development. It begins with a general and broad definition of client/server and then moves to a description of the architecture which is common to the packaged ap

19、plications and custom development managed by BSC. This architecture will exist as several different models depending on the business characteristics of the application. Finally, the trends in the marketplace which are driving the move to this architecture, as well as their impact and implications on

20、 our business, will be discussed.What is Client/Server?Client/Server architecture is often defined at two different levels: the abstract and the technical. The abstract level describes a cultural shift in the way in which companies view the use of computers and the ownership and access to informatio

21、n. The old culture was dominated by central computer rooms, or “glass houses,” with large legacy mainframe systems. The companys DP department owned the information contained in these systems and provided access to it - usually in the form of printed reports - only at the specific request of users.

22、The new culture is characterized by many interconnected systems existing throughout the organization. The information in these systems is under the stewardship of the users themselves, who may collect it at the source and access it through ad-hoc queries and reports whenever and wherever the informa

23、tion is needed. This represents a democratization of information access - not constrained by the organizations actual structure or reporting hierarchy.The technical level of client/server describes the physical way in which application software is designed. Application software has traditionally bee

24、n designed as a primary process which runs on a single computer - the “monolithic” model. In a client/server environment, the application software is divided into two or more processes, each of which is distributed across separate computers. The Client process is typically responsible for providing

25、the user interface and application logic. It controls the display of information to the user and the functionality that occurs based on user inputs. The Server process manipulates information in a database or application process based upon inputs and requests from the client.In fact, the client/serv

26、er concept can be used to describe a variety of applications we use on a day-to-day basis. For example, when you log onto a Novell network at the office to edit a word processing file off of the network, the PC client is issuing a request for disk file services, to which the Netware server responds.

27、 This is, however, a pretty simplistic example. Most people use client/server technology to describe an application in which the server process employs significant intelligence to select and manipulate the data before sending it to the client process, which then presents it to the user. Such a serve

28、r process is often referred to as a Database Management System. Other servers which are included in the client/server paradigm include communication servers, video and multi-media servers, etc. For the purposes of this paper, we will focus on those applications which use servers with database manage

29、ment systems. Other application and resource servers operate similarly.The Evolution to Client/Server Database Management ApplicationsHistorically, many BSC systems development projects have used relatively simple PC based database systems, such as Paradox and FoxPro. These were often single-user sy

30、stems performing functions such as sales reporting and analysis. Although the system might import information from a financial system on another computer, the application and all of its data files existed on a single computer or a single local area network.If the application needed to support multip

31、le users, the data would be moved to a central file server where multiple computers running the application could access the data files. In this example, there is no intelligent database management system on the server. The application manipulates the files on the server as if the file were stored o

32、n a local hard disk. The network serves merely as a resource to allow several applications to access the same files.Consider some examples of how this might work using a software package with which many of us are familiar:Figure 1 - Non Client/Server based Platinum softwarePlatinum - Example 1Platin

33、um - Example 2Workstation with Platinum Application and all data filesWorkstation with Platinum applicationFile server with all data filesIn example 1, Platinum is a single-user application in which the program and all files exist on a single computer. In example 2, Platinum exists on one or more co

34、mputers, and directly manipulates entire data files on a separate network file server.More recent BSC systems development projects have focused on using newer client/server based tools such as Visual Basic and PowerBuilder. The Visual Basic application would be installed on a Microsoft Windows based

35、 PC (the client) somewhere on a network. All of the data for the system might exist within an Oracle based Relational Data Base System (“RDBMS”) on a UNIX based database server. The Visual Basic application would send a request to the database server for specific information to present to the user.

36、This request is sent to the server using commands in a “dialect” called Structured Query Language (“SQL”). The Oracle server would select that specific information from its database, sort it and manipulate it as necessary, and then send it back to the Visual Basic application for presentation to the

37、 user.Platinum has also released a client/server version of its software that works in this manner:Figure 2 - Client/Server based Platinum softwareSequel to Platinum - Example 3Workstation with Platinum ApplicationDatabase server with SQLServer databaseIn this example, SeQueL to Platinum exists on o

38、ne or more computers and queries specific information from the server. The Database Server returns the specific result of that query back to the application.Two-Tiered Client/Server Design ModelsThese examples have simplified the technology by showing the applications as having only two distinct pro

39、cesses. In a more robust C/S environment, hundreds of processes could be distributed across many client workstations and database servers across enterprise networks. These processes are grouped into one of three categories based upon their functionality:User Interface - processes that control the pr

40、esentation of information and the interaction with the user.Application Logic - processes that determine the functionality of the application. This application logic is often divided, at least at the conceptual level, between those processes which deal with business rules and those processes that de

41、al with validation and computation of information entered by the user.Data Management - processes that physically manages the data, usually in a relational database. Example requests might be “add a record”, “delete a record”, “evaluate a query and return a result set”.In a client server system, the

42、 user interface processes almost always exist on the client workstation and the data management processes exist on the database server. The application logic, however, can be designed to exist on either the client workstation, the database server, or shared across the two. The placement of the appli

43、cation logic depends on the business goals of the organization and is implemented using different client/server design models.Figure 3 - Client/Server Design ModelsSource: Gartner GroupServer Application ModelThe server application model is typically used to provide greater user access to informatio

44、n which is contained in legacy systems. These applications are often decision support systems which provide ad-hoc query and report functionality to a server based RDBMS. Any application logic that may be used to summarize information into more meaningful form has already been performed by a server

45、based application and stored in the RDBMS.Client Application ModelThe client application model is typically used by developers who are building rapid prototypes. In this model, all application logic exists on the client workstation. This model works well for applications that are as follows:prototyp

46、es that must be up and running quicklyintended for a relatively small user communityonly going to be used for a short time period and then discardedThis model is common for BSC systems development projects.Distributed Application ModelThe distributed application model is most often used for on-line

47、transaction processing systems. In this model, any application logic that is directly related to a specific procedure that a user is performing occurs on the client workstation. However, application logic that relates to multiple procedures that may have been performed by multiple users occurs on th

48、e database server. For example, an application process that summarizes the amounts for all of the line items on a purchase order and adds values for shipping & handling and tax would best be performed at the client workstation. However, application logic that processes all of the mail order transact

49、ions that were entered for a given day and schedules those items to be picked and shipped in the warehouse the next day would be best performed at the database server.There are 3 clear advantages to this design model:The developer controls the efficiency of communication between the client and serve

50、r by moving the application logic to the most effective location.It allows application functions which are shared by many clients to be performed and maintained in a single location.It allows batch processes which require little or no user interaction to reside on the system which is best optimized

51、to perform them.This model is common in packaged application software that BSC is beginning to select and implement for our clients. Three-Tiered Client Server Design ModelThe three client/server models discussed above are referred to as two-tiered models. That is, each of the processes (client, app

52、lication, and database) must exist either on the client or on the server. A new trend which is now maturing is a three-tiered model in which an additional server, usually UNIX based, is placed between the client workstation and the database server to act as an application server. All application bus

53、iness logic processes occur on this intermediate system.Figure 5 - Three-Tiered Client Server Design ModelClient workstation with user interface logicApplication server with business logicDatabase server with RDBMSSeveral advantages are driving this trend. First, the architecture allows further segm

54、entation and specialization of resources. Second, three-tier architectures can provide benefits in a geographically-distributed environment - centralizing data repositories without constraining placement of application servers. This can reduce the sizing and cost of wide-area network pipes and elimi

55、nate the complexities of distributed databases. Finally, three-tier architectures represent just-in-time use of Application Servers allowing effective code image management, with the most current or most recently-requested application code image being sent from the DB server to the Application Serve

56、rs on demand. This can also provide the benefits of a centralized code repository.The main vendors investing in this approach are the high-end transaction systems designed for large companies with complex enterprise networks. A good example of this is SAPs R/3 client/server manufacturing system targ

57、eted towards Fortune 1000 type companies. However, middle-market vendors such as Platinum are beginning to incorporate portions of three-tiered C/S technology into their products.Marketplace Trends - Why Client/Server?According to a recent Information Week article, organizations are citing a variety

58、 of reasons for moving to client/server application design.Figure 4 - Why Client Server?错误！链接无效。Source: Information Week 25 July, 1994Organizations see the primary benefit of client/server technology as the ability to enhance decision making by improving end-user access to strategic information. Onc

59、e the information has been distributed throughout the organization, users can employ a variety of packaged “off-the-shelf” and custom-developed applications to access itClient/Server technology also offers cost efficiencies for the organizations technology operations. By moving from the proprietary

60、to the “open systems” that are normally associated with C/S technology, organizations can choose their hardware and software from a larger variety of vendors. Furthermore, these systems are typically much more “scaleable” than the ones that they are replacing. This means that a company can purchase

61、a system which fits their current performance needs with an upgrade path that only requires incremental investment in the future.The other key benefit is increased application development efficiency. The sophistication of C/S development tools supports great improvements in developer productivity an

62、d allows applications to be more flexible in the face of rapidly changing market requirements. To achieve this improvement, companies must first invest in significant training and allow their developers to “get up to speed” on the learning curve with the new development tools.We must recognize, howe

63、ver, that the technical implementation of client/server systems presents a number of significant challenges:Significant investment in training for analysis, design, and implementation skills is required.Adoption of new development methodologies such as Prototyping or Spiral Development is common.Com

64、plex integration of client, server, and local- and wide-area network components is unavoidable.A multi-vendor environment implies more complex integration, but also more sophisticated support personnel.Management of distributed systems is an order of magnitude more difficult than centralized.Telecom

65、munications costs and capacities become a prime defining characteristic of the architecture.Many, if not most of the tools and technologies are “young”, with all of the uncertainties thereof.Impact on Our PracticeThe growing importance of the client/server architecture has already had a significant impact on