英语非谓语动词

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1、定义及构成非谓语动词主要包括不定式&动名词&分词（现在分词和过去分词），.即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分它有三种形式：不定式，分词（现在分词、过去分词），动名词1非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有： （1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如： They built a garden. They suggested building a garden. （2）都可以被状语修饰： The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well. （3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变

2、化。例如： He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态） He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式） We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时） Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式） （4）都可以有逻辑主语 They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语） The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定

3、式的逻辑主语） We are League members.（谓语动词的主语） We being League member, the work was well done. （现在分词的逻辑主语） 2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有： （1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。 （2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。 （3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。 （4）谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制；非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语，它不受主语的人称和数的限制。(5)

4、英语中不能单独做句子的谓语。 功能及用法(一)动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征.否定式：not + (to) do （1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后. 例如： Im glad to meet you. He seems to know a lot. We plan to pay a visit. He wants to be an artist. The patient asked to be operated on at once. The teacher ordered the work to be done.

5、（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如： The boy pretended to be working hard. He seems to be reading in his room. （3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如： I regretted to have told a lie. I happened to have seen the film. He is pleased to have met his friend. 2不定式的句法功能： （1）作主语： To finish the work in ten minute

6、s is very hard. To lose your heart means failure. 动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式： It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. It means failure to lose your heart. 常用句式有：1、It+be+名词+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。4、It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do。常用carele

7、ss,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词，不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。（2）作表语： Her job is to clean the hall. He appears to have caught a cold. （3）作宾语： 常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语

8、）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如： Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如： I have no choice but to stay here. He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如： He gave us some advice on how to learn English. （4）作宾语补足语： 在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语

9、补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite. 此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如： With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema 有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如： I saw h

10、im cross the road. He was seen to cross the road. （5）作定语： 动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系： 动宾关系： I have a meeting to attend. 注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如： He found a good house to live in. The child has nothing to worry about. What did you open it with? 如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词： H

11、e has no place to live. This is the best way to work out this problem. 如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式： Have you got anything to send? Have you got anything to be sent? 说明所修饰名词的内容： We have made a plan to finish the work. 被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语： He is the first to get here. （6）作状语： 表目的： He worked day and n

12、ight to get the money. She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致： wrong：To save money, every means has been tried. right：To save money, he has tried every means. wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. 表结果(往往是与预期

13、愿望相反的结果)： He arrived late only to find the train had gone. I visited him only to find him out. 表原因： They were very sad to hear the news. 表程度： Its too dark for us to see anything. The question is simple for him to answer. （7）作独立成分： To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked. （8）不定式的省略：保留to省

14、略do动词。 If you dont want to do it, you dont need to. （9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。 He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. （二）动名词： 动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。 1动名词的形式： Ving否定式：not + 动名词 （1）一般式： Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 （2）被动式： He came to the party without being invited他未被邀请就来到了晚会。 （3）完成式： We rememb

15、ered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。 （4）完成被动式： He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。 （5）否定式：not + 动名词 I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。 （6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词 He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。 His not knowing English tro

16、ubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。 2动名词的句法功能： （1）作主语： Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。 Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。 当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。 Its no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。 （2）作表语： In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。 （3）作宾语： They havent finished building the d

17、am. 他们还没有建好大坝。 We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。 注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如： We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。 要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语： enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承

18、认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep from, stop（from）,protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to,

19、 pay attention to, insist on, feel like （4）作定语： He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。 Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？ （5）作同位语： The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。 His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged 他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。 （三）现在

20、分词： 现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。 1、现在分词的形式： 否定式：not + 现在分词 （1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成 式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如： They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。 Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。 （2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓

21、语动 词之前的被动的动作。 The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。 Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。 2现在分词的句法功能： （1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语 放在名词后。 In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。 The m

22、an speaking to the teacher is our monitors father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。 现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher. （2）现在分词作表语： The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。 The p

23、resent situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。 be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。 （3）作宾语补足语： 如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语： see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如： Can you hear her singing the song in the next

24、 room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？ He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。 （4）现在分词作状语： 作时间状语： (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。 作原因状语： Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。 作方式状语，表示伴随： He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又

25、擦又洗。 作条件状语： (If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。 作结果状语： He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。 作目的状语： He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。 作让步状语： Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。 与逻辑主语构成独立主格： I waiting

26、 for the bus, a bird fell on my head 我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。 All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。 Time permitting, well do another two exercises. 如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。 有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式 With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。 作独立成分：

27、udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看，他一定是个演员。 Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。 （四）过去分词： 过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。 过去分词的句法功能： 1过去分词作定语： Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。 Those selected as comm

28、ittee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。 注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。 2过去分词作表语： The window is broken. 窗户破了。 They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。 注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别： The window is broken.（系表） The window was broke

29、n by the boy.（被动） 有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如： boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶） newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳） the changed world（变了的世界） 这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。 3过去分词作宾语补足语： I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好

30、几次。 有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语： With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。 4过去分词作状语： Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因） Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间） Given more time, Ill be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间，我能做

31、得更好。（表示条件） Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步） Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。 典型习题1The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B.C,didt include women players until 1919. A.first playing B.to be first played C.first

32、played D.to be first playing 析：根据题干，必须选表示被动的选项，故排除A、D；因B选项表“将要被举行”意，不合题干之用，只有C选项（相当于which was first played）才合用。 2European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world. A.making B.makes C.made D.to make 析：B、C是谓语动词，在此不可用。D项to make或表目的，或表“将要使得”，这都不合题干情景。只有A.making,可作状语，表

33、结果。再举一现在分词作结果状语例： The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay.公共汽车被大风雪所阻，因而耽误了。 3Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking 析：根据this evening,应选表示将来义的选项，C、D应排除。Take后无宾语，必然要用被动式，故答案为A。 4John was made _ the truck for a week as a punis

34、hment. A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to be washing 析：根据be made to do sth.句式，可定答案为A。 5The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating 析：根据warn sb.(not)to do sth.句式，可排除B、D两项；又根据非谓语动词的否定式not总是在首位的规律，又可排除A，而定C。 6I usually go there by train. Why

35、not _ by boat for a change? A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going 析：此题可根据why not后直接跟原形动词规律而一举确定正确答案为D。若将B项改为try to go，则要根据其与try going意义之别来确定答案。依据题干对话内容，乙方是建议甲方尝试乘船变变花样，所以答案仍为D。 7_ a reply,he decided to write again. A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having no

36、t received 析：非谓语动词的否定式not应置于首位，B、D皆为错误形式。A项不能表达先于decided的动作，只有选C项才表没收到信在先，决定再写信在后，所以C为正确答案。 8Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having mvented析：consider表“考虑”意时，其后动词用doing形式，此处不表“考虑”，而表“认为”，这时consider后作宾语补足语或主语补足语多为to do,to have d

37、one,to be等形式。据此可排除B、D两个选项。又因A表“要发明”意，不合题用，只有C表“发明了”意，才合题用，故选C。 9Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa. A.invited B.to invite C.being invited D.had been invited 析：“被邀请参加晚会”，应选表被动意的选项，B不可用。D项少引导词who，也应排除。又因短暂动词的现在分词被动式不可作定语，C也应排除，只有A.invited(who were invited)才是正确答案。 10The murderer

38、was brought in,with his hands _ behind his back. A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tired D.tied 析：B表主动意，应排除。C表“将要被捆绑”，A表“正在被捆绑”都不合题意，只有D项填入空白才能表达“双手被反绑着”这一意思，符合题干情景。再看一类似例句： He came in,(with)his head held high.他昂首走了进来。 更多练习1._ more attention,the trees could have grown better. A.To give B.Having giv

39、en C.Given D.Giving 2.The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A.to be written B.written C.being written D.having written 3.The missing boys were last seen _ near the river. A.to play B.play C.to be playing D.playing 4._ in thought,he almost ran

40、into the car in front of him. A.To lose B.Lost C.Having lost D.Losing 5.When passing me he pretended _ me. A.to see B.not having seen C.to have not seen D.not to have seen 6.The children insisted _ there on foot. A.they going B.they would go C.on their going D.going 7.He still remembers _ to Shangha

41、i when he was very young. A.taking B.being taken C.taken D.having taken 8._ the railway station,we had a break,only _ the train had left.A.Arriving at;to find B.Coming to;discovering that C.On arriving at;finding out D.Hurrying to;to have found out 9.With the boy _ the way,we had no trouble _ the wa

42、y _ to Zhongshan Park. A.leading;finding;leading B.to lead;found;to lead C.led;finding;led D.leading;found;led 10._ these pictures,I couldnt help thinking of those days when I was in Being and _ from the top of a thirty-storeyed building,Beijing looks more beautiful. A.Seeing;seen B.Seen;seeing C.Se

43、eing;seeing D.Seen;seen 11.I can hardly imagine Peter _ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. A.to have sailed B.to sail C.sailing D.sail 12.If you wave your book in front of your face,you can feel the air _ against your face. A.moved B.moving C.moves D.to move 13._ is known to all,China will be a

44、n _ and powerful country in 20 or 30 years time. A.That;advancing B.This;advanced C.As;advanced D.It;advancing 14.While shopping,people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need. A.persuade B.persuading C.being persuaded D.be persuaded 15.There was terrible noise _ the sudden

45、 burst of light. A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed 16.Please excuse my _ in without _ . A.come;permitted B.coming;permitted C.comimg;being permitted D.to come;being permitted 17._ his head high,the manager walked into the room to attend the meeting _ then. A.Holding;being held

46、 B.Held;holding C.Having held;held D.Held;to be held 18.Did you hear her _ this pop song this time the other day? Yes,and I heard this song _ in English. A.sing;singing B.sung;sung C.sung;singing D.singing;sung 19.The question _ now at the meeting is not the question _ yesterday. A.discussed;discuss

47、ed B.discussing;had discussed C.being discussed;discussed D.discussing;discussing 20.With the cooking _ ,I went on _ some sewing. A.done;to do B.being done;doing C.to be done;doing D.to have done;doing 21.It is no use _ your past mistakes. A. regretting B. regret C. to regret D. regretted 22.Her hus

48、band died in 1980 and had nothing _ to her,only _ her five children. A.left;to leave B.leaving;leaving C.leaving;left D.left;leaving 23.I am very busy.I have a very difficult problem _ . A.to work B.to work out C.to be worked out D.to work it out 24.I would appreciate _ back this affernoon. A.you to

49、 call B.you call C.your calling D.youre calling 25.Climbing mountains was _ ,so we all felt _ . A.tiring;tired B.tired;tiring C.tiring;tiring D.tired;tired 26.I saw some villagers _ on the bench at the end of the room. A.seating B.seat C.seated D.seated themselves 27.She was glad to see her child we

50、ll _ care of. A.take B.to be taken C.taken D.taking 28.It is one of the important problems _ tomorrow. A.to solve B.to be solved C.solved D.solving 29._ maps properly,you need a special pen. A.Drawn B.Drawing C.To draw D.Be drawing 30.There is a river _ around our school. A.to run B.run C.running D.

51、to be running 31.How about the two of us _ a walk down the garden? A.to take B.take C.taking D.to be taken 32.I was fortunate to pick up a wallet _ on the ground on the way back home, but unfortunately for me,I found my colour TV set. _ when I got home. A.lying;stolen B.laying;stealing C.lay;stolen

52、D.lying;stealing 33.Whth the kindhearted boy _ me with my work,Im sure Ill be able to spare time _ with your work. A.to help;help you out B.helping;helping you C.helped;to help you out D.to help;to help you 34.Greatly movedd by her words, _ .A.tears came to his eyes B .he could hardly hold back his

53、tears C. tears could hardly be held back D. his eyes were filled with tears. 35.I hope the children wont touch the dog. Ive warned them _ . A.not B.not to C.not touch D.not do 36.I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A.to go B.to have gone C.going D

54、.having gone 37.When _ why he walked in without permission,he just stared at us and said nothing. A.been asked B.asked C.asking D.to be asked 38.The man kept silent in the room unless _ . A.spoken to B.spoke to C.spoken D.to speak 39.He was often listened _ in the next room. A.sing B.sung C.to sing

55、D.to to sing 40.Rather than _ on a crowded bus,he always prefers _ a bicycle. A.ride;ride B.riding;ride C.ride;to ride D.to ride;riding 41.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him _ . A.not to B.not to do C.not do it D.do not to 42.Whats troubling them is _ enough exp

56、erienced workers. A.that they have to B.they have not C.their not having D.not their having 43._ his telephone number,she had some difficulty getting in touch with Bill. A.Not knowing B.Knowing not C.Not having known D.Having not know 44.Bamboo is used _ houses in some places . A.to build B.to build

57、ing C.to be built D.being built 45.Go on _ the other exercise after you have finished this one. A.to do B.doing C.with D.to be doing 46.The day we looked forward to _ . A.come B.coming C.has come D.have come 47.Whom would you rather _ the work? A.to have to do B.to have do C.have to do D.have do 48.

58、Do you think it any good _ with him again? A.to talk B.talking C.to talking D.having talked 49.Sometimes new ideas have to be tested many times before _ .A.accepting fully B.being fully accepted C.fully accepting D.fully being accepted 50.The government forbids _ such bad books. A.published B.to pub

59、lish C.publish D.publishing 非谓语动词专练答案 15 C B D B D 610 C B A A A 1115 C B C C B 1620 C A D C A 2125 A D B C A 2630 C C B C C 3135 C A D B B 3640 B B A D C 4145 A C A A A 4650 C D A B D 注意事项1 “to” 是不定式符号还是介词，下列短语中的to 都是介词。agree to object to close to , come to , lead to , refer to ,equal to , familiar to , point to , thank to , devote to , next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to2 带to 还是不带toI have no choice but to give inI cannot do anything but give inI saw him enter the classroom .（ 但是： He was seen to enter the classroom .）3 动