TOEFL托福阅读真题整合

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1、TOEF既福阅读真题整合托福阅读真题 1PASSAGE 31Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells buildingowners howmuchthey can charge their tenants in rent. In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II.In _43 the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve theproblem

2、 of housing shortages during wartime. The federal program endedafter thewar, but in some locations, including New York City, controls continued.UnderNewYork s controls, a landlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments aslong as the tenants continue to renew their leases. In places such as Santa

3、Monica, California, rent controls are more recent. They were spurred bytheinflation of the _70 s, which, combined with California s rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, as well as rents, to record levels. In _79SantaMonica s municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rentst

4、o thelevels charged in _78. Future rents could only go up by two-thirds as much asany increase in the overall price level.In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: (1) promotingthe efficient maintenance of e_isting housing and stimulating the constructionof new housing, (2) alloc

5、ating e_isting scarce housing among competingclaimants, and (3) rationing use of e_isting housing by potential renters.One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of newrentalunits. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-termdeterminant of profitability re

6、nts. Consider somee_amples. In a recent year in Dallas, Te_as, with a _ percent rental vacancy rate but no rent controllaws, _,000 newhousing units were built. In the sameyear, in San Francisco,California, only 2,000 units were built. The major difference? SanFrancisco hasonly a 1.6 percent vacancy

7、rate but stringent rent control laws. In NewunitsYorkCity, e_cept for government-subsidized construction, the only rental beingbuilt are lu_ury units, which are e_empt from controls. In Santa Monica,California, new apartments are not being constructed. New office rental spaceand commercial developme

8、nts are, however. They are e_empt from rentcontrols.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The construction of apartments in the United States.(B) Causes and effects of rent control(C) The fluctuations of rental prices(D) The shortage of affordable housing in the United States.2. The word They

9、in line 9 refers to(A) the tenants(B) their leases(C) places(D) rent controls.rent3. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the introduction of controls in Santa Monica,California?(A) rapid population growth(B) inflation(C) economic conditions during wartime(D) record-high housing prices4. The

10、phrase roll back in line _ is closest in meaning to(A) credit(B) measure(C) vary(D) reduce5. The word stimulating in line _ is closest in meaning to(A) e_perimenting with(B) identifying(C) estimating(D) encouraging6. It can be inferred that the purpose of rent control is to(A) protect tenants(B) pro

11、mote construction(C) increase vacancy rates(D) decrease sales of rental units7. The word depressed in line _ is closest in meaning to(A) saddened(B) created(C) lowered(D) defeated8. The information in the last paragraph supports which of the following statements?(A) San Francisco has eliminated its

12、rent control laws.(B) Rent control leads to a reduction in the construction of housingunits(C) Lu_ury apartments are rarely built when there is rent control(D) There is a growing need for government-subsidized housing.9. According to the passage , which of the following cities does NOTcurrently have

13、 rent controls?(A) Santa Monica(B) Dallas(C) San Francisco(D) New York City10. The word stringent in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) straightforward(B) strict(C) e_panded(D) efficiente_empt from_. According to the passage , which of the following is NOTrent control?(A) Lu_ury apartments(B) Comme

14、rcial development(C) Moderately priced apartments(D) Office space.PASSAGE 31 BDCDD ACBBB C托福阅读真题 2PASSAGE32By_76 the fine art of painting as it had developed in western Europe up to thistime had been introduced into the American colonies through books and prints,European visitors and immigrants, and

15、 traveling colonists who brought backcopies (and a few original) of old master paintings and acquaintance withEuropean art institutions.Bythe outbreak of the Revolution against British rule in _76, the status of theartists had already undergone change. In the mid-eighteenth century, paintershad been

16、 willing to assume such artisan-related tasks as varnishing, gildingteaching, keeping shops, and painting wheel carriages, houses, and signs.Theterminology by which artists were described at the time suggests their status:limner was usually applied to the anonymousportrait painter up to the _60paint

17、er characterized anyone who could paint a flat surface. By the second halfof the century, colonial artists who were trained in England or educated in theclassics rejected the status of laborer and thought of themselves as artists.Some colonial urban portraitists, such as John Singleton Copley,Benjam

18、inWest,and Charles Wilson Peale, consorted with affluent patrons. Although subject tofluctuations in their economic status, all three enjoyed sufficientpatronage to allow them to maintain an image of themselves as professional artists, animage indicated by their custom of signing their paintings. A

19、few art collectors JamesBowdoin III of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens andHamiltonsof Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privilegedto visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists, and established in theirrespective communities the idea of the v

20、alue of art and the need forinstitutions devoted to its encouragement.Althoughthe colonists tended to favor portraits, they also accepted landscapes,historical works, and political engravings as appropriate artistic subjects.With the coming of independence from the British Crown, a sufficient number

21、 of artists and their works were available to serve nationalistic purposes.Theachievements of the colonial artists, particularlythose of Copley, West,andPeale, lent credence to the boast that the new nation was capable of encouraginggenius and that political liberty was congenial to the development

22、of taste anecessary step before art could assume an important role in the newrepublic.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?(A)European influence on colonial American painting(B)The importance of patronage to artist(C)The changing status of artists in the American colonies in the eighteenth century

23、(D)Subjects preferred by artists in the American colonies in the eighteenthcentury.2.The word outbreak in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A)cause(B)beginning(C)position(D)e_planation3.The word undergone in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A)led to(B)transformed(C)preferred(D)e_perienced4.According to

24、 the passage , before the American Revolution the main task oflimners was to(A)paint wheel carriages(B)paint portraits(C)varnish furniture(D)paint flat surfaces5.It can be inferred from the passage that artists whowere trained in England(A) considered artists to be superior to painters(B)barely pain

25、ted portraitists(C)were often very wealthy(D)imitated English painters6.The word consorted in line _ is closest in meaning to(A)made decisions(B)studies(C)agreed(D)associatedThe word sufficient in line _ is closest in meaning to(A)adequate(B)temporary(C)friendly(D)e_pensive8.According to the passage

26、 , artists such as Copley, West and Peal signed theirpaintings(A)increased the monetary value of the paintings(B)made it more difficult for other artists to copy the paintingssupported the artists image of professionalism(C)distinguished colonial American artists from European artists9.The author me

27、ntions James Bowdoin III and William Byrd in line _ as e_amples ofwhich ofthefollowing?(A)Art gallery owners who displayed only European art(B)Art collectors who had a profound influence on American attitudes toward art(C)Artists who gave financial support to other artists(D)Patrons whose helped to

28、encourage artisans to become artistsWith which of the following would the author be most likely to agree?(A)Countries that have not had a political revolution are unlikely to develop greatart.(B)The most successful art collectors are usually artists themselves.(C)The value of colonial American paint

29、ings decreased after the Revolution.(D)Colonial artists made an important contribution to the evolving culture of thenew nation.PASSAGE32 CBDBA DACBD托福阅读真题 3PASSAGE33Researchersin the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make animportant decision, such as choosing a university

30、 to attend or a business toinvest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists whostudy optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoreticalideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheetprocedure believe that it will yield optimal,

31、that is, the best decisions.Although there are several variations on the e_act format that worksheets cantake, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets requiredefining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possiblesolutions to the problem. Ne_t, the pertinent

32、 considerations that will beaffected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision ismathematicallycalculated by adding these values together.

33、The alternative with thehighestnumber of points emerges as the best decision.Sincemost important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives tochoose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefitsof a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permi

34、ts people todeal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember.On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once.Aworksheet can be especially useful whenthe decision involves a large number ofvariables with comple_ relationships. A realistic e_ampl

35、e for manycollege students is the question What will I do after graduation? A graduate might seeka position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, ortravel abroad for a year.Adecision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem thatwill also help to narrow

36、it. It is important to be clear about the distinctionbetween long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve adifferent decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long-range goals, agraduating student might revise the question above to What will I do aftergraduation that will

37、lead to successful career?What does the passage mainly discuss?(A)A tool to assist in making comple_ decisions.(B)A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions(C)Research on how people make decisions(D)Differences between long-range and short-range decision making2.The word essential in line

38、7 is closest in meaning to(A)introductory(B)changeable(C)beneficial(D)fundamental3.The word pertinent in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A)relevant(B)preceding(C)insightful(D)responsive4.Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?(A)Listing the consequences

39、 of each solution(B)Calculating a numerical summary of each solution(C)Deciding which consequences are most important(D)Writing down all possible solutions5.According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as onethat(A)has the fewest variables to consider(B)uses the most decisi

40、on worksheets(C)has the most points assigned to it(D)is agreed to by the greatest number of people6.The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of(A)describing a process(B)classifying types of worksheets(C)providing historical background(D)e_plaining a theory7.The author states that O

41、n the average, people can keep about seven ideas intheir minds atonce(lines _-_) to e_plain that(A)most decisions involve seven steps(B)human mental capacity has limitations(C) some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions(D)people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in the

42、ir minds with practice 8.The word succinct in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A)creative(B)satisfactory(C)personal(D)concise9.Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A)Proponents (line 5)(B)Optimal (line 5)(C)Variables (line _)(D)Long-range goals (line 25)10.The word it in line 24 refers to(A) worksheet(B) problem(C) distinction(D) decisionThe word revise in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) ask(B)e_plain(C) change(D) predictPASSAGE33 ADADC ABDBB CTOEFL新政后阅读和听力的评分标准TOEFL新政后阅读和听力的评分标准是怎样的！小编给大家带来了 TOEF新政后阅读和听力的