大四高英翻译和考试

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1、新编英语教程8 （第一单元第六单元、第八单元）个人笔记整理。包括：新编英语教程8的课后句子改写paraphrase参考答案。新编英语教材学生用书8部分重点课文解读和课后答案。戈懺部分为期末考试考到的题目（考后整理）*W *W *W *W *W *W *W *W *W *W *W *W*W*w *w *w *w *w *w *wParaphrases:第一单元1. But, from the historical perspective, we are now a little more mature,realistic:four hundred years ago, people regard

2、ed happ in ess with won derme nt, thinking that it befell some one as a result of an in explicable arran geme nt made by the mysterious uni verse.2. Happ in ess in shakespeares time, and even afterwards, was associated with wealth, success and positi on, which in some way, came upon a certa in pers

3、on, who would express such an occasi on in the form of great joy or exciteme nt.3. Happ in ess is no Ion ger accide ntal,i ndeed, it becomes an objective to achieve.4. People defi nitely varied in their opinions as to what has give n rise to happ in ess and what happ in ess actually means.第二单元1. The

4、y were amazed at my being so stubbornly inquisitive over that issue, unable to figure out howi could be so ignorant of what was going on about so com mon place a practice in the america n econo mic and political life.2. When immorality prevails, its practically no use talking convincingly about cons

5、cienee.3. Many americans are always preaching about human equality, but will take a firm stand against the issue of equal rights in their com mun ities and schools.4. It seems that they are also brave eno ugh to take the risk in reiterat ing their worry,which ,con seque ntly, makes them such un forg

6、ivable bores to those successful social climbers.5. Ultimately, only these people may hopefully help to create a society that is characterized by its moral stre ngth that leads to its con ti nu ous existe nce in stead of its moral degradati on that ends in tis destructi on.第三单元1. We tend to believe

7、that we are a harmonious impartial and benevolent people, living under approved laws but not by the will of any in dividual in the gover nment.2. If we ignore this other aspect of the fact, we shall fail to look at our nation from an unbiased perspective.3. No mater how hard we persuaded ourselves t

8、o believe that indians and negroes were inferior to us, we ,in actual fact, were quite clear that they ,just like us, were Gods childre n.4. The evidenee regarding such suppression as recorded in american history is amply supplied in america n literary works.5. What the whites refused to encounter i

9、n their description of the past was actually recounted in the dreams and fan tasies in artistic forms.第四单元1. From the footsteps of that frightened woman, i, for the first time realized that my being born a black has unfortun ately en abled people, at the sight of me, to adjust their dista nee from m

10、e in a most unfrien dly manner.2. I was also well aware that i looked exactly like a bad boy who would intrude, from time to time, into the n eighborhood from a slum n earby.3. To be a man, you must acquire the power to scare and subdue people.4. When i was a boy, i saw many juvenile delinquents tak

11、en away by the cops.i have since attended several fun erals,too.5. I was not in a position to prove my identity. What i could think of was that i walk quickly to join some one who could verify who i was.第五单元1. But such case were sufficient in number to make it seem as if there were justification for

12、 the in creas ing fear of com muni sts.2. Joseph mccarthy thought it was high time that he should come upon the stage, declaring that he held a list of n ames of active com muni sts who were strivi ng to ruin the gover nment now.3. He was kept fully occupied, but he did nt seem to be successful.4. T

13、hen in wheeling that February evening at the beginning of the 50s, joe, at last, was fortunate eno ugh to have seized a won derful cha nce and ,like a meteor, started to climb up the political ladder.5. From that moment, it seemed that the senator had placed the entire country under his control.第六单元

14、1,what the book tries to tell is that the iks have become an un alterably repulsive people, self-ce ntered, irrati onal ,incon siderate and un feeli ng, as a result of the dis in tegrati on of their traditi onal culture.2,it should be agreed first of all that huma n beings are an evil breed. Livi ng

15、 in this world all for nothing but their own in terests,a nd they may show some love and sympathy, simply because they were taught to develop such as their habits.3, they n ever talk except whe n they make rude dema nds and impolite refusals.4, they will laugh to see ill luck befall other people.5,

16、the Ion ely ik, bani shed in the desolati on of a vani shed culture, has found ano ther way to protect himself.第八单元Un der the blows of peasa nt wars and kin gly conq uest, the isolated existe nee of early feudalism gave way to cen tralized mon archies.=peasa nt wars and mon archical triumphs con clu

17、ded the early separate feudal societies, and the uni fied and cen tralized kin gdoms assumed power.And in turn the great n ati onal adve ntures of the en glish and spa nish and portuguese sailor-capitalists brought a flood of treasure and treasure-c on scious nes s back to europe.=a n ati on wide fe

18、rvor of seafari ng mercha nts in en gla nd, spa in and portugal to explore coun tries overseas con seque ntly brought back a lot of wealth and ren ewed a no ticeable wealth-aware ness among the europea n n atio ns.=the attitude of Christopher columbus was represe ntative of a time in history, which

19、quicke ned the formatio n of a society characterized by an ambiti on for success and a crav ing for mon ey.=al ong with this social cha nge, there was little won der that power bega n to desce nd upon the mercha nts, because they were finan cially kno wledged, and depart from the con temptuous gen t

20、leme n, because they were finan cially ignorant.=it was not so easy for bookkeep ing to be adopted as a n ecessary acco unting device, and double entry was not uni versally accepted as an acco unting mecha nism un til the 17 th cen tury第一单元 Happ in ess翻译No other country in the world has worked the n

21、o ti on of happ in ess into its Con stituti on the every source of its national authority, the way the founding fathers of the United States of America chose to do whe n they lin ked the pursuit of happ in ess with life and with liberty as a trio of utterly in alie nable rights.世界上没有其他国家像美国这样将幸福的概念编

22、入国家立法之本的宪法中。美国这些起草宪 法的祖先们赋予了公民不可剥夺的生命、自由和幸福三权。Without questi on there were differe nt in terpretati ons of what prompts happ in ess, and what con stitutes it. for many devoutly religious people (to this day), a stroke of bus in ess success, a marriage that works, the emerge nee over time of strong,

23、in tellige nt, well-behaved childre n who seem able and content with their lot in life are all sig ns of sorts, evidenee of gods favor.毫无疑问，人们对于什么产生幸福和什么是幸福持着不同的解释。对于那些迄今仍旧虔诚的 教徒而言，一桩成功的生意，一段美满的婚姻，一群坚强、聪明能干、品行端正且满足于现状的孩子们，都是幸福的迹象，上帝眷顾的迹象。Happ in ess in Shakespeare s time, and later as well, referred

24、 to good fortune, good luck, to favorable circumstances visited, somehow, on a particular person who registered such a state of affairs subjectively with a con diti on of good cheer, pleasurable feeli ng.莎士比亚期间以及之后，幸福指的是一个人不知什么原因被财运、好运和有利环境眷顾时， 流露出的振奋和喜悦之情。One was satisfied with one s situation, gla

25、d to be in one s given place and time by virtue of how one s life has gone. The emphasis is, put differe ntly, upon fate - an almost exter nal force.人容易满足于自己的现状，为自己所过的生活以及即将面对的特定处境感到高兴。要强调的 不同是，他将一个外在力量加在命运上。？To be sure, in dividuals craved pleasure, mon ey, power, territory, a certa in woma n, a ce

26、rta in man - but happ in ess was not in itself sought.可以确定的是，人们渴望快乐，金钱，权力，地盘，特定女人和特定男人，但是却不会去追 寻“幸福”本身。Rather, a pers on s pers onal and workday success was no ted by that pers on, and tha nkfully ack no wledged - his or hers by virtue of divi ne grace, or the stars and their mysterious doin gs, or,

27、 quite simply, a series of fortuitous even ts.更确切地说，一个人总是感激地记录并肯定自己的个人成就和成功事业。认为自己是被神眷 顾，是被星星神秘地帮忙，或者简单地说，是一系列的偶然事故降临。For those who dont know what to believe (about this life, and our place or purpose on earth), happ in ess seems someth ing accide ntal, contingent, or at best, a feeli ng for which o

28、ne has worked hard in deed. but now we are a bit ahead of ourselves, historically: four hun dred years ago, there was a sense of awe about happ in ess - as if it were visited upon some in accorda nee with the un fathomable work ings of an in scrutable uni verse.对于那些没有信仰、不知道为谁生存为何奋斗的人，幸福是偶然的，或充其量只是一种

29、非常努力工作的感觉。但是现在的我们比过去的我们进步：四百年前，我们敬畏幸福，以为是神秘的宇宙发生了深不可测的运转后降临在某人身上的一样，让人敬畏。it was on ly in more recent time, as men and woma n became more the cen ter of this world （in their own min ds, more the makers, the doers, the ones who wield and see the con seque nces）, that happ in ess became, with everythi

30、ng else, a goal, a purpose, or, as those hard work ing, ambitious rati on alists who framed our con stituti on put it, someth ing for which a pursuit is waged. No Ion ger does happ in ess happe n; happ in ess is obta in ed.直到近年来，当男人和女人成为世界的中心（在他们自己的心目中，他们更像是制造者，执 行者，支配和预见结果）的时候，幸福才和其他的事物一样，成了人类追求的目标

31、，生存的 目的。又或者，像那些勤奋、有抱负的理论主义宪法制定者所说的一样，幸福成了一切追求”的起源。幸福再也不会偶然降临，幸福只有靠人去争取。For some, Good is yet what coun ts: happ in ess as the inner feeli ng that corresp onds to a moral percepti on on the part of a pers on. i have done my duty to_god and coun try; i have lived as was taught it is right to live, and

32、 im ready to die happy-the words of an ordinary twen tieth cen tury america n worki ng woma n, a n urse of fifty, actually ,whod raised her two childre n well, lived out a solid, satisfy ing marriage with her optometrist husba nd, and now was struggli ng with the effects of a breast cancer that had

33、defied the surgeons, the oncologists, and , she would sometimes adds, her mini ster,he prays for my recovery, she once told me, and then added,but i dont believe you can barga in with God that way. Ill be dying soon, and i know it, i dont pray to God that he give me more life, i pray to god that the

34、 life i have already lived not _be judged too bad and too sinful when i meet Him.im not afraid. To tell the truth, except whe n i am in pain, i am quite happy.（ 此题为期末考试 题目。Close体型）第二单元课文解读American Dilemma 翻译About seven years ago, I accepted an invitation to participate in a seminar on the ethical an

35、d moral problems of America n society that was spon sored by the Aspe n In stitute in Colorado. Among the other in vited guests were bus in ess executives, college preside nts, judges, gover nment officials, man agi ng editors, professors and theologia ns.大概七年前，我应邀参加一个由科罗拉多阿斯彭研究所(Aspen Institute )赞助

36、的研讨会，探讨有关美国社会道德伦理问题。出席会议的还有企业家、大学校长、法官、政客、执行编辑、教授和 神学家。Although there was no conflict or controversy in the discussions, one of the largest presentations has had a profound, almost obsessive, impact upon my thoughts about the character and quality of American life1虽然本次讨论中无意见冲突和争议，但较为重要的几个发言中有一个让我印象深

37、刻，它甚至强烈 地影响了我对美国生活特性和质量的看法。In a rather quiet voice, a rece ntly retired vice-preside nt of one of the largest corporati ons in America told the group that one of the persiste nt problems faced by his office was how to keep the acco un ti ng records of the corporati on in such a way that they would b

38、e accurate and would also obscure the fact that regular operati ng expe nses were payoffs to mun icipal official to expedite the in stallati on of new con struct ion in the large cities throughout the Un ited States. 2 Casually, this participa nt cited this as ano ther example of a prevaili ng funct

39、ional immorality with which big bus in ess had to come to terms.一个刚从美国的一个大公司退休的副总经理平静地说，他们公司正面临着一个棘手的问题：如何记录公司的运营历程才能保证记录准确并且能够掩盖一个事实一一正常的运营耗费其实 是市政官员用在美国大城市的构建中的资费。这位参与者随意举出的这个问题其实是盛行于 大公司的不道德行为的又一例证。When none of the other participa nts raised a questio n about the ethical implicati on of this prac

40、tice, I eventually asked why this powerful corporation did not bring this matter to local and Federal law-e nforceme nt officials. My colleagues clearly con sidered my questi on na? ve. They reacted to my persistent questions as if I were an unrealistic child who did not understand the economic and

41、political rules of the great America n game.当其他参会者都没有质疑这种行为的伦理内涵时，我最后问了一个问题：为什么这个强大的 公司没有将这样的问题上报给当地或者联邦的法律执行官？很显然，同事认为我很天真。我 坚持打破砂锅问到底，而在他们看来，我好像是充满幻想的孩子，对美国游戏在经济、政治 上的影响毫不知情。Now I was shocked not only by the disclosure but equally shocked at the fact that my fellow sem inar participants were not s

42、hocked. They thought themselves realistic in not permitting an academic discussi on of ethical and moral values to be con fused by minor ” specific examples of gen erally accepted in stituti on alized immorality.3如今，不仅是这个问题的揭露让我感到惊讶，同样让我感到惊讶的是各参会者对此不表示惊 诧的这一事实。他们认为自己是现实的，没有允许这次关于道德伦理价值观的学术讨论会被 这么个小问

43、题所搅乱，况且（做假账）这种不道德行为基本上已经被社会所默许。What is the basic systemic problem-the fun dame ntal problem of perspective, value and character -that seems to be in here nt in the chronic crises plagu ing America n society ？ Obviously the an swer to this questio n is not to be found in deprivatio n and poverty of r

44、esources.视角、价值观和特性的最为基本的问题出在哪里？这个与生俱来且长期困扰着整个美国社会的问 题是什么？很显然，答案是资源的丧失和匮乏。The paradoxical problem of American society is that it has been too successful ;its affluent and efficie nt even as it has legitimized and accepted pervasive dish on esties as the price of appare nt success.Whe n dish on esty a

45、ppears to work, it difficult to argue persuasively for hon esty.之所以有这么个矛盾的问题是因为美国太成功了。美国富有且追求效率，并把普遍的不法行 为视为获取成功的代价，且使之合法化。当不法行为奏效时，我们就很难为正直”做有力 的辩护。So far, America has bee n able to have its democratic ideals and pursue the cruelties racism. Today the majority of America ns will vote yes in favor o

46、f desegregatio n of the public schools-but a greater majority will vote aga inst bus ing of stude nts to obta in desegregati on schools. Many America n un der the banner of democratic egalitaria nism will argue and in sist upon their right to keep less desirable,“ess equal America ns out of their co

47、m mun ities and schools.目前为止，美国都能够一边追求民主一边进行残酷的种族歧视。今天，大部分美国人都支持 废除公共小学里的种族隔离，但是，更大一部分人却反对将自己的小孩送往已废止种族隔离 的学校受教。很多美国人打着“民主平均主义”的旗号，坚持将一些较为“无用、低等”的 美国人挡在自己的社区和校门外。They also seem to have the courage to risk the repeated expressions of their concern and thereby serve as a gnawing and irritati ng con sc

48、ie nee to those who have atta ined success.In the final an alysis only these in dividuals provide the hope for that ultimate type of realism that is defi ned by the capacity of a society to survive rather tha n to be destroyed even tually on the altar of huma n barbarity.他们貌似很有勇气去冒险表达自己的忧虑。从而让那些已经获得

49、成功的人受此折磨且良心不 安。归根结底，只有这样的人才能为最根本的现实带来希望。这个真正的现实是指社会有能力继 续生存，而不会最终被摧毁于人类的野蛮之手。第三单元 Violenee as an American tradition 翻译Self kno wledge is the in dispe nsable prelude to self-c on trol;a nd self-k no wledge ,for a n ati on as well as for an in dividual, begi ns with history. We like to think of oursel

50、ves as a peaceful tolera nt, benign people who have always lived un der a gover nment of laws and not of men.自我认识是自律必不可少的前提；一个国家或者一个人的自我认识都源自历史。我们倾向于 把自己视为长期生活在法治国家而非人治国家，和平、宽容而仁慈的人。When we refuse to ack no wledge the existe nee of this other strai n, we refuse to see our n ati on as it is.当我们拒绝承认（暴

51、力）这个隐患的存在时，我们也就拒绝了认清我们国家的真面目。However much we prete nded that In dia ns and Negroes were subhuma n, we really knew that they were God childre n,too.不论我们多么想将印度人和黑人视为低于人类的动物，我们其实知道他们也是上帝的孩子。The evidenee that such repression took place in the writing of American history is abundantlyprovided by America

52、n literature.美国文学中有大量证据证明这样的镇压在美国历史上时有发生。What white America decli ned to confront in its explicit portrayal of the past, it could not escape in the dreams and fan tasies that un derlie artistic creati on.美国白种人拒绝正视的是？第四单元 Night walker翻译My first victim was a woma n white, welldressed, probabaly in her

53、 early twen ties. I came upon her late one evening on a deserted street in Hyde Park, a relatively affluent neighborhood in an otherwise mean, impoverished section of Chicago .我的第一个受害者是个妇女白种人，穿着华丽，大概20出头。一个深夜，在海德公园的一条荒凉街上，我与她邂逅。这是芝加哥的 贫困区，但从某一定角度上看这里相对而言是比较富有的片区了。当我朝着她的那条大道走 去时，我们之间其实是有一段？的距离的。不过她不以

54、为然。她不安地回头看了一下。在 她看来，背后这个身高六尺，胡子2寸长，头发蓬乱，双手插在肥胖军装的口袋里，充满稚气的黑人就像一个毒瘤近在咫尺。回头粗略看了几次后，她加快了速度，急切地跑了起来， 几分钟后消失在十字路口了。这是十几年前的事情了。当时我 22岁，是个刚到芝加哥大学报到的新生。那妇女受到惊吓后 的脚步声不断在我耳边回响，让我第一次意识到自己继承了一个难以改变的遗传因子一一我 富有将公共空间扭曲的能力。It clear that she thought herself the quarry of a mugger, a rapist, or worse. 显然，她以为自己成了 抢劫者、

55、强奸犯甚至更可恶的人的追逐目标。失眠了一段日子，我？It also made it clear that I was in disti nguishable from the muggers who occasi on ally seeped into the area from the surrounding ghetto.显然，我和那些偶然从贫民窟涌入城市的抢劫者没什么区别。It is, after all, only manly to embrace the power to frighte n and in timidate.毕竟，有能力恐吓和威胁他人的人才称得上是男人。As a bo

56、y, I saw coun tless tough guys locked away, I have since buried several ,too.小时候我看到数不清的暴徒遭到逮捕，自那后，我就收敛了。I had no way of provi ng who I was, I could noly move briskly toward the compa ny of some one who knew me.我无法证明我的身份。能做的只有快速找到一个有认识我的人在的公司。第五单元 I have here in my hand 翻译There seemed no stopping . H

57、e boasted: McCarthyism is Americanism with its sleeve rolled. ” He gloried in being himself: the poor kid from the wrong side of the tracks who had fought his way up,who was going to teach the snobs a thing or two. McCarthyism, wrote critic Peter Viereck, is the reve nge of the no ses that for 20 ye

58、ars of fancy parties were pressed aga inst the outside win dow pane. ” The Wisconsin Senator had tapped into one of the universal recurring themes in American life: the antagonism between the uppity, dudish, big-city smart alecks and the rough and ready in depe ndent, true-blue America ns from the b

59、ackwoods.its not the less fortun ate. who have bee nselli ng this n ati on out,” he cried, but rather those who have had all the ben efits the fin est homes.the fin est college educati ons, and the fin est jobs in gover nment. The bright young men who are born with silver spoons in their mouths are

60、the worst. ”麦卡锡似乎已无人能挡。他自夸道：“麦卡锡主义是卷起袖子准备大干一场的美国主义。”他感到十分自豪，因为自己出生卑微，但一路奋斗，现在要去给那些势力小人一点教训。批评家皮特菲尔艾克(Peter Viereck)写道：“麦卡锡主义其实是那些被民主政党拒之门外20年,且只能用鼻子顶住玻璃窗的人所采取的报复行为。”这个威斯康星州的议员借用了美国人生活的一个普遍而循环的主题，即自负、纨绔且自作聪明的城市人与简单、敏捷、独立而忠诚的 美国乡下人之间的对抗。不是那些不幸的人在出卖国家，而是那些坐享其成的人，他们享尽 最好的住房、高等教育和政府最好职位的利益。这些出身富贵的年轻人是最可恨

61、的卖国贼。There were not many such cases. But there were eno ugh to lend a sembla nee of reas on able ness to the grow ing Red Scare.事实上并无这么多案件。但已足够为日益壮大的“红色恐惧”提供一个看似合理的理由。Perhaps we should examine the background of the men who have done the planning, and let the American people decide whether weve lost

62、because of stumbling ,fumbling idiocy,or because they planned it that way. ”或许我们应该查清这些计划者的背景，让美国人民来判断：美国之所以输是因为美国人支支 吾吾踌躇不前，且很愚昧，还是美国人故意这么做的。This was McCathyism, the exploitati on of a n ati on V fears ,a brutal attack on America ns with diverge nt views, and it became an overridi ng fact of America

63、 n life.这就是麦卡锡主义：利用民族的恐惧，用多样化的观点残忍地冲击美国人的生活。而这也成 了美国生活的一个最为重要的事实。McCathy V first three years in the Sen ate marked him as simply ano ther ambitious young legislator somewhat prone to use the knee and the elbow ,but always with a smile a wisecrack,the frien dly and ope n look of the America n boy pla

64、y ing the get-ahead game, certa in every one un derstood he mea nt nothing pers on al.在参议院的前三年，麦卡锡仅仅是又一个充满抱负的年轻立法者一虽然喜欢拳脚相向让他人知难而退，但总是面带微笑，说着俏皮话，看似友好而开明，如同美国男孩打赢了牌一样。当时每个人都认为他不成气候。It was at the mome nt that Joseph McCathy stepped forward, clai ming the had the n ames of live Reds, busy un derm ining

65、 the gover nment now.=at this meme nt, JMC stepped forward and said he had the n ames of people who were in volved with RED SCARE and now attack ing the gover nment.It kept him busy but it did n seem to be gett ing him any where.=though he kept busy with the murder in vestigati on, he did n get any ben efit or promoti on from it.Then in Wheeli ng that February eve ning as the 50s bega n, Joe fin