2005年-2016年考研英语一翻译真题汇总

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1、WORD格式05It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and ones impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. (46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created

2、 and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served to much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe .The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the Eur

3、opean television scene. (47) In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group while abroad Max

4、well and Murdoch come to mind.Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete complete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. (48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statist

5、ics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.(49) Creating a European identity that respec

6、ts the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experi

7、ences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves theagreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank wi

8、ll handle the finances necessary for production costs. (50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say Unity we stand, divided we fall -and if I had to choose a slogan it would be Unity in our diversity. A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculia

9、rities of each country.(46) 电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一在欧洲近来发生的事件中，它把不同的民族和国家连到一起，其作用之大，前所未有。(47) 在欧洲，像在其他地方一样，传媒集团越来越成功：这些集团将相关的电视、播送、报纸、杂志和组合在一起 。(48) 这一点就足以证明，要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实，在 80 个欧洲电视网中，多达一半在1989 年亏损。(49) 不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一体，要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲品牌绝非易事，需要人们在欧洲制造出适合欧洲的节目战略性选择。(50) 可以毫不夸张地说：“联

10、合，我们就生存；分裂，我们就灭亡。专业资料整理WORD格式06theyintellectualstoryIsocietyittruehavwhethIamdone.heIttheisgoingobsthey,morAmrvedtoricnotthsuggestanthatAmerthaintellectualit.thatcan,sTheyitwintellishisavonotrhavejectgrowntrualsebecom.dFathandwhodissatisfiedBruckbergenctedcohrntve-intjwithllectualofthenoAmericantold

11、role.accpartountf.ofButinthehis athemornalogousconscidefFirst,ctivineattfactyqheerhimuofaseobjectlthy,anionpossibarthatdkianmoricu,ofgindivoflouraetely,Socraticthellynformatidujudge,studybycourslndsuggestingwhoplfrahoadsykly,fabwhichmustreasoningfelefirsutadefiaccepthmtibyondralhitionaswhichproblems

12、kobtain.isngWhfactualobligprimleddmshiis.rytioHe(47)anappropdqeciuintellectualoftyxplHisrevandtionfunciate.salingpleasure,suchionhenthein(46)isproblembyaslightinIaobviouslifehallkingofthe enhidutibetamayavgovernsThsnkeportsageofcontrds,i-approachfinhehiscietobute.en(49)isntistnotexplotivoutoButiclud

13、esnty,forthesuppgteanyrhioneationmoralprimarylutised.but(48)anyreftheoissuesrulesofindividualsthanveIcooktfmskctualralfevenhiscobuexclproblaspexperotductinessdsuallytocverydms,thinkhimofenabusinreferrhetbecause,hoss,isboutyhasperformancxpecssdproblems.thetoufactuedbmowhilintentoalededicate.chargedco

14、mplishmentllectualsLikeofvihisothernce,routinew-hiwithortheumandoctorthe woulhumandescriptionormaytraditionThenoindepesay,achfinitionknowledgesomethingllyveryisbvendenalsowellfitsherxcluflections,themethodanmajthing,lseorthe.whonityeminenttlivinghumanjorityanrebyearnmanypublicofscholaroblemstheirfai

15、ntellectualstosalarindrs.,whichindustriouspiteBeinges,butinvolvelearnedthemostthfactmoraleirougofintlivingthsoatts,emjudgmetemakeas(50)chibraEmersionTheygtclittle.Thisasof(46) 我把知识分子定义为这样的个体：他用苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题，并以此作为其生命中的主要职责与乐趣。(47) 知识分子的作用与法官的作用类似，后者必须承担用尽可能明显的方式来提醒让他做出决定的推理过程的责任。(48) 我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是

16、因为虽然他的成就有助于解决道德问题，但是他只是触及了这些问题的事实方面。(49) 但是普通科学家的主要任务并非是思考约束其行为的道德准那么，这正如人们不期望商人致力于探究商业行为标准。(50) 教师可能擅长教书，而且不仅仅专注于赚钱，但是大局部教师对涉及人类道德判断的问题很少或没有进展独立的思考。07The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual disciplinein European universities. However, only in recent years has it b

17、ecome a feature ofundergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally legal learninghas been viewed in such institutions the special preserve of lawyers, rather than anecessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, theolder and more continental view of le

18、gal education is establishing itself in a numberof Canadian universities some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees inlaw.If the study of law is beginning to establish as part and parcel of a general education,its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. On the oneha

19、nd,it providesopportunitiestoanalyzesuchideasas justice,democracyandfreedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a mannerwhich is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover andcomment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact,

20、of basic rightsandpublicinterestareatworkintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasincourtsoflaw.Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflection on law is a desirable component of a journalist s intellectual preparationfor his or her career.(48)But the idea that the journalist must understand

21、the law more profoundly thanan ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions andspecial responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioningof the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are aboutthe way the state work

22、s, the better their reporting will be. (49)In fact, it is difficultto see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of theCanadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal systemand the events which occur within it are primarysubjects

23、for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by专业资料整理WORD格式lawyers. (50)While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own

24、 notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.(46) 传统上，在加拿大的高等学府里，学习法律一直被看作是律师的专门工作，而不是一个受过良好教育的人所必须具备的知识素养。(47) 另一方面，法律又将正义、*和自由这些观念与日常生活中的实际联系在一起，其方式就如同新闻工作者在报道和评论新闻事件时，以日常生活为根底，使这些观念与实际情况相结合一样。(48) 但是，新闻工作者对于法律的理解

25、应该比普通公民更加深刻，这个观点是在对于新闻媒体的既定标准和特殊的社会责任有深刻认识的根底之上建立的。(49) 实际上，很难想象那些对于加拿大宪法的根本特点缺乏清晰了解的新闻工作者能够胜任政治新闻报道的工作。(50) 律师的评论和反响当然能够提升新闻报道的价值，但是，记者们最好还是依靠自己对于事件重要性的认识来做出判断。08In his autobiography,Darwinhimselfspeaksofhisintellectualpowers withextraordinarymodesty.Hepointsout thathealwaysexperiencedmuchdifficult

26、y in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes thatthis very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him tothink long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detecterrors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed his posses

27、sion ofany great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47)He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train ofthought was very limited, for which reason felt certain that he never could havesucceeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he describe

28、d as extensive, buthazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more thana few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did notaccept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he wasa good observer, he had no power of reasoning

29、. This, he thought, could not betrue, because the“ Origin of Species is one long argument from the beginningto the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could havewritten it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assertthat “ I have a fair share of inventio

30、n, and of common sense or judgment, suchas every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in anyhigher degree. (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was superior to thecommon run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and inobserving them carefully.Writing in

31、 the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or threerespects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Upto the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kids gave him great pleasure.Formerly,too,pictureshadgivenhimconsiderable,andmusicverygreat,delight.

32、In 1881, however, he said: “ Now for many years I cannot endure to reada line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music. (50)专业资料整理WORD格式Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossof专业资料整理WORD格式happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and mor

33、e probably tothe moral character.专业资料整理WORD格式(46) 他相信，正是这种困难或许能够扬长避短，以使他长时间专注地思考每一个句子；因此，使他能在推理和自己的观察中发现自己的缺点。(47) 他还断言，在深入理解冗长且完全抽象的一系列观点上，他的能力受到了局限。有鉴于此，他曾深信自己在数学方面本来就不该获得成功。(48) 另一方面，批评家指责他尽管善于观察，但却不能推理，对此，他并不承受且认为毫无依据 。(49) 他谦虚地补充道，或许他 “和普通人比起来，更能够注意到那些别人容易忽略的细节，更能够对此加以详细地观察 。(50) 达尔文认为， 失去对音乐和绘

34、画方面的兴趣， 不仅失去了幸福， 而且还可能损伤智力，甚至可能会伤害道德。09There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets fromliving with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former casethe education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the expressreason of the associa

35、tion.(46)It may be said that the measure of the worth ofany social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but thiseffectisnota partofitsoriginalmotive.Religiousassociationsbegan,forexample, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward offevil influence

36、s; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure familyperpetuity;systematiclabor , forthemostpart,because ofenslavementtoothers, etc. (47)Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, andonly more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in thecondu

37、ct of the institution.Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certainvalues of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction ofthe forms of human association under which the world s work is carried onreceives little attention as compared with physical output.But in deali

38、ng with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediatehuman fact, gains in importance. (48)While it is easy to ignore in our contactwith them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as indealingwithadults.Theneedof trainingis tooevident;thepressuretoaccomplish a c

39、hange in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave theseconsequences wholly out of account. (49)Since our chief business with them isto enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether orno weare forming thepowerswhichwillsecurethisability.Ifhumanityhasmade some headwa

40、y in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is itsdistinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learnedlargely through dealings with the young.(50)We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process whichwe have been so far considering, a m

41、ore formal kind of education that of direct专业资料整理WORD格式tuition or schooling.In undeveloped social groups, we find teaching and training. These groups mainly rely forvery little instillingformalneeded专业资料整理WORD格式dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loya

42、l to their group.专业资料整理WORD格式46. 可以说， 对任何社会制度的价值的衡量在于它在扩展和改进经历方面的效应，但是这种专业资料整理WORD格式效应并不是它原始动机的一局部。47. 制度的这种副效应是逐渐地被意识到的，而这种效应被视为制度运转的指导性因素那么需要更加缓慢的过程。48. 虽然在我们与年轻人接触时， 很容易忽略我们的行为对他们的性格产生的影响，但这并不像与成年人打交道那么简单。49. 既然我们的主要职责在于使年轻人参与共同生活，那么我们不得不考虑我们是否在构建能够确保我们这种能力的力量。50. 因此， 我们可以在上文所述及的广泛的教育进程中，区分出一种更加正

43、规的教育，即直接教导或学校教育。10One basic weaknessin a conservationsystembased wholly on economicmotives is that most members of the land community have no economic value.Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stabilitydepends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When on

44、e of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen tolove it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning ofcentury songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. 46 Scientists jumpedto the rescue withsome distinctlyshakyevidenceto the effect thatinsectswould eat u

45、s up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economicin order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet,（ 47 but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds shouldcontinue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless

46、 of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds.（ 48 Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or thatthey prey

47、only on worthless species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay astimber crops.49In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced,the non-commercial tree species are recognized as mem

48、bers of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest ishopelessly lopsided.50It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate,many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are

49、essentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.Itassumes,falsely,Ithink,thattheeconomic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.专业资料整理WORD格式（ 46 科学家们匆匆赶来救援，但证据是明显站不住脚的。大意就是，如果鸟不能控制这些虫子，虫子就会吃光一切。（ 47 但是，我们至少比较一致地认可这样一种观点，即：无论鸟类对我们是否具有经济价值，他们都应该继续享有其固有的生物权利。（ 48 生物学家们曾一度滥用这个证据：这些生物通过残杀弱

50、者来维持生物链条的*开展，或者只是捕食 “无价值的物种 。（ 49 欧洲的林业生态开展比较先进。那些没有商业价值的树种被视为原始森林群落的成员而被合理保护。（ 50 这样的体系容易无视、并最终灭绝了生物群落中的许多元素。然而这些元素虽然缺少商业价值，但对整个群落的*运动却至关重要。它虚假地认为生物时钟的经济局部可以在缺少非经济局部的情况下继续起作用。11Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized thescientific enterprise. In some ways, t

51、his quest for commonalities defines science.Newton s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of differentphenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, andseeksatheoryofeverything asinglegenerativeequatio

52、nfor allwesee.It isbecoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given thedimensionsanduniversesthat itmightentail,nonetheless,unificationofsortsremains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciencestoo.(47)Here,Darwinism

53、seemstooffer justificationforitallhumanssharecommon origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also betraced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of humancourtshipritualsmightall beconsideredformsofsexualselection,perhapstheworld slanguages,music,

54、socialandreligiouscustomsandevenhistoryaregoverned by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is sharedmightenable usto understandhowcomplexcultural behaviorarose andwhatguides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky

55、, who suggestedthat humans are born with an innate language acquisition capacity that dictates auniversal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entirefundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)Thesecond,byJoshuaGreenberg,takesam

56、oreempiricalapproachtouniversalityidentifyingtraitssharedbymany languagewhichareconsideredtorepresent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family treesthat between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomskys gramma

57、rshould show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or专业资料整理WORD格式the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strongco-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these专业资料整理WORD格式patternsisborneoutbytheanalysi

58、s,suggestingthatthestructuresofthe专业资料整理WORD格式languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals46. 物理学中的一个理论把这种归一的冲动发挥到了极致，它探寻一种万有理论一个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式。47. 在这里，达尔文主义似乎提供了有力的理由，因为如果全人类有共同的起源，那么假设文化差异也能够追溯到更有限的源头好似就是合理的了。48. 把差异性和独特性从共性中过滤出来也许能让我们理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的，是什么从进化或认知领域指导着它。49. 约书亚格林伯格

59、为寻找语言的共性而付出努力提出了第二种理论。他采用了一个更实用的共性理论，做法是识别出众多语言的共有特征( 尤其是按照词序排列) ，这些特征被认为代表了由认知局限导致的偏差。50. 乔姆斯基生成语法应该说明语言变化的模式，这些模式独立于族谱或贯穿其中的路径，然而格林伯格的共性理论预测词序关系的特殊类别之间( 而不是其他 ) 有着强烈的共存性。12Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientificenterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities de