[英语考试]北京市成人英语三级考试复习材料

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1、(六)肯定与否定的某些不定代词的用法(此句中C是错的。现在的双重否定变成肯定了。前半句还在夸历史学教授知识渊博,到了后半句突然变得不学无术了。nothing应改成anything。)情态动词,在英文中主要用来表示说话人的看法、态度等。它很接近中文里的能愿动词。从用法上来说,它有这样几个特点:1)各个情态动词自身都有一定的词义。2)情态动词不能在句中独立担当谓语。3)情态动词在句中不受任何人称,性,数变化的影响。4)情态动词后接的不定式(除ought外)都不带to ,即接动词原形。英文中的情态动词主要有:can,could,may,might,must,ought,need,dare,dared

2、,另外,shall,will,should,would在一定的场合也可用作情态动词。例如:He can speak five languages .他会说五种语言。She must have arrived home by now .现在她准到家了。We should study hard for our motherland . 我们应该为祖国而努力学习。They neednt be in such a hurry for there is enough time for them . 他们还有足够的时间,用不着这么慌张。1. 常用情态动词的基本用法can,could 能(could可以看作

3、是can的过去式,这两个词除了时态不相同外,在表达意思的许多方面是相同的。当然could也有自己独特的用法。)1)表示脑力或体力上的能力Nobody can stop the development of science .谁也无法阻止科学的发展。She can sing that song in English.她能用英文唱那歌。He can submerge to a depth of about twenty meters .他能潜入约二十米深的水中。He could hardly support his family before he found the new job .他在找到那

4、份新工作前几乎无法养家。I could not understand the lecture on the computer given by Mr. Smith .我听不懂史密斯先生作的那个关于计算机的讲座。2)表示客观上的可能性You can borrow this useful book from the library .你可以从图书馆借到这种有用的书。A more suitable person than him for the job can not be found . 不可能找到比他更适合这份工作的人了。Now people can skate on the lake .现在人

5、们可以在湖上滑冰了。When the storm stopped,the plane could take off .当风暴停下来时,飞机可以起飞了不得。3)表示主观上的允许Can I ask you some questions about it ?我可以问你有关这件事的几个问题吗?You can not leave here till I come back .直到我回来你才能离开。Such kind of thing cant happen any more later .这类事以后不准再发生了。Can you tell me how to get to the airport ?你能告

6、诉我怎么去机场吗?Could you tell me how to get to the airport ?您能告诉我怎么去机场吗?Could I be forgiven my negligence ?请原谅我的疏忽,行吗?4)(用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中)表示猜测、怀疑或惊诧How can / could you be here ?你怎么会在这儿?She couldnt / cant be so stupid to do that .她不可能蠢得去做那种事吧。He couldnt / cant be over seventy .他不可能有七十多岁了。Where could / can th

7、e boy be now?那孩子现在能在哪儿呢?另外,could还常用于表示较客气委婉的看法、提问及用于虚拟语气的结构中。这时候,could就不可以看作是can的过去式了。而是could自己独特的用法。如:Could you speak a little slowly ?您能稍微说慢一点儿吗?Im afraid that we couldnt give you any definite answer at this moment .恐怕我们这时候还无法给予您任何确切的答复。I could come earlier if asked .如果要让我早一点来,我可以来早一点。We would app

8、reciate it if you could offer us any help .如果您能为我们提供帮助的话,我们将不甚感激。You could have done better if you had worked harder at it .如果你再加把劲,本来可以干得更好一些的。may,might 或许,可能,可以(might可以看作是may的过去式,这两个词除了时态不相同外,在表达意思的许多方面是相近的。当然may和might又都有一些各自不同的独特用法。)1)可能性I may be busy from tomorrow on .从明天起我可能会忙起来。You may catch s

9、ight of the sunrise from here when you get up before 5 in the morning .你在早晨五点钟以前起来,或许能从这儿看到日出。I wondered if they might agree with the idea .我想知道他们是否会同意这种想法。She thought it might be wise to try her luck here .她认为在这儿碰碰运气也不错。2)表示允许May I come in?我可以进来吗?Id like to have a smoke here if I may .如果可以的话我想在这儿抽一

10、支烟。The librarian told her that she might return the book to the library in three days.图书馆理员告诉她说,她可以在三天后还那本书。At the press conference,a news reporter asked the chairman if she might trouble him with a question about Taiwan issue.在记者招待会上,一位新闻记者问大会主席她是否能提一个有关台湾问题方面的问题。3)may间或用来表示祝愿,也常用于表示目的或让步的状语从句中:May

11、 that day come soon .但愿这天早日到来。May you succeed in winning the first prize in the game .祝愿你比赛夺冠成功。May you continue in your efforts and achieve greatersuccesses .祝愿你继续努力并取得更大的成功。表示极有可能发生某事As an auto repairman ,Dick ought to know what is wrong with the car .狄克作为一个汽车修理工总该知道这部车的毛病所在吧。If we set off right n

12、ow ,we ought to be able to get there in time .如果我们马上出发,我们应当能够按时到达那里。Tomorrow ought to be a nice day for we have such a fine sunset today .今天有这么好的晚霞,明天准是个晴天。need(用于否定句和疑问句)需要There are still one and a half hours to go ,we neednt be insuch a hurry .还有一个半小时,我们无需如此慌慌张张。I hardly need say how much we misse

13、d you .不用说我们是多么想念你啊。Need you go so soon ?你需要这么早就去吗?You need have no anxiety on my account .你不必为我而着急。dare ,dared(用于否定句、疑问句和疑问句)敢Dare you stay here alone in the night ? 你敢在夜里呆在这儿吗?Nobody dared mention that matter. 没有人敢提那件事。How dared you say that to her ? 你怎么敢对她说那件事?Even if you dare do it ,I wont allow

14、 you to because its too dangerous .即使你敢做,我也会让你做那件事,因为太危险了shall 用作情态动词时,适用于第二人称和第三人称。主要表示下面几层意思:1)许诺You shall hear everything directly you come .你一来就可以听到一切了。“Whatever you want you shall have ,”said the Fairy .仙女说:“你想得到什么,你就可以有什么。”I dont want to be hard on your daughter ;she shant be pressed .我不想对你女儿太

15、严厉,她不会太受压的。I promise that you shall see her again before long .我保证你不久就能再见到她。2)命令You shall come to my office immediately .你必须马上来我的办公室。She shall not stay in my garden .她不可以呆在我的花园里。He shall not come into my study . 不许他进我的书房。You shall do as you are told .按告诉你的那么做。3)决心(表示某事一定会发生)That day shall come .那一天一

16、定会到来。It has been decided that he shall be given the job .肯定给他那份工作的事已经定下来了。This law shall come into effect on January 1st 2001.这个法律于2001年元月1日生效。4)规定Each competitor shall wear a number .每个参赛者要佩戴一个数字标。The renter shall keep the house in a neat and orderly state .租赁者要保持房屋整洁有序。The supplier shall make ship

17、ment before October and the purchaser shall make payment within 15 days after receipt of the goods .卖方十月以前装运,买方在收到货物后十五天内付款。should(用作情态动词时,有时表示具体的意思,有时却没有意义。主要用于下面几个方面。)1)表示出于职责、义务该做某事You shouldnt come to such a decision hastily .你不应该匆匆忙忙地作出这么一个决定。You should write to your parents at least once a mon

18、th .你应该至少每月给你父母亲写一封信。We should read English aloud every morning .我们应该每天早晨朗读英文。They should do it for their own good .为了他们自己利益他们应该做这件事。2)表示对某种情况的估计She shouldnt be out in such an early morning .她不会这么一大早就出去了吧。The effect of the tax should be felt in higher prices .人们可能会从各种上涨的物价中感觉到这种税的影响的。The event shoul

19、d lead them to a even worse economic crisis.这次事件可能会将他们引向更严重的经济危机。This book should be published in two months at most .这本书最多两个月后就会出版的。3)表示惊讶、失望等情绪I think it is dreadful that anyone should be so miserable.我认为,竟然每个人都如此伤心就太糟糕了。Why should I pay him for nothing ? 我干吗要无为地付给他钱?It seems so unfair that this s

20、hould happen to me .这件事竟然发生在我身上似乎太不公平了。Its strange that it should be so cold today .奇怪,今天怎么会这么冷。4)用于某些从句中表示虚拟语气The doctor insisted that the girl should be hospitalized .大夫坚持认为那个女孩要住院治疗。If it had not been for the doctors care the girl should not be speaking to you now .要不是由于大夫的精心照料,这个女孩现在就不能与你说话了。She

21、 stood away so that he should enter the room first .她让到一边,好让他第一个进入房间。Ill write it down lest I should forget it 我将它记下以免遗忘。Take an umbrella with you in case it should rain .带上雨伞,以防万一下雨。will ,would(would可以看作是will的过去式,这两个词除了时态不相同外,在表达意思的许多方面是相近的。当然will 和would又都有一些各自不同的独特用法。)1)用于第二人称疑问句,表示请求(在这种用法中would使

22、语气更为客气、委婉)Will you tell her that Ill be back in twenty minutes ?请告诉她我二十分钟后回来,好吗?If you want help,just let me know ,will you ?你需要帮助就告诉我,好吗?Wont you come in and have a little whisky ?你要不要进来喝一点儿威士忌?(或是:你进来喝一点儿威士忌,好吗?)Would you tell me how to get to the shopping center ?您能告诉我怎么去购物中心吗?2)用于表示愿望Go where yo

23、u will .去你想去的地方吧。I will pay you at the rate you ask .我会按你要的利率付给你钱的。He wouldnt let the doctor take his blood pressure .他不愿意让大夫给他量血压。They had to obey whether they would or not .他们不得不遵从他们的意愿。3)表示习惯、倾向(可译成“总是会、老是,等” )Sometimes the cat will lie there all afternoon .有时侯,那只猫总是整个下午都躺在那儿。Oil and water will n

24、ot mix .油和水决不能调和。He would sit there for hours ,doing nothing at all .他总是在那儿一坐就是几个小时,什么都不干。4)表示猜测(可译成“一定是、想必,等” )This will be the house youre looking for .这想必就是你要找的房子吧。He will have gone back to New Zealand .他一定是回新西兰去了。The person you mentioned would be the father ,is that right ?你说的那个人一定是爸爸了,对吗?That w

25、ould be in 1999,I think .那大概是在1999年吧。5)will用于表示决心(可译成“一定要,决心,等” )We will never talk about that subject again .我们决不会再谈论这个话题了。I will make this computer work even if I have to stay up all night .我即使整晚不睡觉也一定要让这台计算机工作起来。6)would常用于虚拟条件句,表示与事实相反或不太可能实现的情况。But for your help we would have been late .要不是你帮忙我们

26、就迟到了。Well ,I wouldnt worry about it . It wont do me any good .好了,我不会担心那件事的,因为它不会给我带来什么好处。2. 关于情态动词后面接进行式和完成式的情况一般说来,“进行式”表示动作正在发生或进行;“完成式”则表示动作是发生在过去或是表示按理是发生了但事实上却没有发生。下面我们分别讨论一下各种具体情况。A. 关于情态动词后面接进行式的情况can后面接进行式 表示可能正在发生的动作,例如:What can she be doing at this moment ?这个时候她会在做什么呢?You cant be telling u

27、s the truth.你不可能在对我将真话。Can he be still thinking of it I told him ?他会不会还在考虑我告诉他的那件事呢?may后面接进行式表示可能正在发生的动作,例如:Your mother may be waiting for you to return home .你妈妈可能正等着你回家吧。She may be leaving for New York tomorrow or some day .她或许明天或者什么时候会动身去纽约。They may be returning back before Christmas .他可能圣诞节前回来。m

28、ight后面接进行式表示可能正在发生的动作,例如:They might be planning to make a loan for their new project .他们也许在为他们的新项目策划贷款的事。She might still be crying for being wronged .她或许因为受了冤枉还在啼哭。You might be telling me a lie .你也许在对我撒谎。must后面接进行式 表示想必正在做某事,例如:You must be thinking where I learned it .你一定在想我是从哪儿知道这件事的。They must be f

29、ollowing us just a little behind us .他们肯定在离我们不远的地方尾随着我们。My brother must be sleeping in bed for its so quiet in the house .家里这么安静,我弟弟一定在床上睡觉。should后面接进行式表示应该正在做某事,例如:You should be doing your exercises instead of watching TV.现在你该在做作业而不是看电视。You shouldnt be thinking about the solution only in one way .你

30、不应该只用一种方法考虑解决问题的办法。Why should I be waiting here without doing anything ?我凭什么在这儿白等。B.关于情态动词后面接完成式的情况can后面接完成式 表示可能已经做了某事。例如:He cant have left home because the television is on .因为电视还开着所以他不会离开家了。Where can they have gone ?他们会去了哪儿呢?You cant have finished the novel so soon .你不可能这么快就看完了那本小说。could后面接完成式 表示

31、本可能发生或本可以做的事而没有发生或没有做;它的否定形式则表示本不可能发生或本不可以做的事而已经发生或已经做了。例如:The output could have been increased by 15% .产量本可以提高百分之十五的。How could he have forgotten him birthday ?他怎么会忘了自己的生日呢?Judging from her appearance and manner,she couldnt have been over fifty years old . 从她的仪表和举止来看,她不可能已有五十多岁了。第一,虚拟语气。它主要可分为以下情况:A

32、,表建议,要求,命令的动词,及与其相关的名词、形容词或分词,后面的从句中都要用should+动词原形作谓语,should可省略。B,某些特殊的形容词,后面常跟虚拟语气。这一点要尤其注意。C,wish后表示与现实相反的愿望时要用虚拟语气。D,would rather后若加从句则要用过去式表示虚拟语气,也可以直接加do sth宁愿做。E,If引导的条件状语中,表示与现在情况相反的假设,表示与过去情况相反的假设时。虚拟语气这个考点在近两年当中出现的考分这两年稍微偏高,这一点尤其大家要格外的关注一些。第二,定语从句。这次考试对定语从句的考察是重点考察关系词选择和非限定性定语从句。关系词的选择关键要从其

33、在从句中担任着的成分决定的,而不是在主句中的。非限定性定语从句通常由逗号与修饰的名词相隔开,而且只能由which,who,whom,whose引导,其中which既可以指物,也可以指前面一整句话,这一点大家一定要注意。另外介词和上面的关键词连用构成符合关系词的情况也很多。第三,反意疑问句。可以有两点,句子本身含有否定意义的时候,比如seldom后面用肯定形式的反问。第二,考察祈使句的反问,对陈述部分是肯定句的祈使句。第三,I think,I believe,I suppose等表示主观看法的句子,其反意疑问句由后面的宾语从句相对应。第四,倒装句。倒装句一共有三项应该注意:A,only后面加状语

34、,并放于句首时,句子用倒装;而当其修饰其它成分时不倒装。B,表示否定意义的副词或短语,如seldom,never,rarely,in no time。C,注意Hardly/scarcely/barely had sb donewhen这一句型,表示就(as soon as后不加倒装)第五,主谓一致。A,当主语后跟有with,together with,as well as,but ,except等短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语一致。B,表示时间,距离,金钱,速度等的数量词作主语时,通常将其看作是一个整体,为单数。C,就近原则eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut also

35、等结构作主语时,由第二个词后的名词决定谓语形式。第六,强调句。大家记住强调句的基本结构it is/was+强调部分that/who(人)+句子中其他成分。大家记住这个结构之后,在这次考试当中它有可能在单选题当中占到两到四分。第七,连词的辨析。*that:可引导同位语从句、表语从句、主语从句、宾语从句等;that在这些从句中无实际含义,也不担任任何成分。*So+形容词/副词thatsuch+(冠词或形容词)名词that,表示如此以至于。*what:可引导名词性从句,并在从句中担任主语、宾语等。*wheheror/whether or no是否,if则无此用法。*by加表示过去的时间,则主句用过去

36、完成时;加现在,则主句用现在完成时;加将来时间,则主句用将来完成时。*时间状语,条件状语还有某些让步状语中,不出现将来时,要用现在式表示将来时。*分辨一下表示因和果的连词,表示转折的连词,容易出选择题。八,省略句。在一些时间,条件或让步状语从句中,当主句和从句的主语相同,而从句为主系结构时(即有be),可将从句主语和系动词一起省略。九,现在分词作状语。A,在某些动词或词组后常用现在分词作状语,对前面内容进行补充。B,还可表示时间状语。有时要用完成形式,表示动作已经在主句动作前先完成。C,现在分词短语还可作原因状语。D,有时还可表示伴随情况或方式。E,注意在一些动词短语中to为介词,后加名词或动

37、名词。虚拟语气是英语中一种重要的语气形式,也是英语语法中一个重要的语法点。由于虚拟语气所涉及的内容比较广,一些语法书对其的阐述也很繁杂,所以同学们在学习过程中很难掌握其用法,在使用过程中或考试时也很容易出错。为了便于大家理解和记忆,网校对虚拟语气作了一个“新”归纳,供大家参考。虚拟语气的使用主要体现在三个方面:虚拟条件句、虚拟语气在某些从句中的运用,以及虚拟语气的一些特殊用法。虚拟条件句虚拟条件句就是对现实条件的一种虚拟假设,所假设的条件一般不符合事实或与事实相反或在现实中发生的可能性极小。根据时间的不同,虚拟条件句可分为三种,即与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句、与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句及与将来事

38、实相反的虚拟条件句。具体情况请看下表:例句:1)表示与现在事实相反If I had enough money now ,I would lend it to you.If I were you ,I would go to tell him the real feeling upon him.2)表示与过去事实相反If he had taken your advice ,he wouldnt have made such a bad mistake.She would have come to enjoy the party if she hadnt been very busy.3)表示与将

39、来事实相反I would go shopping with you if it were to be Sunday tomorrow.If he were to be given another chance to do it again,he could certainly achieve more.1.虚拟条件句的倒装在虚拟条件句中,为了强调所假设条件的虚拟性,或突出说话人的一种主观愿望,虚拟条件句可用倒装结构。虚拟条件句的倒装是通过去掉if,把条件从句谓语中的助动词、情态动词或系动词放在句首实现的。例如:Had I been(= If I had been )in that situat

40、ion,I would not have let the thief escape away with so much money.Should there be (= If there should be)a drought,what should we do at that time ?2.错综时间条件句有时条件从句的动作和主句的动作发生的时间并不一致,这时谓语动词的形式应根据它所要表示的具体时间来决定。例如:If we hadnt been working hard in the past few years ,things wouldnt be going so smoothly.If

41、 the Party hadnt led the Chinese people to liberate the country,Chinese people would still live a life in pain and poverty.3.含蓄条件句有时假设的情况并不以条件从句的形式表现出来,而是通过某个介词或介词短语(如:with,otherwise,without,but for,in that position )、上下文或其它方式表现出来。这种句子称为含蓄条件句。例如:But for the help from you,I would not have had the cha

42、nce to go to college.I would never mind you making such loud noises,but,you see,my baby is in a deep sleep.It was so quiet ;you could have heard a pin drop.虚拟语气在某些从句中的运用在某些词或短语后接的从句中要使用虚拟语气,表示愿望、建议或命令等。根据虚拟语气的形式不同,虚拟语气可以分为“should类”和“过去时态类”。一、should类这一类的虚拟语气是通过从句中的谓语动词使用“should +动词原形”体现出来的,should可以省略

43、。其具体运用体现在:1.在suggest,order,demand ,propose,command,request,desire,insist等表示建议、命令、要求、意见的动词后接的宾语从句中要使用虚拟语气。如:He suggests that she should leave the house at once.The leader ordered that the task(should)be finished as soon as possible.He proposed that we(should)deal with the problem by the view of devel

44、opment.2.与suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,desire,insist等动词相对应的名词suggestion,order,demand,proposal 等后的表语从句或同位语从句中要使用虚拟语气。如:The general sent the order that the battle(should)be held on untilthe complete failure of the enemy.My proposal is that we(should)set a deadline for handing in the pl

45、an.3.在It is/was suggested (ordered,demanded,proposed,etc. ) 结构以及necessary,essential,important,strange,natural等形容词后的主语从句中要使用虚拟语气。如:Its requested that we (should)keep the stability of the society for the peoples peaceful life.It is necessary that the badly wounded man(should)be treated immediately二、过去

46、时态类英语中,还有一些词或短语后接的从句或句子,也要使用虚拟语气,虚拟语气是通过句中的谓语使用过去的某种时态(如:一般过去时、过去完成时等)来体现的。1. wish,would rather 后的宾语从句。如:He wished he had never been involved in such affairs.I would rather you could teach me again.2. as if,as though引导的从句。如:The little boy knows so many things as if he was a man.He acted as usual as

47、though nothing had happened.3.由if only (要是,那该多好啊!)引导的惊叹句。如:If only I had passed the test !If only it stopped raining!4. It is(about/high)time 后的定语从句。如:It is time we went out for a walk.It was high time they had begun to prepare the experiment.虚拟语气的其它用法在英语中,一些表示建议、请求、劝告、愿望、祈祷、祝福或诅咒的句子,也需要使用虚拟语气。如:Wou

48、ld you mind smoking here ?May you be lucky!Long live the people of China !God save me.一、区分可数名词和不可数名词例1:_great progress he has made!A.HowB.How aC.WhatD.What a此题应选C。容易误选D,误认为progress是可数名字。此题命题者主要考察了两个方面的问题:一是感叹句句型;二是名词progress的可数性。感叹句的基本结构是:1)how+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!2)what+(a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语!(主语为不可数名词或复数形式,

49、其前不用a/an)英语中除了像air,water,milk,iron等这些中国人一目了然的不可数名词外,还有一些不可数名词很容易弄错。其中典型的有:work(工作),news(消息),luck(运气),fun(有趣的事),home-work(家庭作业),advice(劝告、建议),harm(损害,伤害),progress(进步),information(信息、消息),weather(天气),wealth(财富),furniture(家具),luggage/baggage(行李)等。注意一下正误句型:误:I wish you a good luck. 正:I wish you good luck

50、.祝你好运。误:Its a great fun for us to be with her.正:Its great fun for us to be with her.误:He gave us some advices.正:He gave us some advice.例2:-Where does Mr Smith work?-He works in a glass_ around here.A.workB.worksC.workingD.workes此题应选B。容易误选C,误认为:因为其前用了不定冠词a,所以不能选work(因为不可数)和works(因为是复数),D显然是错的。这里work有

51、三个意思很容易弄混:1、表示“工作”是不可数名词:He has too much work to do.他要做的工作太多。2、表示“著作”或“作品”是可数名词,但多用复数:The man gained his wealth by printing words off amous writers.他通过印刷著名作家的作品而赢得他的财富。3、表示“工厂”只用复数形式,但可表示单数意义:The glass works is are near the station.玻璃工厂在车站附近。类似地注意以下各名词因变为复数形式,而导致含义有变化:green 绿色 greens 青菜,蔬菜 wood 木头,木

52、材woods 小树林 manner 方式,方法 manners 礼貌arm 臂 arms武器 water 水waters河川,海,温泉spirit 精神 spirits 心境 quarter 四分之一quarters 军营 custom 习惯 customs 关税 force 力气forces 军队例3:-Can I help you?-_,please.A.Two teas B.Two cups of teas C.Two cup teasD.Two cup of tea此题应选A。其余几项都容易被误选。要做好此题,先要弄清tea的两种用法:1、表示“茶”,是物质名词,不可数:I dont

53、like to drink tea.我不喜欢喝茶。Would you like a cup of tea?要喝杯茶吗?2、在口语中可以表示“一杯茶”,是可数名词;-What can I do for you?你要吃点什么?-Two teas,please.请来两杯茶。但是值得注意的是,虽然以上两种用法都可以,但千万不要将这两种用法混杂在一起。如可以说two teas,也可以说two cupsof tea,但是不能说two cups of teas。具有类似用法的词还有coffee(咖啡):1、表示“咖啡”,是物质名词,不可数:I prefer tea to coffee.我喜欢喝茶不喜欢喝咖啡

54、。He served us with two cups of coffee.他用两杯咖啡招待我们。2、在口语中可以表示“一杯咖啡”,是可数名词:-Can I help you?你要点什么?-Two coffees,please.请来两杯咖啡。同时也要注意不要将以上两种用法混在一起。如可以说two coffees,也可以说two cups of coffee,但是绝对不能说two cups of coffees。二、数词dozen,score,hundred,thousand,mil lion的用法例 I want three_ these eggs. A.dozenB.dozensC.doze

55、n ofD.dozens of此题涉及两个方面的问题:一是dozen是否加词尾-s,二是其后是否接介词of.由于在这个问题上dozen与score,hundred,thousand,million极为相似,所以这里将它们放在一起叙述:1)当这些词与具体数字连用时,不用复数形式,也不后接介词of(尽管有人认为score/dozen之后有时可接of,但惯用法认为,省略of常见):three hundred students 300名学生/three score(of)eggs 60只鸡蛋2)当这些词不与具体数字连用,而是表示不确定的泛指数,则不仅要用复数形式,而且要后接介词of,然后才能后接名词:

56、thousands of students数千名学生/dozens of times几十次/mil-lions of years ago数百万年前3)当这些词与a few,several,many等数目不很具体的词连用时,用不用复数形式均可,但是注意:不用复数形式,其后的介词of可以省略;用复数形式,其后介词of不能省略:several dozen(of)pencils/several dozens of pencils几打铅笔4)当这些词后面的名词有了the,these,those等特指限定词修饰时,或其后接的是us,them这样的人称代词时,则此时必须用介词of:two hundred o

57、f the workers这些工人中的200人/threedozen of these eggs这些鸡蛋中的3打/four dozen of them它们中的4打通过以上分析:此题答案显然只能是C。三、容易弄错的集合名词It is reported that a great number of _died in the drought.A.cattlesB.policesC.peoplesD.poultry此题应选D.其余几项均可能被误选。此题主要涉及集合名词的用法,下面将集合名词的有关用法作一归纳:类:这一类包括cattle(牛),people(人),police(警察),poul-try(

58、家禽)等,其用法特点为:只有单数形式,但却表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语通常也用复数;不与a(n)连用,但可与the连用(表示总括意义和特指):The police are looking for him.People will laugh at you.类:这一类包括family(家庭),team(队),class(班),audience(听众)等,其用法特点为:若视为整体,表示单数意义;若考虑其个体成员,表示复数意义。比较:This class consists of 45 pupils.这个班由45个学生组成。This class are studying English now.这个班的

59、学生在学习英语。类:这一类包括baggage/luggage(行李),clothing(衣服),furniture(家俱),machinery(机器)等,其用法特点为:是不可数名词,要用单数形式,不用不定冠词(当然更不能用数词),没有复数形式:Our clothing protects us from against the cold.我们的衣服可以御寒。Have you checked all your baggage?你所有行李都托运了吗?四、means用法易错点Every possible means_ been tried,and wefind only_ this means can

60、 we do it well.A.have,inB.have,byC.has,in D.has,by此题应选D。其余几项均容易被误选。这里主要涉及名词means(方式,方法,手段)的用法与搭配:1、单复数同形(永远有词尾-s)。若用作主语,其谓语的数需根据句意来确定。比较:1)All possible means have been tried.2)Every possible means has been tried.若句意不能明确地表明主语的单复数,其谓语则用单数或复数均可:Is are there any other means of doing it?做这事还有其它的什么办法吗?2、表示以某种方式、方法或手段,用介词by:Only by this means can you do it well.只有通过这种办法你才能做好此事。有时用by means of,意为:用,依靠:Thoughts are expressed by means of words.思想靠语言来表达。3、表示做某事的方法或手段,多接“of+(动)名词”:But they had no means of cooking

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