【高中英语语法】被动语态

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1、动词动词的的语态语态 被动语态的应用被动语态的应用 I.被动语态的构成形式被动语态的构成形式 1. 被动语态的基本被动语态的基本时态时态变化变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式动形式, 被动语态由被动语态由 be过去分词过去分词构成，构成，be随时态的变化而变化。随时态的变化而变化。 各种时态的被动语态形式各种时态的被动语态形式:(:(以以do为例为例) ) 1)1) 一般现在时一般现在时 am / is / are +done (过去分词过去分词). 如如: Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.2) 现在

2、完成时现在完成时has /have been done. 如如: I have been cloned. All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we are ready to start.3）现在进行时）现在进行时 am/is /are being done 例例:一座新的电影院正在这儿被建起一座新的电影院正在这儿被建起.4）一般过去时）一般过去时 was/were done例例: I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer

3、. A new cinema is being built here5）过去完成时）过去完成时had been done 例例: By the end of last year, another new gymnasium in Beijing. (complete)6）过去进行时）过去进行时 was/were being done 例例: A meeting was being held when I was there.had been completed7）一般将来时）一般将来时shall/will be done 例例: Hundreds of jobs if the factory

4、closes.8）过去将来时）过去将来时should/would be done 例例: The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived. will be lost9）将来完成时（少用）将来完成时（少用）shall/will have been done 例例: The project will have been completed before July.10）过去将来完成时（少用）过去将来完成时（少用）should/would have been done 例例: He told me that my

5、 new clothes would have been made very soon. 2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式被动语态的特殊结构形式 1)1)带情态动词的被动结构带情态动词的被动结构, 其形式为：其形式为：情态动词情态动词bebe过去分词过去分词。例例: : The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.翻译翻译: 他说错误一定要及时改正他说错误一定要及时改正. He said that the mistakes must be corrected in time.2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语有些动词可以有两个宾语,

6、在用于被动在用于被动结构时结构时, 可以把主动结构中的一个宾语可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语变为主语, 另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语. 例例: His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为可改为: He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.或改为或改为: A present was given to him by his mother for his birthday. 3) 当当 “动词动词

7、+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语” 结结构变为被动语态时构变为被动语态时, 将宾语变为被将宾语变为被动结构中的主语动结构中的主语, 其余不动。例其余不动。例: Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. The boy was caught smoking a cigarette. They painted the door green.The door was painted green.4）在使役动词在使役动词have, make, get以及感以及感官动词官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面

8、不定式作宾语补语时，等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加变为被动结构时，要加to。例例: She saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为可改为: A stranger was seen to walk into the building (by her). His father made him to study.He was made to study (by his father).5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如如“动词介词动词介词”，“

9、动词副词动词副词”等，也可以用于等，也可以用于 被动结构，但要把被动结构，但要把它们看作一个它们看作一个整体整体，不能分开。其，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例中的介词或副词也不能省略。例: The meeting is to be put off till Friday. We are looking after a little boy.A little boy is being looked after.3. 3. 非谓语动词的被动语态非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ingv.+ing 形式及不定式形式及不定式 to do to do 也有也有被动语态被动语态( (一般时态和完成时态一

10、般时态和完成时态) ) 。例例: I dont like being laughed at .C The meeting _ tomorrow is very important. A. heldB. being held C. to be heldD. will be held二、二、 如何使用被动语态如何使用被动语态学习被动语态时学习被动语态时, ,不仅要知道被不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构动语态的各种语法结构, ,还要知道在还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。哪些情况中使用被动语态。 1. 1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者必说出动作的执行者

11、 ( (这时可省这时可省 by by 短语短语) )。例例: : My bike was stolen last night. 2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。例例: I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.3. 为了更好地安排句子。为了更好地安排句子。例例: The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一个主语就够了）（一个主语就够了） 三三.

12、.It is said that +从句及其他类似句型从句及其他类似句型一些表示一些表示“据说据说”或或“相信相信”的动词如的动词如 believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think 等可用于句型等可用于句型 “Itbe过去分词过去分词that从句从句” 或或 “主语主语be过去分词过去分词to do sth.”It is said that据说据说,It is reported that据报道，据报道，It is believed that大家相信，大家相信，It is hoped that大家希望，大家希望，It is well

13、known that众所周知，众所周知，It is thought that大家认为，大家认为，It is suggested that据建议。据建议。例例: It is said that the boy has passed the exam. The boy is said to have passed the exam. 四四. .谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1.英语中有很多动词如英语中有很多动词如break, catch, clean, drive, lock, open, sell, read，write, wash等等, 当它们被用作不及当它们被用

14、作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式主动形式 表达被动意义表达被动意义,主语通常主语通常是物。例是物。例: This kind of cloth washes well. 6. 注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较：外界作用造成的影响。试比较：The door wont lock.(指门本身有毛病指门本身有毛病)The door wont be locked. (指不会有人来锁门指不会有人来锁门, 指人为的原因）指人为的原因）2. 表示表示“发生、进行发生

15、、进行”的不及物动的不及物动词和短语词和短语, 如如: happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。等以主动形式表示被动意义。例例: How long did it last?Great changes have taken place in Shanghai in the last few years.I wish my dream would come true.3. 系动词没有被动形式系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表

16、示但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, smell, feel等在主系表结构中等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。常以主动形式表示被动意义。例例:Your reason sounds reasonable. * 注意区分它们作注意区分它们作行为动词时可以被动行为动词时可以被动:An air of depression was felt.五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义的主动形式表被动意义 。1 在在need，want，re

17、quire等词的后面等词的后面, 动名词用主动形式表示被动意义动名词用主动形式表示被动意义, 其含其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。例例: The house needs repairing. to be repaired 2. 形容词形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。式的被动形式。例例: The book is well worth readingThe book is well worthy to be rea

18、d） 3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例例: I have a lot of things to do this afternoon(to do与与things是动宾关是动宾关系，与系，与I 是主谓关系。是主谓关系。) 试比较：试比较：Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被

19、动语态作定语表此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明明you不是不是post动作的执行者。动作的执行者。)三、强调宾语4. 在某些在某些“形容词不定式形容词不定式”做表语做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting .例例: English is easy

20、 to be learned. English is easy to learn. 这道题很难解出这道题很难解出.This problem is difficult to work out . (for me)5 在在too to结构中，不定式前面可加结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。例意义。例: This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.6. 在在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而被动表被动。然而,由于古英由于古英

21、语的影响语的影响,下列动词下列动词rent, blame等仍用不等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例: Who is to blame for starting the fire?This apartment is to rent at a reasonable price.7. 在在there be句型中，当动词不定句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。例式作定语，重点在物。例: There is no time to lose / to b

22、e lost. (用用 to lose可看成可看成for us to lose； 用用to be lost，谁，谁 lost time不明确不明确.)六、被动语态与系表结构的区别六、被动语态与系表结构的区别 当当“be+be+过去分词过去分词”作被动作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态或所处的状态, ,bebe后面的过去分后面的过去分词是表语词是表语, , 相当于形容词。相当于形容词。 区分办法如下：区分办法如下： 1.如果强调动作或句中有介词如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动

23、语出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。例态，否则为系表结构。例: The store was open. (系表结构系表结构, 表状态）表状态）The store was opened by an old man.（被动语态（被动语态, by引导出动作的执行者）引导出动作的执行者） The glass is broken.(系表结构系表结构, 表状态）表状态）The glass was broken into pieces （被动语态（被动语态, 省略了施动者）省略了施动者） 2. 如果句中有地点、频率或时间状如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。例语时，一般为被动

24、语态。例: The door is locked（系表结构）（系表结构）The door has already / just been locked(被动可以用于其他各种时态，而系表被动可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和只有一般时态和完成时态。完成时态。例例: The machine is being repaired 七、被动语态与高考试题赏析七、被动语态与高考试题赏析 1 高考对谓语动词语态的考查例析高考对谓语动词语态的考查例析1). In some parts of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar. A.

25、 is serving B. is served C. serves D. served2). This is Teds phone. We miss him a lot. He _ trying to save a child in the earthquake.A. killed B. is killedC. was killed D. was killing3) - Have you moved into the new house? - Not yet, the rooms _. A. are being painted B. are paintingC. are painted D.

26、 are being painting4). When and where to go for the on-salary holiday _ yet. A.are not decided B. have not been decidedC. is not being decided D. has not been decided5). The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets _.A. was booked B. had been bookedC. were bo

27、oked D. have been booked2 2高考对非谓语动词语态的考查高考对非谓语动词语态的考查 当非谓语动词的逻辑当非谓语动词的逻辑主语为动作的承受者主语为动作的承受者时时, , 须用被动式。弄须用被动式。弄清非谓语动词与其逻清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的执行与辑主语之间的执行与承受关系是掌握非谓承受关系是掌握非谓语动词语态的关键。语动词语态的关键。 1)Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple,but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B.

28、 to be seenC. seeing D. seen解析解析 B. 根据题意，那对老夫妇是否到国外根据题意，那对老夫妇是否到国外旅行是将来的动作，应使用不定式，故排旅行是将来的动作，应使用不定式，故排除掉除掉C、D两项；又因两项；又因remains的逻辑主的逻辑主语语it是动词是动词see说表示动作的承受者，即说表示动作的承受者，即“到国外旅行到国外旅行”这件事，这件事有待于这件事，这件事有待于“被决定被决定”，应使用动词不定式的被动，应使用动词不定式的被动形式。形式。 2). While shopping, people sometimes cant help _ into buying

29、 something they dont really need. A. to persuaded B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded答案答案C. 解析解析 cant help doing “禁不住做某事禁不住做某事”，排除排除A和和D；顾客应是；顾客应是“被劝说被劝说”购物购物的，要用动名词的被动语态。的，要用动名词的被动语态。 3）I feel it is your husband who _ for the spoiled child. A.is to blame B.is going to blameC.is to be blamed D.should blame解析解析 A. feel的宾语从句为强调句型，在的宾语从句为强调句型，在be to do结构中，在某些场合可用不定结构中，在某些场合可用不定式的主动语态表示被动语态，如式的主动语态表示被动语态，如to blame， to let等。等。