大学英语跨文化交际教学课件Chapter6NoverbalInterculturalCommunication

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1、Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication黑龙江大学外语部An idiomw There is language in her eyes, her cheeks, her lip, nay, her foot speaks. ShakespearePRE-TASK: CASE ANALYSISA quarrel between Smith (American) and Li Hua (Chinese). They were arguing fiercely and Li Hua became silent. Smiths anger grew

2、 considerably as Li Hua remained silent. Smith left the room And refused to talk to Li Hua again.What seems to bethe miscommunication?Learning objectives :Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication1.to understand the significance of nonverbal intercultural communication 2.to perceive the defini

3、tion of nonverbal intercultural communication3.to describe the functions of nonverbal intercultural communication4. to summarize the categories of nonverbal intercultural communication Chapter OutlineChapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationNonverbal Intercultural Communication Significance De

4、finition & FunctionsCategoriesOther Categories RepeatingRegulatingContradictingComplementingParalanguageSilenceChronemicsProxemicsOculesicsOlfacticsHapticsKinesicsChromaticsAttireLead-in Case 32 What Is Wrong with the Interaction?Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationPlease read Case and th

5、en discuss the questions in the write column in pairs.What seems to bethe miscommunication? Nonverbal behavior is a significant area of communication study for at least three reasons.w Nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations.w Nonverbal behavior spontaneously re

6、flects the subconsciousness.w We cannot avoid communicating through nonverbal signals.Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationText A Significance of Nonverbal Communicationw Besides, nonverbal behavior is significant because nonverbal communication can be open to many interpretations.This ges

7、ture means OK in the U.S and many cultures, while it means zero in France, and means money in Japan. Case-analysis: Are Americans Indifferent? What can be learned from the case above?Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationCASE 33Are Americans Different? This case can reflect the difference i

8、n kinesics, one of the categories of nonverbal communication, among cultures. The term kinesics refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body position, body movement, and forms of greeting and their relations to communication. Kinesics involves not only the actions but also the cultural

9、interpretation of those actions in relation to the verbal communication uttered simultaneously. In this case, compared to most Chinese, Americans like to smile a lot and to have causal and rich facial expressions in their daily lives, even though they have some misfortune. Because of the different o

10、pinions about facial expressions in intercultural communication, the American lady talked about her fathers sickness and death in a smiling way to show she still has the optimistic way to treat the future life, which is misunderstood as being indifferent and selfish by the Chinese. Definition of Non

11、verbal Communication The Functions of Nonverbal Communication Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationText B Definition and Functions of Nonverbal CommunicationNONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: DEFINITIONNonverbal communication (非言语交际) refers to intentional use of nonspoken symbols to communicate a sp

12、ecific message or the messages sent without using words are called nonverbal communication.93% of the meaning in conversation comes from nonverbal communication:38% through voice and 55% through facial expression.RESEARCH SHOWS THATThe Functions of Nonverbal Communication 1a. Repeating People use no

13、nverbal communication to repeat, clarify, and emphasize their point of view. For example, nod as saying yes.b. Complementing Nonverbal communication cues can add to or complement a verbal message. For example, if you smile and say, “Hi, how are you!”, these behaviors complement each other. Chapter 6

14、 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationThe Functions of Nonverbal Communication 2c. Substituting Nonverbal messages may substitute verbal ones in certain settings. There are situations in which words cannot be used. In a very noisy street, for example, a police officer might use hand gestures to repl

15、ace spoken messages. d. Regulating Nonverbal behaviors can help control verbal interactions by regulating them, such as turn-taking signals (hand raised) in conversations. Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationChapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communicatione. Contradicting Certain nonverbal

16、 behaviors can contradict spoken words. Such as yawning as someone talks nonstop. The Functions of Nonverbal Communication 31. paralanguage(副语言)2. silence (沉默 )Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationText C Paralanguage and SilenceParalanguage is the set of audible soundsthat accompany oral l

17、anguage to augment its meaning.1 PARALANGUAGE1. VARIATIONS IS VOICE QUALITY2. VARIATIONS IN INTENSITY3. VARIATIONS IN TONE4. VARIATIONS IN PITCH1 PARALANGUAGEACTIVITY: READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE ALTERNATING THE SENTENCE STRESS AND THE INTONATION PATTERN. CONSIDER THE DIFFERENCES IN MEANING.STATEMEN

18、TQUESTIONDOUBTCONFUSIONMOODJohn, you love Mary.John, you love Mary?John, you love Mary!John, you love Mary?John, you love Mary?PARALANGUAGE ACROSS CULTURESIn African, South American and Mediterranean cultures, talking and laughing loudly in the streets and public places is widely accepted, whereas i

19、n some Asian cultures it is considered rude and may be seen as a mark of self-centeredness or attention-seeking. 2 SILENCE Silence is a form of nonverbal communication that may be interpreted in various ways depending upon the situation, the duration of the silence, and the culture. Silence can comm

20、unicate agreement, apathy (冷漠), awe (敬畏), confusion, contemplation (沉思), disagreement, embarrassment, repressed hostility, respect, sadness, etc. ACTIVITY: EXPRESS YOUR OPINION ABOUT SILENCE IN WESTERN AND EASTERN CULTURE? In America as well as in Arabic countries the pauses between words are usuall

21、y not too long. Enduring silence is perceived as comfortable in India and Japan, while in Europe, North America and Australia it may cause insecurity and embarrassment. ACTIVITY: REFLECT ON THE CASE ANALYSIS PRE-TASKA quarrel between Smith (American) and Li Hua (Chinese). What seems to be the commun

22、ication barrier?Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationText DOTHER CATEGORIES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION:3 CHRONEMICS (时间行为 )4 PROXEMICS (时空行为) 3 CHRONEMICS (时间行为时间行为) Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time. 3 CHRONEMICS (时间行为时间行为) 1. Monochronic time （单维度时间取向） 2. Polych

23、ronic time（多维度时间取向） Monochronic time means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time. Polychronic time means being involved with many things at once. ACTIVITY: REFLECT ON THE SCHEDULE3 CHRONEMICS ACROSS CULTURESIn Mediterranean European countries, Latin America, and Sub-Saharan Africa,

24、it is normal, or at least widely tolerated, to arrive half an hour late for a dinner invitation, whereas in Germany and in the United States thiswould be considered very rude.For Americans, time is a precious resource not to be wasted ortaken lightly. They buy time, save time, spend time and make ti

25、me.Monochronic cultures IncludeGermany,Canada,Switzerland, and the United States. Unlike Americans and most northern and western European cultures, Latin American and Arabic culturesuse the polychronic system of time.Their culture is more focused on relationships, rather than watching the clock. The

26、y have no problem being “late” foran event if they are with family or friends. Polychronic cultures have a less formal perception of time. They are not ruled by precise calendars and schedules. Polychronic cultures include Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Mexico, Philippines, China and India.PERCEPTION OF TIMEa

27、. Time is cyclical (循环的)b. Time is linear (线性的) Western cultures think time is linear a flow from the past to the present to the future. Life on earth evolved in response to the cycles of day and night and the ebb and flow of the tides.Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communicationw The sense of ti

28、me TIME IS LINEAR: CHRONOLOGYLINEAR EVOLUTION OF THE SPECIESActivity: Recall your own experience about waiting for someone who is late for an appointment, or when you are late for an appointment. Describe your feelings under such circumstances.Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication4 PROXEMI

29、CS（时空行为）（时空行为）Proxemics refers to the perception and use of space, including territoriality (领地感) and personal space. Territoriality refers to physical space; personal space refers to perceptual or psychological space. In the United States, people tend to talk with those opposite them rather than th

30、ose seated or standing beside them. The Chinese often experience uneasiness when they face someone directly or sit on opposite side of a desk or table from someone. FIXED AND SEMI-FIXED FEATURES OF SPACEACTIVITY: HOW DO CHINESE PEOPLE SIT WITH OTHERS? Semifixed: FURNITURE ARRANGEMENT French space is

31、 a reflection of French culture. Everything is centralized, and spatially the entire country is laid out around centers.In Germany, where privacy is stressed, office furniture is spread throughout the office.In Japan, where group participation is encouraged, many desks are arranged hierarchically in

32、 the center of a large, common room absent of walls. PERSONAL SPACE（个人距离）（个人距离）1. In the United StatesHall reports that psychologists have identified four zones from which U.S. people interact: the intimate zone, the personal zone, the social zone, and the public zone.2. In India In India, there are

33、 elaborate rules about how closely members of each caste may approach other castes. 3. In Arab Arabs of the same sex do stand much closer than North Americans. An Arab entering an elevator may stand right next to another person and be touching even though no one else is in the elevator. ACTIVITY: CO

34、MMENT ON THE PERSONAL SPACE Case-analysis: Dont Put Your Hand on My Arm What can be learned from the case above?Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationCASE 36Dont Put Your Hand on My Arm?This case can reflect different cultures have different opinions to spatial relations.Different cultures

35、have very different opinions about an individuals unconsciously structuring the microspace immediately surrounding the physical body. Some cultures can have relatively close distance when communicating while other cultures cannot. Some western cultures consider body touch between people of the same

36、gender to be cultural taboo and a symbol of being homosexual.In this case, Sam is from western cultures and knows the social taboo of body touch very clearly, so he wouldnt let others misunderstand Martins close body distance and touch with him, even though Martin from Chile does not know the cultur

37、al taboo at all.Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationText EOTHER CATEGORIES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION:5 OCULESICS (目光语)6 OLFACTICS (嗅觉)7 HAPTICS (触觉行为)8 KINESICS (身势语行为)9 CHROMATICS (色彩学) 10 ATTIRE5 OCULESICS （目光语）（目光语）The study of communications sent by the eyes is oculesics. Staring in

38、the United States is considered rude. In most cultures, men do not stare at women, except in France and Italy. In the United States, staring at a person is considered asign of sexual interest.ANXIETYCONFIDENCESUBMISSIONCREDIBILITY?5 OCULESICS ACROSS CULTURESMuslims often lower their gaze and try not

39、 to focus on the opposite sexs faces and eyes after the initial first eye contact, other than their legitimate partners or family members. In Western cultures this can be interpreted as being shifty-eyed, and the person judged badly because he wouldnt look in the eye“. Eye contact is also an importa

40、nt element in flirting, where it may serve to establish and gauge the others interest.The meeting of eyes arouses strong emotions.In Africa and Asian countries, avoiding eye contact or looking at the ground when talking to ones parents, an elder, or someone of higher social status is a sign of respe

41、ct. In contrast, these same actions are signals of deception or shame (on the part of the doer) in North America, Australia and most of Europe. In some parts of the world, particularly in Asia, eye contact can provoke misunderstandings between people of different nationalities. Keeping direct eye co

42、ntact with a work supervisor or elderly people leads them to assume one is being aggressive and rude the opposite reaction of most Western societies.5 EYE CONTACT6 OLFACTICS (嗅觉嗅觉)The study of communication via smell is called Olfactics. A persons smell can have a positive or negative effect on the

43、oral message. Do people have the same idea about fragrance? 7 HAPTICS (触觉行为触觉行为) Haptics or touch refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact. In Thailand and Laos, it is rude for a stranger or acquaintance (熟人) to touch a child on the top of the head because the head is regarded as th

44、e home of the spirit or soul. It is believed that a childs spirit or soul is not strong enough to be touched and has tendency to become ill if patted. 7 HAPTICS ACROSS CULTURESIt is very common for heterosexual men in the Indian subcontinent and most parts of the Arab world to hug each other, sit wi

45、th arms over the shoulder or walk while holding hands but it is regarded as a homosexual gesture in the west. It is common to see couples kissing in public in the western countries but such an action may cause alarm or even legal action in African and Asian countries. HUGGING?KISSING?8 KINESICS8 KIN

46、ESICSAppropriate posture is related to a persons status in society. For example, the manager may stand erect when talking to subordinates, but the subordinates may drop their shoulders when talking to the manager.Kinesics is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements inc

47、luding gestures, facial expressions, posture and stance, and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages. Posture, the way someone stands, sits, or walks, can send positive or negative nonverbal messages. Posture can signal agreement or disagreement. Gestures play a major role in ma

48、ny aspects of human life. Gesturing is universal.Gestures are a crucial part of everyday conversation such as chatting, describing a route, negotiating prices.8 KINESICS ACROSS CULTURES9 CHROMATICS （色彩学）（色彩学）Chromatics refers to the study of color use in affecting peoples mood, emotions, and impress

49、ion of others. WEDDING COLOUR?ACTIVITY: COMPARE THE TWO BRIDESwhite carnations Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationRed carnations Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication10 ATTIREAlthough Western business dress has been widely adopted among other cultures, you may wish to learn cul

50、tural distinctions in appropriate business attire (服装). The use of clothing and physical appearance to communicate is more obvious. Clothing can reflect cultural heritage.Saudi wear the traditional Arabic white flowing robe and headcloth.ACTIVITY: COMPARE THE ATTIREHOW IMPORTANT IS EYE CONTACT?REACT

51、IONS TO SMILING?WHAT IS DRESS CODE?FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITY: CRITICAL THINKINGFunctions of N o n v e r b a l Communication except complementing R_S_R_C_Oculesics is the study of communications sent by the .Olfactics is the study of communication via .Haptics refers to.Kinesics refers to.Chromatics refers

52、to.Attire refers to.Assignment Give interpretations to the following nonverbal behaviors from your own culture . l An adult pats a childs head. l A customer in a restaurant waves his hand over his head. l Two women walk hand in hand on the street. How much space do you need when you interact with others in your community? How do you defend your “own personal space” when it is threatened?Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationThank you for your Attention