破产清算债权人有哪些权利

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1、 论应收帐款的核算与管理状况|论文资源库摘要：本文在阐述企业应收帐款管理中存在问题的基础上，分析了应收账款形成及坏账产生的原因，并提出了应收帐款的核算与管理对策，以期提供企业的财政经营状况。关键词：应收帐款；核算；管理前言  应收帐款是指企业因销售商品、产品或提供劳务等业务应向购货方收取的款项。它的变现性较强，企业的一项重要流动资产。在市场经济条件下，企业间的竞争愈演愈烈，为了扩大市场占有份额，相当一部分企业不惜采取赊销的方式来增加销售收入，增加盈利，应收帐款在流动资产中占的比例也较大。其中，赊销作为企业促销产品的重要手段之一，已越来越被广大企业所采用，对企业产品的销售工作起到一定的

2、促进作用。但是，赊销也使企业的应收帐款金额迅速庞大，加上企业间相互拖欠货款的现象日益严重，使企业应收帐款金额增长更快，坏帐损失也日益增多，给企业的正常生产经营活动造成严重影响，严重制约了企业的正常生产和发展。如何有效地控制应收帐款的增长，已成为企业管理和生死存亡的重要议题。1应收帐款管理中存在的问题    就性质而言，应收帐款属于一种营业性的短期债权，它所涵盖的方面广泛且复杂，在目前的企业经营中，应收帐款的管理都存在着不同程度的问题，总结分析，主要表现在以下几个方面：   （1）在产品的经营过程中，购销双方由于在产品价格、质量等方面的合同分歧，

3、导致购货方故意拖欠货款，不及时结算，造成货款不能及时收回。   （2）企业当中存在着不同形式的违反常规的帐款管理现象。有的企业，对帐款管理有直接关系的有关人员违反正常的企业制度，而虚构货款。有的企业为了完成当年的销售利润计划虚构应收货款，从而虚增当年销售收入或销售利润。或者企业将部分收入或费用隐匿在应收帐款中，有的企业在年末发生不合理销售收入，采取弄虚作假的方法开出空头发票，作为应收帐款入帐，到次年年初又作退货处理。（3）企业内部管理混乱，结算手续未能及时办妥或经办人员催收不力，形成积欠。有时本来货款已收回的经济业务，但有关人员长期不报帐或财务人员销帐不及时，形成积欠。（4

4、）企业财务人员素质较差，发生记帐错误，形成应收帐款。对于业务联系较多的企业, 应详细反映应收帐款或应付帐款的地址、名称、进行明细登记，有的企业财会人员粗心大意，致使帐目串户较多，造成帐目余额不一致。有时对于同一个单位，在应收帐款有户头，同时在应付帐款也有户头，不便于管理。如该单位用其应收帐款抵付应付帐款，本应冲减应付帐款科目，但企业在应付帐款中又设立户头予以挂帐，使本来应该结清的业务，由于财务人员处理不当，造成两头挂帐，使会计工作带来很大麻烦。2应收账款形成及坏账产生的原因21 应收帐款形成的原因应收帐款形成可以分为两大类，第一类购买方投人于生产资料而形成的；第二类是消费资料的销售而形成的。对

5、于第一类应收帐款的控制，这类债务最大受害者就是银行，企业间的应收应付款，变成了企业与银行之间的借贷关系，国1家对此进行宏观控制后。对决定企业重大经济决策失误者要追究责任，加上一般企业上项目少，最近几年来，企业在这方面的投人越来越少，银行方面对企业项目效益可行性研究的真实性也作详细分析，所以这一类应收帐款的数额在减少。第二类是由消费品的销售而形成的应收帐款。这类商品经过几个企业联合加工成形后，经流通环节商业部门，最终到消费者手里，货款从消费者那里收回。国内商品赊销部分是微乎其微的，贷款消费主要体现在买房上，消费者还是习惯于付款后取货，即使煤、电、水、电信费也是隔月按耗用量结算支付的。这类销给消费

6、者的应收款，最后一环应该是商业部门，但商业集团应付帐款比应收帐款要多，这说明商业企业销垫资金不足或存货过多，现在一般大型连锁超市付款期在60天到90天，商业性集团公司除了零售，还批发给一些中小商店，工业企业的产品除了销告给超市、大卖场以外，有很大部分也直接卖给中小商店，其中大量是个体经营企业，个体经济目前向银行贷款还是有一定困难。由于工业企业直接面对的商业单位越来越多，商品销售的铺垫资金也越来越多。市场竞争激烈，商品供大于求，商家不怕进不到货，商品销售完了，货款能够付给工厂，已属不易。加之假冒伪劣商品冲击市场，这些商品成本低，低价倾销，回扣多，正规企业无法与之竞争，更不要谈按时收回货款。这个间

7、题要*工商管理局、质量监督机构等各方面经常性打假来解决。22 应收账款坏账的原因（1） 企业经营者法律意识谈薄客户不按合同，协议规定归还到期债务，是负债方的一种违法违章行为，或有的因合同不规范，被客户利用，收到货后，以各种理由推迟付款或拒付，形成呆帐企业应重视债权人，有权利利用法律来维护自己的合法权益。（2） 应收账款管理不善有些客户超过规定时限（信用期限），客户认账，但以资金紧张或企业亏损等理由拖欠账款。还有些客户以企业改制为由，故意拖欠账款。针对这类状况，企业应加强应收账款的管理，但有些企业应收账款管理制度形同虚设，管理人员没有把责任落实，使得潜在坏账越来越多，甚至形成呆账。（3） 销售人

8、员激励机制不健全很多企业在销售考核体系中，只将工资报酬与销售额挂钩，却忽略了货款的回笼，这就加大了坏账的可有性，因为销售人员只关心销售指标的完成。 （4） 缺乏信用管理大多数企业在销售过程中。不了解客户的资信状况，就轻易地将产品赊销出去，这就加大了坏账的风险。由于我国目前社会信用程度普遍较低，相当数量的企业或单位不能严格信守合同契约，而很多企业并未对此引起足够重视。3应收帐款的核算与管理对策31 实施应收帐款核算的审计首先，审计人员应通过查阅规章制度，向有关人员口头查询或现场调查等方法了解企业应收帐款的内部控制制度的健全性和有效性。其主要内容包括：（1）企业在销售业务过程中发生应收帐款业务时是

9、否立即填制应收帐款凭证并据以登记应收帐款明细分类帐，是否明确了收回期限和结算方式，是否能够及时组织人员催收。（2）企业有关应收帐款的工作人员能否按职能分工，发票、记帐、收款等收入凭证是由哪些部门开发款项的结算手续各程序如何规定，销售发票上是否有销售部门、出纳、审核人员的签章和单位公章。（3）销售发生的退回、折扣与折让是否经有关领导批准，授权人与收款的职责是否分离，销售退回是否有仓库部门的退货验收单，销售折扣与折让在核算上是否采用总价法入帐，是否有严格的复核手续，是否发生折扣损失。（4）企业的内部审计机构是否定期对应收帐款进行内部审计，能否定期对应收帐款试算表和各主要的明细分类帐相互核对，能否对

10、应收帐款的结构和帐龄进行分析，企业规定的工作程序是否得到贯彻执行。32 加强应收帐款的管理控制严格执行应收帐款的日常帐务核对工作：财务人员依据完整合法的凭证登帐要及时、准确。对本期发出商品数量、金额以及当期的回款金额在明细帐中要详细如实反映，并定期和总帐核对，保证应收帐款的真实可*，维护企业资产安全完整。要逐月编制外欠货款余额明细表，详细列清外欠单位金额并及时向领导和销售部门反映。销售部门应依据销售人员建立发货、收款、外欠台帐，并及时和财务部门核对，确保业务人员责任到位。只有这样，才能对企业的应收帐款作出合理的归纳、总结，对应及时清理的外欠作出准确的判断。完善客户档案，评价客户信用等级：要尽可

11、能地掌握现有及潜在客户的档案资料，销售部门要对企业用户做定期调查，记录用户的名称、地址、电话、税号、开户行、帐号、结算方式、付款经办人、签定合同经办人、企业法人代表、企业经营规模、经济性质、经营范围、财务状况、信誉、负债情况等等，多方面为企业的清欠提供线索。只有提高自我保护意识，把应收帐款的风险减到最小程度，才能进一步加强企业的市场主动权，减少坏帐损失。企业内部部门要密切合作，协同清理：企业销售部门要制定合理的营销政策；财务部门要提供真实完整的原始资料，调动一切积极因素，最大限度地提高企业货款回收率。要针对每一客户，确定相应的信用政策：企业的营销要根据客户的不同情况，采取不同的销售策略，一是严

12、格执行先款后货、现款交易的原则，做到钱货两清，实现现款交易；二是建立赊销审批制度,要加强客户的信用等级评定，严格审查客户的资信状况，设立赊销批准权限，最大程度减少应收帐款的形成。加强债权的签证工作：对各项应收款项，每年均应同客户核对，取得有效的债权签证，以保证应收帐款的真实、准确。建立销售回款一条龙责任制：为防止销售人员片面追求完成销售任务或广种薄收追求业务提成而出现的强销、盲销，企业内部应明确追讨应收帐款是销售人员的首要责任，同时，要制定严格的资金回笼考核制度，销售人员必须对每项销售业务从签订合同到回收资金的全过程负责。加强销售合同的审查：合同的签定必须执行平等互利、协商一致的原则，首先应审

13、查合同双方签约者是否都有权签订合同。如果代签，应取得有效的委托书。其次对合同条款进行审查，主要查合同的标的、价格、违约责任、结算方式等，最后要看对方履行合同的能力，避免因此而产生应收帐款。总之，时刻重视产品的适销对路、控制应收账款的增长，树立现代的营销观念，加强管理力度，切实将各项措施落实到实处，只有这样才能将企业应收账款控制在较合理的水平，使企业产生更大的效益。参考文献：1 张岑艺. 小议应收帐款的催讨之道, 商业会计, 2004（12）2 林诚洲. 浅谈加强建筑行业应收账款的管理, 发展研究, 2005（1）3 姚飞. 应加强企业应收帐款的管理, 现代审计与会计, 2005（2） 4 金培

14、华. 应收帐款管理是企业资金管理的重点, 上海轻工业, 2004（5）5 李树恺. 谈企业应收帐款的控制和管理, 陕西煤炭, 2004（）/Porganization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual work of the C

15、ommunist Youth League Organization published and League branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (total) using branch ratio sha

16、ll not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of municipal Party Committee Organization Department on the strengthening of the Communist Youth League cadres

17、 management opinions implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous counties, cities) Commission and city directly under the group (workers) appointed to carry out the Five team building activities. Improve the League Association Department working mechanism. Conscientiously fulfill the d

18、uties of CO, combined with the city group directly under (the) Committee of the general election and the adjustment, actively jointly with the unit where the party organization department good group leadership selection with the work. Do a good job in municipal Party committee assistant committee le

19、adership and leading cadres of the annual assessment work, adhere to and improve the assistant secretary of the Communist Youth League talk system group To weave individual conversation and collective conversation, to strengthen the committees of all levels, the Standing Committee of the Standing Co

20、mmittee, the establishment of a sound system of central group learning, the system of investigation and study, the system of important issues and the reporting system.(two) to strengthen the work of education and training of cadres to conscientiously implement the Central Committee. On the implement

21、ation of grassroots cadres training project and opinions on carrying out the mission municipal CYL Cadres training project implementation opinions, full implementation of the project of the City Youth League cadres training education. Focus on the county grassroots cadres and workers focused on trai

22、ning, the new school system vocational training League cadres, for the Municipal Organization Department jointly held the third session of the Communist Youth League system training cadres in party. Focusing on the construction of new socialist countryside, strengthening village cadres and rural con

23、struction team group member of the young team, the county organizations at various levels throughout the year is expected to train 100 00 rural grassroots cadres, plans to train 1000 village secretary of the village Party branch.(three) actively promote grassroots cadres election work. Under the uni

24、fied leadership of the party organization, to strengthen grassroots organizations direct work, standardize the election work rules and procedures, in the designated candidate, open competition to democratically elected branch secretary at the same time, actively and steadily the development of Towns

25、hip, streets and other grassroots organizations in the direct election of the pilot work, on the basis of summarizing the experience and gradually expand the scope of the pilot, and gradually formed a set of measures and cadres election system.(four) to strengthen the cadres testing exercise. To stu

26、dy the development of XX city from 2006 to 2008 cadres testing exercise planning. To select outstanding cadres to the central mission in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other central organs and sending work in developed areas. With the Central Committee the implementation of the western region and

27、ethnic minorities cadres training plan . To carry out the eighth batch of municipal organs attachment cadre management, selection, training work. The outstanding cadres to start the National Development Bank XX branch testing exercise.(five) to strengthen the group construction. The main position to

28、 play the role of Youth League cadre education and training as the city, in accordance with the requirements of post training, further curriculum scientifically and rationally, adopt arrangement menu course, basic theory includes group work, focus, hot and difficult issues, to enhance the content an

29、d practice; to strengthen the construction of teaching staff, the integration of teachers, establish a quality teacher training team, establish and implement course evaluation system; take delivery of training to the countryside, on-site training, and increase the rural grassroots cadres training ef

30、forts.Four, efforts to strengthen the work of young talent(a) to tenth XX young 54 medal in recognition of the publicity, and actively explore the XX youth service. 54 Medal of institutionalization, standardization and socialization mechanism. Give full play to the XX award in recognition of 54 yout

31、h medal Association, Youth Award winner in the 54 chapter, investigation activities. Who won the Youth Service medal, dedication to the society to create conditions, build the stage. During the 54, named in recognition of the tenth XX young 54 medal. The association of XX editing of young talent , t

32、he exchange of information and communication platform for the XX of outstanding young talents.(two) the establishment of municipal Party committee of young talent information database. In accordance with the feasible, effective, classification management, implement step by step principle, the establ

33、ishment of municipal Party committee of youth talent database; guiding organizations at various levels generally established the young talent database, construction of city, county (directly under the Communist Youth League), grassroots organizations three young talent information database the relev

34、ant information collection system, and gradually establish the citys young people, the Communist Youth League youth talent information network, provide information platform for young talent resource development.Five, take effective measures to strengthen the mission management(a) to strengthen the m

35、ission management work. Strengthen the dues collection and management, continue to adhere to the dues collection regularly reporting system, the annual comprehensive award in recognition of the tour and the tour one vote veto system audit system. Do statistical work in the group. The group service a

36、ward in recognition of the advanced units, standardization, promoting group management work institutionalized.(two) to strengthen the organization of research and information exchange efforts. Grassroots carry out research, efforts to form a number of theoretical results. Make full use of the networ

37、k carrier, to explore the establishment of electronic group service system, promote the work of Communist Youth League information.Attachment 4:XX municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department of the Communist Youth League work pointsIn 2006, the Communist Youth League propaganda ideological work

38、XX to Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents as guidance, study and implement the partys sixteen and the spirit of the the fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee implementation of the eight plenary session of the two committee, the citys cultural work con

39、ference, the Propaganda Department of the meeting and the the fourth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee permanent mission spirit, closely around 11th Five-Year XX the goal of full implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, kee

40、p pace with the times, close to reality, close to life, close to the young, persevere grasp orientation, grasping deepening, grasping construction innovation, further improve the groups propaganda and ideological work ability, unity To guide the majority of members of the youth to achieve the 11th F

41、ive-Year planning tasks, the overall construction of a well-off society, building a socialist harmonious society to make new contributions.One, adhere to the Three Represents important thought and Scientific Outlook on Development education to guide the youth, to further strengthen the ideological a

42、nd political education of youth(a) armed with youth science theory. Unremittingly with Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents armed members of youth education, to promote the study and implement to expand the depth and breadth. To study and implement the important thought

43、 of Three Represents with the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development combine with the implementation of the requirements of constructing socialist harmonious society with Scientific Outlook on Development, carry out education as an important part of the theory of armed

44、 youth in the new period, strengthen the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development education, educate and guide the youth to fully understand the great significance of establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, in-depth understanding of the Sci

45、entific Outlook on Development era back The king, the practice foundation, basic connotation, historical status, spirit and practice requirements, a profound understanding of Scientific Outlook on Development with Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, inheriting and developing relationship between D

46、eng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents, to help young people establish and consciously practice Scientific Outlook on Development. Persist in learning, grasping the backbone, grasp the practice, grasp the opportunity. Catch club, effective way to grasp the network, with th

47、e group of cadres, young students and young backbone fronts as the focus, to promote the work of the armed youth theory to develop in depth, to help the youth continue to firm ideals and beliefs, to build a powerful spiritual pillar. To carry out the study and implementation of the partys sixteen se

48、ssion of the five Eight plenary session of the two plenary session of the Central Committee and the party spirit, to the citys Youth League members thinking into the spirit of the meeting, to achieve the goal of national consciousness and XX economic and social development in 11th Five-Year period.

49、Contribute to help and guide the youth to a profound understanding of the significance and main task of building a socialist harmonious society, actively join the construction of socialist harmonious society.(two) to strengthen the ideological and moral construction of teenagers. Thoroughly implemen

50、t the central spirit of the document No. 8, No. 16 and the program for Improving Civic Morality to minors and students as focus groups, to strengthen and improve the ideological and moral construction of minors and the ideological and political education of college students. Make full use of the spi

51、rit and the spirit of the Three Gorges migrants Hongyan XX unique the use of educational resources, school, into the team, the league, to join the party, adult occasions, extensive Hongyan spirit generation theme education activities. Use of holidays and leisure time, youth organizations three rural

52、 areas, four communities, four and moral practice, guide the youth Youth to enhance national pride, self-esteem and self-confidence, to establish the trend of the times and adapt to the trend of thinking, value orientation and behavior.(three) innovative ways and means of ideological education. Gras

53、p the new trend of the development of the times, the new hot new features and social ideological status of young people, to further explore the methods of ideological education using modern technology and communication mode of education make lively and vivid, fully embodies the close to reality, clo

54、se to life, close to the young principle through the cultivation and selection. Hongyan demonstration group, good boy, Hongyan Hongyan Youth and other forms of more scientific use of advanced typical influence and promote youth, and strive to create advocating advanced, learning advanced, striving t

55、o advance a good atmosphere.Two, in order to forge ahead with the motherland, and XX with the development as its theme, guide the youth to build a common ideological basis for the construction of a socialist harmonious society(a) grasp the theme of the purpose of the activity. The go ahead with the

56、motherland in the youth, and XX with the development of theme educational activities. Vigorously promote patriotism as the core of the national spirit and reform and innovation as the core spirit of the times, the combination of youth with common ideals and beliefs, with great achievements in social

57、ist modernization the motivation of youth, the youth to enhance self-confidence, sense of mission and responsibility to educate and guide the youth to personal pursuit into the common pursuit of all people, their personal struggle into the great practice of building socialism China characteristics,

58、further firmly follow the party China characteristics The confidence and determination of the socialist road, and build the common ideological foundation of the young people to build a socialist harmonious society.(two) rich theme activities. By carrying out the two generation dialogue , in my eyes,

59、 the charm of XX situation and policy through activities such as lectures, report, seminars, theatrical performances, mass cultural activities, to help young people understand Chinas reform and opening up the extraordinary journey and brilliant achievements achieved fruitful results, to understand t

60、he citys economic and social development since the new XX, so that young people understand, love the new XX, and then to the construction of the new XX, a firm with the party on the road to socialism with China characteristics of faith; make full use of the 54, 61, National Day and the commemoration

61、 of the 85 anniversary of the founding of the red In the 70 anniversary of the victory of the long march and other major activities, the favorable opportunity of major events and major festivals, to carry out educational activities, promote the theme education activities continue to create momentum,

62、 the rise of high tide, popular. Further study, promotion of Scientific Outlook on Development, to carry out a wide range of situation and policy education, the development prospect of the future of the motherland and XX, guiding the youth to continue enhance the sense of mission and responsibility,

63、 in the implementation of the 11th Five-Year planning and building a well-off society in the historical process of contributions. Be enthusiastic and press on.Three, to lead the trend of youth service, cultural city youth culture is taking action, and promote new progress in the construction of yout

64、h 12 / 12organization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual work of the Communist Youth League Organization published and League branch

65、 of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (total) using branch ratio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of municipal Pa