雅思考试模拟考试题

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1、LISTENING approximately 30 minutesSECTION 1 Questions 1 - 10Questions 1 - 5Complete the form below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.SYDNEY UNIVERSITY First Name : Example : JerryAddress : 1. _1472_oak street_, ManchesterFaculty: 2. _Age: 3. _Nationality: 4. _Question 5 5.Ho

2、w much does the course cost? $ _Question 6 Circle the correct letters A - C.6. The student says hed like to: A Live at a student hostelB Share social with classmatesC Live as a home stay Question 7 and 8 Complete the table below Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer. UNIVERSITY

3、FACILITIES Cafeteria : Fantastic Library : 7 ._Computer Room : 8. _Question 9 and 10Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.9. What proportion of students come from England? _10. How long is a train ride from the university to the center? _SECTION 2 Questions 11 20Questions 11 - 2

4、0Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.11. His first impression of the institute was _.12. Erics first accommodation was _.13. He usually has meals in a _.14. The food at the dining hall was _.15. The students in the university were _.16. The name of his present course is _.17.

5、The difficulty of his present course is _.18. The suggestion for improving the course is _.19. Eric has been in his first accommodation for _. 20. His second accommodation is _.SECTION 3 Questions 21 30Circle the correct letters A - C.21. How long do they make preparations before they arrive.A two w

6、eeksB five weeksC eight weeks22. How many books does a course need ? A 31 B 25C 2923. How many books could we sell if a lecturer tells us that he expects us to sell 90 copies of a book?A 45-150B 35-120C 45-120 24. How much is academic and professional publishing market worth a year ? A $500 millionB

7、 $400 millionC $4500 million Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.Some even go so far as 25. _ to the appropriate lecturers inorder to let them know whats coming up.The publishers send us 26. _ inspection copies lecturerscan then get. a free copy and decide whether its going to

8、 be suitable for27._Main object is to find books that are good 28. _Also look for books that are 29. _and 30. _SECTION 4 Questions 31 - 40Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.There are a lot of perishable food such as 31. _ and vegetables.Give three reasons to preserve food: ea

9、t these kinds of foods all year round32._there are food shortagesA number of methods of preserving food involve: low temperature 33. _ chemicals irradiation34. _Circle two correct letters A-E35./36. How many minutes does heating milk to 65C and 150C take according to “pasteurization” ? A:45 minutesB

10、:14 minutesC:33 minutesD:4 secondsE:3 seconds Circle the correct letters A - C.37. When were tin cans first used to store and preserve food? A in the early 1900s B in the early 1700s C in the early 1800s38. When was the refrigerator invented? A in 1824B in 1822C in 1825Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS

11、 OR A NUMBER for each answer.39. Sugar is used to preserve jams Vinegar is used to _.40. Water has evaporated leaving only _.ACADEMIC READING 60 minutesReading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13,which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.The Natural Greenhouse EffectThe natu

12、ral greenhouse effect is a phenomenon created by the heat energy radiated by the sun and greenhouse gases normally present in the atmosphere. In simple terms, sunlight passes through the atmosphere, warming the Earth. In turn, the Earth radiates this energy back towards space. As it passes through t

13、he atmosphere, greenhouse gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) absorb part of the energy, while the remainder escapes into space. This means that some of the suns energy becomes trapped thus making the lower part of the atmosphere, and Earth, warmer. Energy in balance If th

14、e atmosphere accumulated all the trapped heat, then the Earths temperature would just rise and rise, but it doesnt. The temperature only rises until the amount of infrared(红外线的) or long wave radiation leaving the Earth balances the amount of energy coming in from the sun. As long as the amount of gr

15、eenhouse gases in the air stays the same, and as long as the amount of heat arriving from the sun is constant, an equilibrium is established（11）. This is a steady state where as much energy is lost to space as is gained from the sun. In equilibrium, the natural greenhouse effect maintains the averag

16、e temperature of Earth at around 14 degrees Celsius.The atmosphere is changing The Earths atmosphere is made up of 78 per cent nitrogen and 21 per cent oxygen. Only about 1 per cent is made up of natural greenhouse gases, but this comparatively small amount of gas makes a big difference. Before the

17、Industrial Revolution (which started in England about 300 years ago) the mix of gases that made up the atmosphere was relatively constant. The Industrial Revolution brought new industrial processes, more extensive agriculture, and a rapid increase in the worlds population. This rapid increase in hum

18、an activity meant that more of the gases which cause the greenhouse effect were released into the atmosphere. We know this because of measurements made over the last 35 years and the analysis of air bubbles trapped in ancient ice. There is now clear evidence that levels of carbon dioxide（8题的问题）, met

19、hane, nitrous oxide and halocarbons are increasing. The enhanced greenhouse effect and climate change Many scientists think that the increasing concentration of these greenhouse gases has led to an increase in the worlds average temperature. This is called the enhanced greenhouse effect. While scien

20、tists agree that the levels of greenhouse gases are rising, there is less certainty about what the precise effects of this will be. To help them understand these effects, scientists use mathematical models. These models take account of many processes that together determine the behavior of the atmos

21、phere (eg, temperature, humidity, wind speed and atmospheric pressure). Many researchers are predicting that the world will get warmer, but exactly how much warmer or how quickly it will happen is still being debated.A national and international issue An increase in global temperature would bring ch

22、anges to the entire planet, and therefore to every nation. This makes it an international issue（13每一个国家） which needs worldwide study and responses. But individual countries are each responsible for their own greenhouse gas production. Australia produces about 1.5 per cent of the worlds anthropogenic

23、(类人类基因) greenhouse gases. We have very high emissions of greenhouse gases relative to other developed countries, considering the size of our population and economy（6和题目所提出的有异）. One of the reasons for this is that other nations have reduced their carbon dioxide emissions because they use more natural

24、 gas and nuclear power instead of oil and coal. Australia and over 150 other countries signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change at the first Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. This agreement set up a process which enabled governments to meet regularly to discuss act

25、ion to avert extreme climate change. As a result of subsequent talks, all developed countries were asked to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels. In December 1997, a conference of governments held in Japan attempted to reach legally binding agreements about what each country should d

26、o. The idea was for each country to reduce its greenhouse gas output by a similar percentage. Australian scientists The Australian government argued that this was not fair on Australia because they have a different sort of economy from other developed nations, and would suffer economic and social co

27、sts if emissions were reduced by the same percentage as other countries(10和题目不符). Australian scientists are working on many aspects of the greenhouse effect to determine climatic trends. Others model the effect of the enhanced greenhouse effect on Australias climate and economy(12很明显的大情况). Still som

28、e scientists prefer to live and work on the Antarctic ice cap, to see what effect the enhanced greenhouse effect may be having there. All this is part of a worldwide attempt to better understand what may be causing global warming and to decide what can be done about it.Questions 1-5Complete the summ

29、ary using the list of words A-L below.Write the correct letter, A-L, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. As modernity continues to progresses, a global concern over the enhanced 1I. has produced an extensive collaboration between over 150 countries. Scientific evidence has demonstrated a steady incre

30、ase in levels of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and 2. E ORL. In 1992, the United Nations presented at the first Earth Summit, a realistic framework proposal to reduce greenhouse emissions back to their corresponding 3D. levels. In 1997, a conference in 4J.attempted to create an internationa

31、l standard on the amount of emissions that should be reduced by any industrialized country today. The Australian government argued a standard was not fair due to the diverse economy of each culture and nation involved. Further research continues in attempt to understand all the aspects causing 5H.an

32、d what solutions can be achieved by developed countries in up coming millennium. ARio de JaneiroB1992CatmosphereD1990EnitrogenFIndustrial RevolutionGtemperatureHglobal warmingIgreenhouse effectJJapanKequilibriumLhalocarbonsQuestions 6-10Do the following statements agree with information given in the

33、 Reading Passage 1 In boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet, writeif the statement agrees with the informationTRUEif the statement contradicts the informationFALSEif there is no information on thisNOT GIVENDeveloping countries are attempting to maintain a standard gas emission rate NG6. Chlorofluorocarbon

34、s are compounds, similar to hydrocarbons, but the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by fluorine and chlorine atoms. NG完全没有7.Studies in ancient ice have revealed an increase in carbon monoxide levels. F8.The Earths atmosphere is made up of 78 per cent nitrogen and 21 per cent oxygen. TRUE9.Australia

35、agrees with the United Nations proposed regulatory agreement F10.Questions 11-13Choose the correct letter A, B or CWrite the correct letter in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet. 11.An equilibrium of greenhouse gases can only be established Bwhen the amount of lunar heat and greenhouse gasses in space

36、 remain constant.Awhen the amount of solar heat and greenhouse gasses in the air remain constant. Bwhen Australia stops producing 1.5% of the worlds total greenhouse emissions.Cwhen Earths accumulated heat rises and falls D12. Australian scientists are working on what aspects of the greenhouse effec

37、t? CProgressive disturbances in the rate of carbohydrates in the atmosphere. ALiving in the Antarctic and the effects of snow production. BClimatic trends and effects in relation to economic outcomes. CAn international emission rate suitable for all modern countries D13. An increase in global temper

38、ature would affect the entire planet, therefore Bthis makes it exclusively a socio/economical issue.Athis makes it exclusively an international issue. Bthis makes it exclusively a national issue. Cthis makes it exclusively an extraterrestrial issue. DReading Passage 2You should spend about 20 minute

39、s on Question 14-26,which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.CHILD PSYCHOLOGY A The study of childrens behavior includes all physical, cognitive, motor, linguistic, perceptual, social, and emotional characteristics, from birth through adolescence（24研究从哪个阶段开始. Child psychologists study the similari

40、ties and differences among children and describe normal as well as abnormal behavior and development. Two critical problems for child psychologists are (1) to determine how environmental variables (such as parental attitudes) and biological characteristics (such as health) interact and influence beh

41、avior, and (2) to understand how behavioral changes influence one another.History BBoth Plato and Aristotle wrote about children. Plato believed that children are born with special talents and that their training should stress those talents. His views are consistent with modern thinking about indivi

42、dual differences and education. Aristotle proposed methods for observing childrens behavior that were forerunners for modern methods. In the 18th century the French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau seemed to echo Plato when he stated that children should be free to express their energies in order t

43、o develop their special talents. His view suggests that normal development occurs best in a nonrestrictive, supportive environment. Similar concepts are popular today.Scientific study CIn the 19th century, Charles Darwins Theory of Evolution provided an impetus for the scientific examination of chil

44、d development. His emphasis on the survival behavior of different species led to observing children to identify their adaptive behaviors and to learn about the inheritance of human behavior. These studies were of limited scientific value because they lacked objectivity and often failed to describe a

45、dequately the behaviors being observed, making validation impossible.DScientific research in child development flourished from the early 1900s. The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test (1916), by the American psychologist Lewis Terman led to a number of studies about childrens intellectual development.

46、In the 1920s scientists began large-scale observational studies of children and their families. All used the longitudinal method, in which the same children are observed and tested over a specific time period.EThe accumulated results of all the major studies reported over a period of 20 years provid

47、ed information about patterns and rates of child development, as well as age norms for a wide variety of behaviors. These norms are used to assess childrens development. One problem with the observational studies was that they emerged from an interest in evolution and genetics. Consequently, environ

48、mental influences were largely dismissed as unimportant and were excluded from the work on intelligence.Environmental studies FAbout the time that the observational work was flourishing, other researchers were writing about the role of the environment in childrens development and behavior. Sigmund F

49、reud, who emphasized the effects of environmental variables on development, stressed the importance of parental behavior during infancy. To the present day, Freuds theory continues to influence child psychologists.GPsychologist John B. Watson also stressed the role of the environment in shaping chil

50、drens development, called Behaviorism. Although behaviorists emphasize environment, they almost totally deny the influence of biological variables on development. Their basic assumptions are that the mind of a newborn child is a blank slate, or tabula rasa; all behaviors are determined by environmen

51、tal events; and differences among children are the result of those environmental variables. Although they contributed much to the study of children, their concepts eventually were viewed as being overly narrow.Thus, current studies have their origins in Darwins theory of evolution but also incorpora

52、te Watsons concern for the influence of the environment.HThroughout the 1920s until the early 1960s, psychologist and self proclaimed genetic epistemologist Jean Piaget, developed a cognitive theory in child psychology. This work involves both experimental and observational methods. By focusing on p

53、rogressive behavior, biological and environmental variables could be easily integrated to account for cultural diversity. Developmental Theories IA theory of development should reflect an attempt to relate behavioral change to chronological age; that is, diverse behavioral characteristics should be

54、related to specific stages of growth. The rules governing the transitions between these growth states also must be identified. The dominant developmental theories are Freuds theory of personality development and Piagets theory of perception and cognition. Both developementalists explain human maturi

55、ty in terms of interactions of biological determinants and environmental events.JFreuds theory is based on the concept that a healthy personality requires the satisfaction of instinctual needs. In Freudian psychology the personality is composed of the id, ego, and superego14. The id is the source of

56、 instinctual drives. The role of the ego is to cope with the demands of the id while remaining within the rules of society, which in turn are represented by the superego. The physical focus of instinctual needs changes with age or stages. Infants, for example, achieve maximum id satisfaction from su

57、cking; this is called the oral stage. Children progress through four stages, ending with adult sexuality. Freud clearly integrated biological and environmental variables in his theory.KPiaget believed that from birth humans are active learners who do not require external incentives. He proposed that

58、 cognitive development occurs in four stages. Stage I, sensorimotor intelligence (birth2 years), takes the child from unrelated reflexive movements to behavior that reflects knowledge of simple concepts. Stage II, preoperational thought (27 years), is characterized by an increasing use of abstract s

59、ymbols as reflected in imaginative play. Stage III, concrete operational thought (711 years), involves relatively sophisticated problem-solving behavior and attainment of adult thought. Stage IV, formal operational thought (12 years and older), is characterized by the ability to develop hypotheses a

60、nd deduce new concepts.Heredity and environment LIt is generally agreed that patterns of child development are determined by both genetics and the environment, although sharp disagreements occur about the relative importance of an individuals genetic makeup. Research indicated that both genetic and

61、environmental variables contribute to intellectual behavior. A genetic component also exists in personality characteristics such as introversion and extroversion, activity level, and predisposition to psychoses. Many advances have been made in identifying the genetic causes of mental disorders, but more resea