英语专业四级词汇和语法模拟试题精讲

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1、英语专业四级词汇与语法模拟练习全真模拟试题练习一1._in the past, at the moment it is a favorite choice for wedding gown.A. Unpopular has as white been B. White has been as unpopularC. Unpopular has been as white D. Unpopular as white has been2._for a long time, the fields are all dried up.A. There has been no rain B. Having

2、 no rain C. There having been no rainD. There being no rain3. The millions of calculations involved, _by hand, would have lost all practical value by the time they were finished.A. had they been done B. they had been done C. having been done D. they were done4. Televisions enable us to see things ha

3、ppen almost at the exact moment_.A. which they are happening B. they are happening C. which they happen D. they have happened5._me most was that the young boy who had lost both arms in an accident could handle a pen with his feet.A. That amazed B. It amazedC. Which amazed D. What amazed6. Although s

4、he wrote a lot of short stories and poems when she was very young, _she was twentyfive.A. her first real success did not come until B. her real first success came until notC. since her first real success did not come untilD. not until her first real success7. You should know better than_ your little

5、 sister at home by herself.A. to leave B. leaving C. to have left D. left8. As the train will not leave until one hour later, we _grab a bite at the snack bar.A. may well B. just as well C. might as well D. as well9. She resorted to _ when she had no money to buy foods for her children.A. have stole

6、n B. steal C. stole D. stealing10. The boy has admitted to _ the window while playing football yesterday.A. breaking B. having been broken C. break D. be breaking11. Betty advised me to label our luggage carefully in case it gets _in transit.A. misused B. mishandled C. mistaken D. mislaid12._money,

7、she is quite rich. However, this does not mean that she is happy.A. Concerning B. As to C. In terms of D. In the light of13. A wellwritten composition _good choice of words and clear organization among other things.A. calls for B. calls on C. calls up D. calls off14. It is _with the customer not to

8、let the shop assistants guess what she really likes and wants until the last moment.A. in her honor B. on her honor C. a point of honor D. an honor15. This house will probably come on the _next month.A. fair B. market C. shop D. store16. George was introduced to _activities at a young age, when she

9、was hire to act as a lookout for drugdealers.A. illegal B. lawful C. faithful D. peaceful17. An institution that properly carries the name university is a more comprehensive and complex institution than any other kind of higher education_.A. settlement B. establishment C. costruction D. structure18.

10、 Peoples status in society is frequently _by how much they own.A. measured B. examined C. tested D. questioned19. Jack is so _to his appearance that he never has his clothes pressed.A. adverse B. anonymous C. indifferent D. casual20. There is an increasing _to make movies describing violence.A. stre

11、ngth B. direction C. tradition D. trend21. Outside my office window there is a fire _ on the right.A. escape B. ladder C. steps D. stairs22. I _with the Browns during my stay in New York City.A. put in B. put down C. put on D. put up23. Operations which left patients _ and in need of long periods of

12、 discovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable.A. exhausted B. unhealthy C. upset D. fearful24. Farmers are allowed to grow small gardens of their own and they sell their vegetables _ the black market.A. on B. at C. in D. for25. The electric fan does not work because of the _of servi

13、ce.A. pause B. break C. interruption D. breakdown试题答案与解析 1. D) 【句意】虽然白色过去不受欢迎，但目前它是婚纱的首选颜色。 【难点】as是连词，引导让步状语从句时，往往使用半倒装形式。又如：Beautiful as she is, she is foolish. 2. C) 【句意】由于长时间无雨，田野变得十分干燥。 【难点】该句的前半部分是There be结构，完成式独立结构形式，这与时间状语for a long time相吻合。 3. A) 【句意】数百万次计算如果用手工操作，那么，到计算结束的时候，就将失去其全部实际意义。 【难

14、点】这是一句虚拟语气的句子，条件句使用了省略if的倒装句形式，动作与过去事实相反。 4. B) 【句意】电视使我们能够在事情发生的那一瞬间就看到它们是如何发生的。 【难点】moment后接的是省略关系副词when的定语从句。B)符合题意要求。 5. D) 【句意】最令我惊讶的是，这个在车祸中失去双臂的小男孩能够用脚使用钢笔。 【难点】这是一个what从句作主语的典型句子。 6. A) 【句意】虽然她很小的时候就写了很多短篇小说和诗歌，但她直到25岁才迎来第一次真正的成功。 【难点】这是一个练习not until结构的句子。 7. A) 【句意】你应该知道，不该把你小妹妹一个人留在家里。 【难点

15、】to know better than to do sth.是一个常见的表示责备的句型，意为“应该知道不该做某事”。 8. C) 【句意】既然火车一个小时以后才开，我们不妨到快餐店吃口东西。 【难点】might as well后接动词原形，意为“不妨，何不”。 9. D) 【句意】当她没钱为孩子买吃的东西时，她开始偷。 【难点】resort to意为:求助于，其中to是介词，后接动名词。 10. A) 【句意】那个男孩承认在昨天踢足球的时候打破了窗子。 【难点】admit to中的to是介词，后接名词或动名词。 11. D) 【句意】贝蒂建议我把我们的行李认真地贴上标签以免运输中放错位置。

16、【难点】mislay意为“把放错地方”；misuse意为“错用滥用”；mishandle意为“瞎弄，胡乱操作”；mistake意为“误选”。 12. C) 【句意】就钱而言，她很富裕。然而这并不意味着她幸福。 【难点】in terms of意为“从方面来说”；concerning意为“关于”；as to也是“关于；至于”；in the light of 意为“鉴于，由于”。 13. A) 【句意】一篇好文章，除其它因素外，还要求选词优美，组织清晰。 【难点】call for意为“要求，需要”；call on意为“号召，请求”;call up意为“使人想起” ；call off意为“取消，停止做

17、”。 14. C) 【句意】对于顾客来说，直到最后时刻才让售货员猜出她真正喜欢什么，真正想买什么，这是一个涉及面子的问题。 【难点】a point of honor意为“涉及名誉的事情”；in ones honor意为“为某人的荣誉”； on ones honor意为“以名誉担保”；an honor意为“光荣的人或事”。 15. B)【句意】这座房子可能下月上市。 【难点】on the market意为“上市，出售”； fair意为“集市；庙会；交易会”;shop是“商店”；store是“储存；仓库”。 16. A) 【句意】很小的时候，乔治被介绍参与了非法活动，他受雇为毒贩子放哨。 【难点】

18、illegal 意为“不合法的，非法的”；lawful 意为“依法的，守定的”；faithful意为“忠实的，守信的”；peaceful 意为“平静的；安宁的”。 17. B) 【句意】能称得上大学称号的机构是一个比其他种类高等教育机构都更复杂更综合的机构。 【难点】establishment 意为“企业，设施（公司，学校，医院，教会等）”；settlement 意为“定居点；殖民地”；construction意为“建造；建筑物”；structure是“结构，构造”。 18. A) 【句意】人的社会地位常常由他们拥有的财富的多少来衡量。 【难点】measure 意为“估量，衡量”；examin

19、e 意为“检查；仔细观察”；test意为“试验，测试”；question意为“询问，审问”。 19. C) 【句意】杰克从不注意自己的外表，衣服从来不烫。 【难点】indifferent意为“漠不关心的”； adverse意为“不利的，反对的”；anonymous 意为“匿名的”； casual意为“非正式的，不拘礼节的”。 20. D) 【句意】暴力片的拍摄大有上升趋势。 【难点】trend意为“倾向，趋势”；strength意为“力量，实力”；direction意为“方向”;tradition 意为“传统”。 21. A) 【句意】我办公室的窗外右侧有一个救生楼梯。 【难点】fire es

20、cape 意为“防火安全楼梯（位于楼房的外侧面）”；ladder意为“梯子”；steps意为“台阶”；stairs意为“楼梯”，指室内的。 22. D) 【句意】我在纽约市逗留期间和布朗一家人过了一夜。 【难点】put up意为“宿夜”；put in 意为“度过，消磨（时间等）”;put down意为“写下，记录”；put on 意为“上演，演出”。 23. A) 【句意】以前，病人手术后精疲力竭，需长时间才能恢复，现在手术的病人却感到既轻松又舒适。 【难点】exhausted 意为“精疲力竭的”；unhealthy意为“不健康的”；upset意为“苦恼的，不适的”；fearful 意为“担心

21、的，可怕的”。 24. A) 【句意】农夫们被允许在自己的菜园耕种，并将蔬菜拿到黑市上去卖。 【难点】on the market 意为“上市， 出售中”，其它介词搭配不合适。 25. C) 【句意】由于中止了服务，所以电扇不转了。 【难点】interruption 意为“中止，中断”；pause 意为“暂停，间歇”；break意为“停顿，间歇”;breakdown意为“损坏，故障”。全真模拟练习二1._native to North America, corn has now spread all over the world.A. In spite of B. That it is C. I

22、t was D. Although2. Our civilization cannot be thought of as_in a short period of time.A. to have been created B. to be createdC. having been created D. being created3. We feel it is high time that the Government _something to check the inflation.A. did B. do C.should do D. would do4. It has been pr

23、oposed that we_our decision until the next meeting.A.delayed B.delay C. can delay D. are to delay5. Hurricanes are severe cyclones with winds over seventyfive miles an hour _originate over tropical ocean waters.A. which B. who C. where D.how to6._is announced in the papers, our country has launched

24、a largescale movement against smuggling and fraudulent activities in foreign currency exchange deals.A. What B. As C. Which D. That7. All the flights_because of the snowstorm, we had to take the train instead.A.were canceled B. had been canceled C. having canceled D. having been canceled8. Once _, t

25、his power station will supply all the neighboring towns and villages with electricity.A. it being completed B. it completed C. completed D. it completes9. He might have been killed _the timely arrival of the ambulance.A. but for B. except for C. besides D. except10. If you have never planted anythin

26、g, you wont be able to know the pleasure of watching the thing you have planted _.A.grow B. to growC. growing D. to be growing11. He did me a _turn by lending me ten pounds.A. good B. nice C. fine D. pretty12. Once our chickens started laying eggs, we had such a _of eggs that we were giving many awa

27、y to our neighbors.A. output B. surplus C. production D. plenty13. Following are comments about the behavior that people in Korea usually expect in various social _.A. occasions B. cases C.situations D. circumstances14. They have considered their high standard of living a(n)_for practising their bas

28、ic beliefs.A. award B. reward C. result D. consequence15. Macs close_to his brother made people mistake them for one another.A. resemblance B. identityC. appearance D. relationship16. The thieves_the waste paper all over the room while they were searching for the diamond ring.A. spread B. scratched

29、C.scattered D. burned17. The sight of the fruit salad made our daughter Kits mouth _.A. wet B. water C. soak D. taste18. The_problem of bring a spaceship back from the moon has been solved.A. technical B. technological C. technique D. technology19. A large part of a persons memory is_words and combi

30、nation of words.A.by means of B. in terms of C. in connection with D. by way of20. At her word she stood up and walked away, stopping at the window to pull back the curtain and _.A.look round B. look out C. look up D. look on21. Their happiness was very_.A. crisp B. brittle C. delicate D. fragile22.

31、 I was awfully tired when I got home from work, but a half hour nap _me.A.revived B. released C. relieved D. recovered23. We should always keep in mind that_decisions often lead to bitter regrets.A.hasty B. instant C. prompt D.rapid24. Information and opiniongap exercises have to have some content _

32、talking about.A. worthwhile B. worthily C. worth D. worthy25. “If we fail to act now,”said Tom, “Well find ourselves _in action later on.”A.paid back B. paid for C.paid up D.paid off试题答案与解析 1. D) 【句意】玉米虽原产于北美洲，但现在已遍及全世界。 【难点】四个选项中，B)和C)不合理。A)项的in spite of 是复合介词，后接名词。D)项的although是连词，后接从句，在本句中接的是一个省略主

33、语的从句。 2. C) 【句意】不应把我们的文明看作是短期内创造出来的。 【难点】as 在这里是介词，后面应接名词性质的词，create的动作是过去发生的，所以选C)。 3. A) 【句意】我们认为该到政府采取措施抑制通货膨胀的时候了。 【难点】it is high time that后面接虚拟语气，时态用一般过去时，意为“该到时候了”。 4. B) 【句意】有人建议我们应将我们的决定推迟到下次会议作出。 【难点】在suggest, propose, demand ,insist 等动词后面的宾语从句中，应使用（should）+动词原形的虚拟语气。 5. A) 【句意】 飓风是生成于热带海洋水

34、域上空、风速达每小时75英里以上的强烈气旋。 【难点】关系代词which引导的定语从句修饰名词winds. 6. B)【句意】正如报界所宣传的那样，我国已发起大规模反走私和反欺诈性外币交易的运动。 【难点】as在这里是一个代词，常用在类似as is well known这样的句子中，意为“这一点”。 7. D) 【句意】所有航班因暴风雪都被取消，我们不得不改乘火车。 【难点】该句的前半句使用的是独立结构由于动作发生在过去，所以根据题意要求，使用了完成式被动语态。 8. C) 【句意】这座电站一建成竣工，就将向周围城乡供电。 【难点】once在这里是连词，意为“一旦就”，后面省略了it is。Z

35、K) 9. A) 【句意】要不是救护车及时到达，他可能就没命了。 【难点】but for 意为“要不是”，它的典型使用就是在虚拟语气的句子中，所以正合题意。 10. A)【句意】如果你从未种植过任何东西，你就不会明白观察你种植的东西生长所带来的快乐。 【难点】watch 后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。11. A) 【句意】他借给我十英磅，算是给我做了件好事。 【难点】当turn为“行为，举止”时，常与good,bad,ill，evil连用。do sb. a good turn意为“做利于某人的事”。 12. B) 【句意】我们的鸡开始下蛋后，我们便把剩余的鸡蛋送给邻居。 【难点】surpl

36、us 意为“过剩，剩余”；output 意为“产量”；production意为“生产”；plenty意为“丰富，大量”。 13. A) 【句意】下列是有关韩国人在不同的社交场合可能有的行为的评论。 【难点】occasion意为“场合，节庆活动”；case 意为“事实；情况”；situation意为“情况；处理”；circumstance意为“环境；形势”。 14. B) 【句意】他们认为自己的高生活水准是对实施基本信仰的一种报偿。 【难点】reward意为“报答；奖赏”；award意为“奖；奖品”；result 意为“结果”；consequence意为“后果”。 15. A) 【句意】麦克和弟

37、弟长得十分相像，人们常常把他们俩认错。 【难点】这四个名词中resemblance后面可接介词to,表示“与相似”。relationship后面接to 时意为“和的关系”。 16. C) 【句意】小偷找钻戒的时候，把废纸撒落得满屋都是。 【难点】scatter意为“散布，撒播”；scratch意为“搔，抓”；spread意为“传播；使蔓延”，burn意为“燃烧”。 17. B) 【句意】我女儿凯蒂一看见水果色拉就流口水。 【难点】 wet 意为“湿的”；water意为“流口水”；soak意为“浸湿”；taste意为“品尝”。 18. A) 【句意】使宇宙飞船从月球上返航的技术问题已被techn

38、ical意为“技术的，技能的”；technological 意为“技术学的，工艺学的”；technique意为“技术，技能”，是名词；technology意为“技术（学），工艺（学）”，也是名词。 19. B) 【句意】一个人的大部分记忆是用词和词的组合进行的。 【难点】in terms of 意为“用的话，以措辞”；by means of意为“借着”；inconnection with 意为“与相关联，关于”；by way of “经过，经由”。 20. B) 【句意】听了她的话，她站起身，走开了，然后停在窗前，拉开窗帘，向外眺望。 【难点】look out意为“向外看”；look arou

39、nd意为“环顾”；look up意为“抬头望，查检”；look on意为“旁观”。 21. D) 【句意】他们的幸福非常脆弱。 【难点】fragile 意为“脆弱的，虚弱的，易碎的”；crisp意为“脆的，新鲜而脆生的”；brittle意为“易碎的，易损坏的”；delicate意为“脆的，娇贵的”。 22. A) 【句意】我下班回家的时候累极了，但半小时的午睡又使我振作了精神。 【难点】revive 意为“使恢复精力；使振奋精神”；release意为“放开，松开”；relieve意为“缓解，减轻”；recover意为“恢复（健康，知觉，情绪等）；使复原”。 23. A) 【句意】我们应该永远牢

40、牢记住，草率的决定常常导致后悔不堪。 【难点】hasty意为“草率的，轻率的”；instant意为“立即的，即刻的”，prompt意为“敏捷的，及时的，迅速的”；rapid意为“快的，迅速的”。 24. C) 【句意】信息练习和见解分歧练习里必须有值得读的内容。 【难点】 worth意为“值得”，后接-ing形式的词；worthwhile意为“值得做的，值得花费时间的”；worthy意为“值得的，应得的”，后接of；worthily意为“可敬佩地”。 25. A) 【句意】“如果我们不能现在采取行动”，汤姆说，“我们会发现自己在以后的行动中得到回报”。 【难点】pay back意为“回报，报答

41、”；pay for意为“为付出代价”；pay up意为“全部付清”；pay off意为“还清债务；清偿欠(某人)的债务”。全真模拟练习三1. Its not fair that you come home after a bad day at work and _your wife and children.A. take it out on B. take out it on C. take out on D. take on it with2. She put an extra blanket over the baby for fear that_.A. he catches cold

42、B. he should catch cold C. he caught cold D. he be catching cold3. Our teacher recommended that we_as attentive as possible when we visit the museum.A. are B. shall be C. be D.were4. You _business interfering with my affairs.A. have none B. have noC. have none of the D. have nothing like5. The new c

43、ut in interest rate_promote domestic investment.A. means to B. directs towardC. is meant to D. leads to6. Advertising media like direct mail, radio, television and newspapers _to increase the sales of industrial products.A.have been used B. will be used C. is being used D. has been used7. While bein

44、g questioned on the court, the man denied _ the old ladys necklace.A. having taken B. takingC. to have taken D. to take8. Dr. Park was accused _the patient with overdose of sleeping pills so that the patients life was terminated before the expected time.A.of providing B. with providingC. to have pro

45、vided D. to provide9. By the end of next month we _this assignment.A. will finish B. will be finishingC. will have finished D. have finished10. We will be losing money this year unless that new economic plan of yours _miracle.A.is working B. worksC. will be working D. worked11. It was dark in the ca

46、ve so she _a match.A. struck B. hit C. fired D. burned12. Mary will not be able to come to the birthday party as she is _with a cold.A. laid out B. laid up C. laid by D. laid down13. She often says her greatest happiness _serving the handicapped children.A.relies on B. consists inC. composes of D. c

47、omprises in14. To make this _clear we shall have to look closely into biologys long history.A.distinction B. indication C. recognition D. constitution15. Most importantly, such an experience helps _ a heightened sensitivity to other cultures and will bring about a greater appreciation of ones own cu

48、lture as well.A. coach B. forsake C. foster D.censor16. When Ann broke the dish she tried to put the _ back together.A. fragments B. pieces C. bits D. slices17. Jane tried to _the doorman with money, but she failed.A. bribe B. corrupt C. award D. endow18. Classification is a useful_to the organizati

49、on of knowledge in any field.A. means B. approach C. mode D. manner19. The human race has already paid a heavy price for its slow _ to environmental threats.A. response B. responsibilityC. resolution D. resistance20. We have a high regard for Prof. Joseph because he always _ his principles.A. lives

50、on B. lives up toC. lives throughD. lives with21. My grandfather accidentally _ fire to the house.A.put B. took C.set D. got22. We enjoyed the holiday_the expense.A.except B. besidesC. in addition to D. except for23. If you want children to work hard you must _their interests instead of their sense

51、of duty.A. appeal to B. look into C. give rise to D. go in for24. Basically a robot is a machine which moves, manipulates, joins or processes _in the same way as human hand or arm.A. characters B. componentsC.catalogues D. collections25. Of course, talking about something which affects them personal

52、ly is _motivating for students.A. chiefly B. correctly C. currently D. eminently试题答案与解析 1. A) 【句意】白天的工作不顺心，回到家里拿老婆孩子出气，这是不公平的。 【难点】take it out on sb. 意为“拿某人出气”，其中it是无人称代词，无所指，这是一个固定的结构。 2. B) 【句意】由于害怕孩子感冒，她在孩子身上又盖了一条毯子。 【难点】for fear that 后接虚拟语气，（should）+动词原形。 3. C) 【句意】我们的教师建议我们参观博物馆的时候注意力应尽可能集中。 【难

53、点】recommend,command ,suggest 等词后接的宾语从句应用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。 4. B) 【句意】你没有权力干涉我们的事情。 【难点】have no business doing /to do something 意为“没有权力，没有理由做某事” 5. C) 【句意】利率再次下调旨在促进国内投资。 【难点】be meant to do 意为“旨在做 ”；mean to do 意为“打算做，企图做”；lead to 意为“导致”，后接名词。 6. A) 【句意】像直接邮件、无线电、电视和报纸这样的广告媒介一直被用来促进工业品的销售。 【难点】根据句意，

54、应用完成时的被动语态，media 是medium 的复数形式。 7. A) 【句意】法庭传训他的时候，他否认拿了老太太的项链。 【难点】deny后需接动名词，由于动作是过去发生的，所以选A)，动名词的完成式。 8. A) 【句意】帕克大夫被指控向患者提供过量的安眠药，结果造成病人在预期的时间前死亡。 【难点】be accused of 是个常见的词组，意为“被控有罪”。 9. C) 【句意】到下月底，我将完成这项任务。 【难点】by the end of next month (year)是将来完成时的典型状语，故选C)。 10. B) 【句意】除非你的新经济计划创造奇迹，否则我们将赔钱。 【

55、难点】unless 引导条件状语从句，用一般现在时表示将来。 11. A) 【句意】岩洞里很黑，她燃着了一根火柴。 【难点】strike 意为“擦（火柴）”，其它几个词不能和matches搭配。 12. B) 【句意】玛丽不能来参加生日晚会了，因为她患了感冒，卧床在家。 【难点】lay up 意为“因痛（或伤残）卧床”，常用被动语态； lay out 意为“摆出，展开”；lay by 意为“储存”；lay down意为“牺牲，献出”。 13. B) 【句意】她常说她最大的快乐在于为残疾儿童服务。 【难点】consist in 意为“在于，存在于”；rely on 意为“依靠，依赖”；be co

56、mposed of 意为“由构成”；comprise 意为“由组成；构成”。 14. A) 【句意】为了搞清楚这一差别，我们必须认真地审视一下生物学发展的漫长历史。 【难点】distinction意为“区别；差异”；indication意为“标示，迹象”；recognition意为“（正式的）承认，认可，认知”；constitution意为“宪法，体制”。 15. C) 【句意】最重要的是，这样的经历能促进人们对其它文化的感受性，并使他们更欣赏自己的文化。 【难点】foster意为“培养，促进，助长”;coach意为“训练，指导”；forsake意为“遗弃，抛弃”；censor意为“审查,检查

57、”。 16. A) 【句意】安把盘子打碎后，想把碎片再合在一起。 【难点】fragment 意为“碎片，碎块”；piece意为“块，片”；bit意为“小片；小段”；slice意为“薄片；切片”。 17. A) 【句意】简企图用钱贿赂看门人，但失败了。 【难点】bribe 意为“收买；行贿”；corrupt意为“腐蚀，使堕落”；award意为“授予（奖品等）；给予”；endow意为“资助，捐赠”。 18. B)【句意】分类是组织任何领域知识内容的有效方式。 【难点】approach作“方式，方法；态度”讲时，后接介词to，其它几个词没有这种用法。 19. A) 【句意】人类已为他们对环境威胁作出

58、的迟缓反应付出了重大代价。 【难点】response意为“反应”后接介词to ;responsibility意为“责任”；resolution意为“决心，决定”；resistance意为“抵抗”。 20. B) 【句意】我们十分尊重约瑟夫教授，因为他总是信守原则。 【难点】live up to 意为“遵守，实践（诺言，原则）”；live on 意为“以为生”；live through意为“度过，经历过”；live with 意为“忍受；容忍”。 21. C) 【句意】我爷爷不小心放火烧着了房子。 【难点】词组set fire to 意为“点燃，使燃烧”。 22. D) 【句意】除了花很多钱外，

59、我们的假期很愉快。 【难点】except指的是除去同类的事物，且常用于否定句；besides是包含在内的，除了；in addition to 也是包括在内；except for 是除了不同类的事物。 23. A) 【句意】如果你要孩子们努力学习，你必须唤起他们的兴趣而不是责任感。 【难点】appeal to 意为“有感染力，有吸引力”；look into 意为“调查，观察”；give rise to意为“引起，导致”；go in for意为“爱好；从事，参与”。 24. B) 【句意】机器人基本上是一台机器，它能像人的手臂一样移动、操纵、结合或加工零件。 【难点】component意为“零件；成分”；character 意为“特性；人格”；catalogue意为“目录”；collection意为“收集”。 25