学术英语医学Unit4

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1、学术英语学术英语 医学医学Academic English for MedicineUnit 4Alternative MedicineWhen you are ill but failed by conventional treatments or suffering chronic conditions, you may try some traditional or alternative therapies as the last resort. What are the merits of such practices? How are they viewed by research

2、ers in the West? This unit reviews the use of these therapies in the U.S., and discusses the development of integrative medicine in the future.Unit 4 Alternative medicineUnit ContentsLead-inText AText BText CListeningSpeakingWritingGet reading for Unit 5Lead-inIssues to be coveredSuggested answers U

3、nit 4 Alternative medicineLead-inIssues to be covered 1. Complementary and alternative medicine2. What traditional or alternative therapies can and cannot do 3. The status quo of traditional medicine practices in Western countriesUnit 4 Alternative medicineLead-inSuggested answersmassageacupunctureh

4、ypnosisauscultationinterrogationpulse-takingmeditationqigongdietetic therapyyoga听诊法气功推拿食疗瑜伽术问诊冥想催眠术针灸切脉Task work in pairs and match the English terms for some unconventional medical practices in column A with their Chinese equivalents in Column B. Then choose one of these practices, and explain to y

5、our partner how it works(or does not work) according to your knowledge and experience.Column AColumn BCHIFAGEDBJUnit 4 Alternative medicineText A Critical reading and thinking Topics for presentation Useful expressions Difficult sentencesLanguage building-up Signpost language Vocabulary testSuggeste

6、d answersUnit 4 Alternative medicineText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation1 Give a brief explanation of the two concepts: complementary medicine and alternative medicine.National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)CAM: a group of diverse medical and health

7、care systems, practices, and products that are not generally considered part of conventional medicineComplementary medicine : use of CAM together with conventional medicineAlternative medicine: use of CAM in place of conventional medicineUnit 4 Alternative medicine2 To what extent do you agree with

8、the authors opinion on traditional Chinese medicine being “affordable, low tech, safe and effective”?Topics for presentationText A Critical reading and thinkingFacilities: simple, inexpensive Technology: needles, cups, coinsMost procedures and operations: noninvasive The substances used as medicine:

9、 indeed all natural, from nature, raw herbs or abstracts from themEffectiveness: proven and ensured with a long historyThe theories and practices: new light shed with ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai ChiUnit 4 Alternative medicineText A Topics for presentation

10、3 Summarize the clinical uses of acupuncture.Critical reading and thinkingAn adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management program forpost-operative and chemotherapy induced nausea and vomitingpost-operative dental painaddictionstroke rehabilitationheadachemenstrual cramps

11、tennis elbowfibromyalgiamyofascial painosteoarthritislow back paincarpal tunnel syndromeand asthmaUnit 4 Alternative medicineText A Topics for presentation4 Do you think the author is overoptimistic in predicting a wider future use of acupuncture in the US? More intense _ Higher _ Greater _ Stronger

12、 _ An increasing number of _Critical reading and thinkingresearchadoption of acupunctureinterest by stakeholderspush for coveragephysician acupuncturistsUnit 4 Alternative medicineText A Topics for presentation4 Do you think the author is overoptimistic in predicting a wider future use of acupunctur

13、e in the US? Research: TCM framework VS Biomedical Modality Future clinical trials that test acupuncture within the framework of traditional Chinese medicine are likely to provide a more appropriate and clinically meaningful assessment of acupuncture efficacy than the current generation of clinical

14、trials which use a diagnosis framed primarily in biomedical termsCritical reading and thinkingUnit 4 Alternative medicineText A Topics for presentation4 Do you think the author is overoptimistic in predicting a wider future use of acupuncture in the US? Research: The right track to follow Unlike dru

15、gs, acupuncture is more akin to surgery and physical therapy in terms of therapeutic modalities. For the time being, evidence based on large case series should be considered in determining recommendations for clinical practice. Adoption / Use -Proven useful in additional areas -Used not only for tre

16、atment but also for prevention and promotion of wellness -Exploration and perfection to be continuedCritical reading and thinkingUnit 4 Alternative medicineText A Topics for presentation4 Do you think the author is overoptimistic in predicting a wider future use of acupuncture in the US? Critical re

17、ading and thinkingUnit 4 Alternative medicine5 Explain how inappropriate uses of herbs may result in complications. Text A Topics for presentationCritical reading and thinkingAppropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance -Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patient -Correct selection of t

18、he corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulasDigression from either of the above conditions, misuses of herbs, will result in complications in patientUnit 4 Alternative medicine6 Various approaches to herbal study are mentioned in the text.

19、 Pick one to discuss the advantages and limitations. Text A Topics for presentationCritical reading and thinkingrandomized controlled trialsquasi-experimentscohort studiescase-control studies“N=1” trialsUnit 4 Alternative medicine7. What are the difficulties in investigating herbal therapies?Text A

20、Topics for presentationCritical reading and thinkingDependence of synthesis of evidence on-The completeness of the literature search (Unavailable for foreign studies)-The accuracy of evaluationNo answers to be found for the questions of interestRequirement of using less stringent information rather

21、than “hard data”Unit 4 Alternative medicine8.What are the factors to consider when we integrate eastern and western medicine?Text A Topics for presentationCritical reading and thinkingAssessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in societyResearch and education Political, economic and s

22、ocial factorsUnit 4 Alternative medicine8.What are the factors to consider when we integrate eastern and western medicine?Text A Topics for presentationCritical reading and thinkingTwo Approaches in Contrast Unit 4 Alternative medicine8.What are the factors to consider when we integrate eastern and

23、western medicine?Text A Topics for presentationCritical reading and thinkingTwo Approaches in InteractionUnit 4 Alternative medicine8.What are the factors to consider when we integrate eastern and western medicine?Text A Topics for presentationCritical reading and thinkingcombineintegratemergerblend

24、complimentharmonizeMake your final comments Unit 4 Alternative medicineText A Useful expressions Panel conservatively recommended that acupuncture may be used as an adjunct treatment The panel ascertained that acupuncture can be used to treat It is also recommended as an adjunct treatment orCritical

25、 reading and thinkingUnit 4 Alternative medicineText A Useful expressions When appropriately prepared and used, herbs can be safe and effective. Clinical research methodologists should take the theoretical construct and clinical approach of TCM into consideration when designing trials. Research desi

26、gns such as randomized controlled trials26 have advantages and disadvantages in determining the efficacy of any therapeutic intervention, and can be carried out for botanicals, as seen by a study on herbal formulas for irritable bowel syndrome.Critical reading and thinkingUnit 4 Alternative medicine

27、Text A Useful expressions It is essential that researchers and practitioners be educated in both traditional and western medicines in order to perform research appropriately and treat patients effectively.Critical reading and thinkingUnit 4 Alternative medicineText A Difficult Sentences Ongoing rese

28、arch around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM. 全世界有关针灸、草药、按摩和太极拳的持续研究已阐明了中医的有些理论和实践。Critical reading and thinkingUnit 4 Alternative medicineFor the time being, evidence based on large case series should be considered in

29、determining recommendations for clinical practice while evidence derived from more vigorous research designs is being carried out. (Para. 4)尽管来自更有力研究设计的证据源源不断，目前，在确定推荐何种临床操作时，应该考虑基于大规模病例系列研究所取得的证据。Text A Difficult SentencesCritical reading and thinkingUnit 4 Alternative medicineText A Difficult Sent

30、encesThe synthesis of evidence is completely dependent on the completeness of the literature search, which is often not available for foreign studies, as well as the accuracy of evaluation. (Para. 10)综合证据除了取决于评估的准确性之外，则完全取决于对文献进行彻底检索，而国外研究的相关文献通常无法获取。Critical reading and thinkingUnit 4 Alternative m

31、edicineText A Difficult Sentences Consensus in the real world of health care often requires using information that is less stringent than so-called hard data. (Para.10)现实中，卫生保健界的共识是利用的信息与所谓的硬指标比需要降低标准。Critical reading and thinkingUnit 4 Alternative medicineText A Difficult Sentences On the clinical

32、level, blending involves the integration of the concepts and techniques of the two systems - modern medicines analytical, quantitative, mechanistic approach with the systemic, holistic, individualistic approach of TCM. (Para. 12) 从临床的层面讲，融合就是把两个体系的概念和技术相互结合，即把现代医学所采用的分析、定量及机械的方法和中医所用的系统、整体及个体化的方法相结合

33、。Critical reading and thinkingUnit 4 Alternative medicineText A Difficult Sentences As our graying society falls victim to an increasing number of chronic illnesses (Para. 12) 当我们的老龄化社会日益遭受慢性病侵扰之时 Critical reading and thinkingUnit 4 Alternative medicineText A Language Building-up Signpost Language C

34、omparison Contrastsimilarlylikewisebothsameand alsoresembleparallelsnor comparablesimilar toin the same mannerin the same wayon the other handin/by contrasthoweverwhilewhereasalthoughneverthelessdifferentunlikeinstead (of)converselyrather thanas opposed tosomewhile othersIn comparison and contrast e

35、ssays, some special words and expressions are often used to signal comparisons and contrasts. Here are some signals and clue words. Unit 4 Alternative medicineText A Language Building-up Vocabulary Test_medicine(补充医学)_medicine (替代医学)a medical _(医疗模式)_and herbs(针灸和草药)_treatment(辅助治疗)_and vomiting(恶心，

36、呕吐)_dental pain (术后牙痛)_trails(临床试验)_therapy(物理疗法，理疗)_modalities(治疗方法)a therapeutic_(治疗干预)Unit 4 Alternative medicinecomplementaryalternativeparadigmacupunctureadjunctnauseapost-operativeclinicalphysical therapeuticinterventionText A Language Building-up Vocabulary Testresearch_(研究设计)magnetic _(磁共振)p

37、ositron _tomography(正电子发射型计算机断层成像)_effect (止痛效果)biomedical _(生物医学界)_unit(康复中心)_acupuncturist(持照针灸师)therapeutic_(治疗策略)herbal_(草药配方)a wide _ of complications(各式各样的并发症)_East-West medicine(中西医结合)Unit 4 Alternative medicinedesignstrategiesformulasarrayintegrativeresonanceanalgesiaestablishmentrehabilitat

38、ionlicensed emissionText A Suggested answersTask 1 complete the following diagram that shows the outline of the text.Critical reading and thinkingIntroduction (Paras.1-2)Heightened patient demand of and growing interest in alternative medicineIntegrating various factors and different styles of medic

39、al systemEnding (Paras.11-12)Examples (Paras.3-10)AcupunctureHarmonizing TCM and Modern Western MedicineHerbsBackground information (P8)Appropriate research designs (P9)Pointers for clinical practice (P10) Recommended uses (P3) Need for more appropriate assessments (P4)Current research efforts and p

40、otential benefits (P5)Future development in the US (P6-P7)Unit 4 Alternative medicineText A Task 1/ Medical terminology Match each definition with its corresponding English term and Chinese equivalent.EnglishChinese Definition1of or relating to the stomach and intestine2after operation3a disease whi

41、ch causes pain and stiffness in the joints4a disease primarily indicated by noticeable, extensive pain in muscles, tendons, joints, and soft tissues.5of, relating to, or for the teethgastrointestinal胃肠道的手术后的post-operative骨关节炎osteoarthritisfibromyalgia纤维肌痛dental牙的Suggested answersLanguage building-up

42、2Unit 4 Alternative medicineText A EnglishChinese Definition6absence of sensibility to pain7sectional imaging8the oriental art of inserting fine needles into various parts of the body to treat certain types of disorders9of, relating to, or involving the heart and blood vessels10the study of the effe

43、cts of time and rhythmical phenomena on life processescardiovascular心血管的analgesia止痛tomographyX线断层摄影（术）acupuncture针刺疗法chronobiology生物钟学Task1 / Medical terminologyMatch each definition with its corresponding English term and Chinese equivalent.Suggested answers2Language building-upUnit 4 Alternative m

44、edicineText A Task 2 / Signpost language The following sentences are taken from the first four units in this book. All the signpost languages indicating comparison and contrast have been removed. Complete the sentences and then compare your answers with the original sentences in the texts. 1 _drugs,

45、 acupuncture is more _ to surgery and physical therapy in terms of therapeutic modalities. (Text A, Unit 4)2 Hence, the evaluation of evidence for efficacy in acupuncture ought to be _ to these therapeutic interventions. (Text A, Unit 4)3 Lists may help public authorities focus their attention, _the

46、ir value is limited. (Text A, Unit 2)4 Flu _changes its coat and in turn its level of virulence. (Text A, Unit 2)5 Amazingly, conditions in some American cities have deteriorated to _ levels. (Text A, Unit 2)Language building-upSuggested answersUnlikeakinsimilarbutlikewisecomparableUnit 4 Alternativ

47、e medicineText A Task 2 / Signpost language The following sentences are taken from the first four units in this book. All the signpost languages indicating comparison and contrast have been removed. Complete the sentences and then compare your answers with the original sentences in the texts. 6 A sl

48、ightly warmer climate combined with deteriorating cities could also enable various diseases that seem exotic today to come back. Dengue fever could _become familiar. (Text A, Unit 2)These rates are _to high-incidence countries in North Africa and Asia. (Text B, Unit 2)The medical literature didnt ha

49、ve that information, _ did the registered dietitians with whom I consulted, _ did I see in the food science literature. (Text B, Unit 2)When her husband held her hand, she not only felt calm,_ her brain circuitry quieted, revealing the biology of emotional rescue. (Text B, Unit 2)7 Some studies sugg

50、est that the soy isoflavone supplements may reduce hot flashes in women after menopause, _, the results have been inconsistent.Language building-upSuggested answerslikewisecomparablenornorbuthoweverUnit 4 Alternative medicineText A Task 3 / Formal EnglishThe following sentences are selected from Tex

51、t. Replace the underlined formal words with less formal ones.1 To facilitate research on the effectiveness of alternative therapies, the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) received a budget of $50 million in 1999.(Para. 1)Many patients are using traditional and modern

52、 medical paradigms concurrently, creating a need for the appropriate and smooth merger of the two medicines.( Para. 2)2 The panel ascertained that acupuncture can be used to treat post-operative and chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, as well as post-operative dental pain. .( Para. 3)Language

53、building-upSuggested answersmakeeasier/ helpmodel/patternfound outUnit 4 Alternative medicineText A Task 3 / Formal EnglishThe following sentences are selected from Text. Replace the underlined formal words with less formal ones.Hence, the evaluation of evidence for efficacy in acupuncture ought to

54、be similar to these therapeutic interventions. .( Para. 4)In elucidating the mechanisms of acupuncture and exploring its role in a variety of situations, innovative techniques such as FMRI,PET, SPECT, and MEG are beginning to be utilized. .( Para. 5)6 In time, those who do not embrace acupuncture wi

55、ll be at a disadvantage. .( Para. 6)Language building-upSuggested answersexplaining eagerly accept effectivenessUnit 4 Alternative medicineGroup presentation Acupuncture anesthesia has been a useful working method for local or regional anesthesia in China. Work in small groups and explore the media

56、and literature for information about this subject in the following aspects:1. history 2. clinical uses3. efficacy4. advantages 5. procedure Text A Additional activityUnit 4 Alternative medicineText BCritical reading and thinkingLanguage building-upSuggested answersUnit 4 Alternative medicineText B C

57、ritical Reading and ThinkingLets start with a video clip Acupuncture Benefit for Real or Placebo EffectUnit 4 Alternative medicineText B Critical Reading and Thinking1. James Restons experience in Beijing in 1971 (P99) suffering from acute abdominal paindiagnosed with acute appendicitisundergoing su

58、ccessful appendectomyexperiencing two days of severe, persistent abdominal painpain relieved by thin needles within one hourWrite down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.Unit 4 Alternative medicineText B Critical Reading and Thinking1. James Restons

59、experience in Beijing in 1971 (P99) Historical Background coincident with Henry Kissingers then secretive discussions with the Chinese leadership to reestablish political relations between the US and ChinaBy extension, Restons article contributed to the evolution of “IM” worldwide.In 1972, the Weste

60、rn biomedical community was making great strides with regard to the mechanistic study of disease and the discovery of novel therapeutic interventions for conditions that have caused human suffering for millennia. Write down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your

61、 partner.Unit 4 Alternative medicineText B Critical Reading and Thinking1. James Restons experience in Beijing in 1971 (P99) Knowledge of Subject Matterbiomedical communitymechanistic study of diseasediscovery of novel therapeutic interventionsconditions that have caused human suffering for millenni

62、athe role of prevention and lifestyle choicesoptimization of dietthe need for movement the complex relationship between mind and bodypremedical educationWrite down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.Unit 4 Alternative medicineText B Critical Reading

63、and Thinking2. the authors training in Beijing (P99) learning Mandarin Chinese at Harvard Universitythe first U.S. medical exchange student to the Peoples Republic of Chinaresiding in a 400-year old “hu tong” studying TCM theory and practice at the Beijing Institute of TCM and Dongzhimen Hospital Wr

64、ite down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.Unit 4 Alternative medicineText B Critical Reading and Thinking2. the authors training in Beijing (P99) Knowledge of Subject Matterinpatient and outpatient settingsacupuncture anesthesiamonitored them physi

65、ologically during surgical proceduresa combined “integrative” model of care for specific patient populations Write down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.Unit 4 Alternative medicineText B Critical Reading and Thinking3. prevalence of TCM therapies i

66、n the US (PP 99) Surveys published in the New England Journal of Medicine and JAMAA third or more of adults routinely use complementary therapies.There are hundreds of millions of office visits per year.Tens of billions of dollars is spent out-of-pocket on these complementary therapies.Write down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.Unit 4 Alternative medicineText B Critical Reading and Thinking3. prevalence of TCM therapies in the US (PP 99) Surve