Spiro Theodore Agnew Televisi

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1、-范文最新推荐- Spiro Theodore Agnew: Televisi spiro theodore agnew: television news coveragei think its obvious from the cameras here that i didnt come to discuss the ban on cyclamates or ddt. i have a subject which i think if of great importance to the american people. tonight i want to discuss the impor

2、tance of the television news medium to the american people. no nation depends more on the intelligent judgment of its citizens. no medium has a more profound influence over public opinion. nowhere in our system are there fewer checks on vast power. so, nowhere should there be more conscientious resp

3、onsibility exercised than by the news media. the question is, “are we demanding enough of our television news presentations?” “and are the men of this medium demanding enough of themselves?”monday night a week ago, president nixon delivered the most important address of his administration, one of th

4、e most important of our decade. his subject was vietnam. my hope, as his at that time, was to rally the american people to see the conflict through to a lasting and just peace in the pacific. for 32 minutes, he reasoned with a nation that has suffered almost a third of a million casualties in the lo

5、ngest war in its history.when the president completed his address - an address, incidentally, that he spent weeks in the preparation of - his words and policies were subjected to instant analysis and querulous criticism. the audience of 70 million americans gathered to hear the president of the unit

6、ed states was inherited by a small band of network commentators and self-appointed analysts, the majority of whom expressed in one way or another their hostility to what he had to say.it was obvious that their minds were made up in advance. those who recall the fumbling and groping that followed pre

7、sident johnsons dramatic disclosure of his intention not to seek another term have seen these men in a genuine state of nonpreparedness. this was not it.one commentator twice contradicted the presidents statement about the exchange of correspondence with ho chi minh. another challenged the president

8、s abilities as a politician. a third asserted that the president was following a pentagon line. others, by the expressions on their faces, the tone of their questions, and the sarcasm of their responses, made clear their sharp disapproval.to guarantee in advance that the presidents plea for national

9、 unity would be challenged, one network trotted out averell harriman for the occasion. throughout the presidents address, he waited in the wings. when the president concluded, mr. harriman recited perfectly. he attacked the thieu government as unrepresentative; he criticized the presidents speech fo

10、r various deficiencies; he twice issued a call to the senate foreign relations committee to debate vietnam once again; he stated his belief that the vietcong or north vietnamese did not really want military take-over of south vietnam; and he told a little anecdote about a very, very responsible fell

11、ow he had met in the north vietnamese delegation.all in all, mr. harrison offered a broad range of gratuitous advice challenging and contradicting the policies outlined by the president of the united states. where the president had issued a call for unity, mr. harriman was encouraging the country no

12、t to listen to him.a word about mr. harriman. for 10 months he was americas chief negotiator at the paris peace talks - a period in which the united states swapped some of the greatest military concessions in the history of warfare for an enemy agreement on the shape of the bargaining table. like co

13、leridges ancient mariner, mr. harriman seems to be under some heavy compulsion to justify his failures to anyone who will listen. and the networks have shown themselves willing to give him all the air time he desires.now every american has a right to disagree with the president of the united states

14、and to express publicly that disagreement. but the president of the united states has a right to communicate directly with the people who elected him, and the people of this country have the right to make up their own minds and form their own opinions about a presidential address without having a pr

15、esidents words and thoughts characterized through the prejudices of hostile critics before they can even be digested.when winston churchill rallied public opinion to stay the course against hitlers germany, he didnt have to contend with a gaggle of commentators raising doubts about whether he was re

16、ading public opinion right, or whether britain had the stamina to see the war through. when president kennedy rallied the nation in the cuban missile crisis, his address to the people was not chewed over by a roundtable of critics who disparaged the course of action hed asked america to follow.the p

17、urpose of my remarks tonight is to focus your attention on this little group of men who not only enjoy a right of instant rebuttal to every presidential address, but, more importantly, wield a free hand in selecting, presenting, and interpreting the great issues in our nation. first, lets define tha

18、t power.at least 40 million americans every night, its estimated, watch the network news. seven million of them view a.b.c., the remainder being divided between n.b.c. and c.b.s. according to harris polls and other studies, for millions of americans the networks are the sole source of national and w

19、orld news. in will rogers observation, what you knew was what you read in the newspaper. today for growing millions of americans, its what they see and hear on their television sets.now how is this network news determined? a small group of men, numbering perhaps no more than a dozen anchormen, comme

20、ntators, and executive producers, settle upon the 20 minutes or so of film and commentary thats to reach the public. this selection is made from the 90 to 180 minutes that may be available. their powers of choice are broad.they decide what 40 to 50 million americans will learn of the days events in

21、the nation and in the world. we cannot measure this power and influence by the traditional democratic standards, for these men can create national issues overnight. they can make or break by their coverage and commentary a moratorium on the war. they can elevate men from obscurity to national promin

22、ence within a week. they can reward some politicians with national exposure and ignore others.for millions of americans the network reporter who covers a continuing issue - like the abm or civil rights - becomes, in effect, the presiding judge in a national trial by jury.it must be recognized that t

23、he networks have made important contributions to the national knowledge - through news, documentaries, and specials. they have often used their power constructively and creatively to awaken the public conscience to critical problems. the networks made hunger and black lung disease national issues ov

24、ernight. the tv networks have done what no other medium could have done in terms of dramatizing the horrors of war. the networks have tackled our most difficult social problems with a directness and an immediacy thats the gift of their medium. they focus the nations attention on its environmental ab

25、uses - on pollution in the great lakes and the threatened ecology of the everglades. but it was also the networks that elevated stokely carmichael and george lincoln rockwell from obscurity to national prominence.nor is their power confined to the substantive. a raised eyebrow, an inflection of the

26、voice, a caustic remark dropped in the middle of a broadcast can raise doubts in a million minds about the veracity of a public official or the wisdom of a government policy. one federal communications commissioner considers the powers of the networks equal to that of local, state, and federal gover

27、nments all combined. certainly it represents a concentration of power over american public opinion unknown in history.now what do americans know of the men who wield this power? of the men who produce and direct the network news, the nation knows practically nothing. of the commentators, most americ

28、ans know little other than that they reflect an urbane and assured presence seemingly well-informed on every important matter. we do know that to a man these commentators and producers live and work in the geographical and intellectual confines of washington, d.c., or new york city, the latter of wh

29、ich james reston terms the most unrepresentative community in the entire united states.both communities bask in their own provincialism, their own parochialism.we can deduce that these men read the same newspapers. they draw their political and social views from the same sources. worse, they talk co

30、nstantly to one another, thereby providing artificial reinforcement to their shared viewpoints. do they allow their biases to influence the selection and presentation of the news? david brinkley states objectivity is impossible to normal human behavior. rather, he says, we should strive for fairness

31、.another anchorman on a network news show contends, and i quote: you cant expunge all your private convictions just because you sit in a seat like this and a camera starts to stare at you. i think your program has to reflect what your basic feelings are. ill plead guilty to that.less than a week bef

32、ore the 1968 election, this same commentator charged that president nixons campaign commitments were no more durable than campaign balloons. he claimed that, were it not for the fear of hostile reaction, richard nixon would be giving into, and i quote him exactly, his natural instinct to smash the e

33、nemy with a club or go after him with a meat axe. had this slander been made by one political candidate about another, it would have been dismissed by most commentators as a partisan attack. but this attack emanated from the privileged sanctuary of a network studio and therefore had the apparent dig

34、nity of an objective statement. the american people would rightly not tolerate this concentration of power in government. is it not fair and relevant to question its concentration in the hands of a tiny, enclosed fraternity of privileged men elected by no one and enjoying a monopoly sanctioned and l

35、icensed by government?the views of the majority of this fraternity do not - and i repeat, not - represent the views of america. that is why such a great gulf existed between how the nation received the presidents address and how the networks reviewed it. not only did the country receive the presiden

36、ts speech more warmly than the networks, but so also did the congress of the united states.yesterday, the president was notified that 300 individual congressmen and 50 senators of both parties had endorsed his efforts for peace. as with other american institutions, perhaps it is time that the networ

37、ks were made more responsive to the views of the nation and more responsible to the people they serve.now i want to make myself perfectly clear. im not asking for government censorship or any other kind of censorship. i am asking whether a form of censorship already exists when the news that 40 mill

38、ion americans receive each night is determined by a handful of men responsible only to their corporate employers and is filtered through a handful of commentators who admit to their own set of biases.the question im raising here tonight should have been raised by others long ago. they should have be

39、en raised by those americans who have traditionally considered the preservation of freedom of speech and freedom of the press their special provinces of responsibility. they should have been raised by those americans who share the view of the late justice learned hand that right conclusions are more

40、 likely to be gathered out of a multitude of tongues than through any kind of authoritative selection. advocates for the networks have claimed a first amendment right to the same unlimited freedoms held by the great newspapers of america.a decade ago, before the network news acquired such dominance

41、over public opinion, walter lippman spoke to the issue. he said theres an essential and radical difference between television and printing. the three or four competing television stations control virtually all that can be received over the air by ordinary television sets. but besides the mass circul

42、ation dailies, there are weeklies, monthlies, out-of-town newspapers and books. if a man doesnt like his newspaper, he can read another from out of town or wait for a weekly news magazine. its not ideal, but its infinitely better than the situation in television.there, if a man doesnt like what the

43、networks are showing, all he can do is turn them off and listen to a phonograph. “networks,” he stated “which are few in number have a virtual monopoly of a whole media of communications.” the newspaper of mass circulation have no monopoly on the medium of print.now a virtual monopoly of a whole med

44、ium of communication is not something that democratic people should blindly ignore. and we are not going to cut off our television sets and listen to the phonograph just because the airways belong to the networks. they dont. they belong to the people. as justice byron wrote in his landmark opinion s

45、ix months ago, “its the right of the viewers and listeners, not the right of the broadcasters, which is paramount.”now its argued that this power presents no danger in the hands of those who have used it responsibly. but as to whether or not the networks have abused the power they enjoy, let us call

46、 as our first witness, former vice president humphrey and the city of chicago. according to theodore white, televisions intercutting of the film from the streets of chicago with the “current proceedings on the floor of the convention created the most striking and false political picture of 1968 - th

47、e nomination of a man for the american presidency by the brutality and violence of merciless police.”if we are to believe a recent report of the house of representative commerce committee, then televisions presentation of the violence in the streets worked an injustice on the reputation of the chica

48、go police. according to the committee findings, one network in particular presented, and i quote, a one-sided picture which in large measure exonerates the demonstrators and protestors. film of provocations of police that was available never saw the light of day, while the film of a police response

49、which the protestors provoked was shown to millions.another network showed virtually the same scene of violence from three separate angles without making clear it was the same scene. and, while the full report is reticent in drawing conclusions, it is not a document to inspire confidence in the fair

50、ness of the network news. our knowledge of the impact of network news on the national mind is far from complete, but some early returns are available. again, we have enough information to raise serious questions about its effect on a democratic society. several years ago fred friendly, one of the pi

51、oneers of network news, wrote that its missing ingredients were conviction, controversy, and a point of view. the networks have compensated with a vengeance.and in the networks endless pursuit of controversy, we should ask: what is the end value - to enlighten or to profit? what is the end result -

52、to inform or to confuse? how does the ongoing exploration for more action, more excitement, more drama serve our national search for internal peace and stability? greshams law seems to be operating in the network news. bad news drives out good news. the irrational is more controversial than the rati

53、onal. concurrence can no longer compete with dissent. one minute of eldrige cleaver is worth 10 minutes of roy wilkins. the labor crisis settled at the negotiating table is nothing compared to the confrontation that results in a strike - or better yet, violence along the picket lines. normality has

54、become the nemesis of the network news. now the upshot of all this controversy is that a narrow and distorted picture of america often emerges from the televised news. a single, dramatic piece of the mosaic becomes in the minds of millions the entire picture. the american who relies upon television

55、for his news might conclude that the majority of american students are embittered radicals; that the majority of black americans feel no regard for their country; that violence and lawlessness are the rule rather than the exception on the american campus.we know that none of these conclusions is tru

56、e.perhaps the place to start looking for a credibility gap is not in the offices of the government in washington but in the studios of the networks in new york! television may have destroyed the old stereotypes, but has it not created new ones in their places? what has this “passionate” pursuit of c

57、ontroversy done to the politics of progress through logical compromise essential to the functioning of a democratic society?the members of congress or the senate who follow their principles and philosophy quietly in a spirit of compromise are unknown to many americans, while the loudest and most ext

58、reme dissenters on every issue are known to every man in the street. how many marches and demonstrations would we have if the marchers did not know that the ever-faithful tv cameras would be there to record their antics for the next news show?weve heard demands that senators and congressmen and judg

59、es make known all their financial connections so that the public will know who and what influences their decisions and their votes. strong arguments can be made for that view. but when a single commentator or producer, night after night, determines for millions of people how much of each side of a g

60、reat issue they are going to see and hear, should he not first disclose his personal views on the issue as well?in this search for excitement and controversy, has more than equal time gone to the minority of americans who specialize in attacking the united states - its institutions and its citizens?

61、tonight ive raised questions. ive made no attempt to suggest the answers. the answers must come from the media men. they are challenged to turn their critical powers on themselves, to direct their energy, their talent, and their conviction toward improving the quality and objectivity of news present

62、ation. they are challenged to structure their own civic ethics to relate to the great responsibilities they hold.and the people of america are challenged, too - challenged to press for responsible news presentation. the people can let the networks know that they want their news straight and objectiv

63、e. the people can register their complaints on bias through mail to the networks and phone calls to local stations. this is one case where the people must defend themselves, where the citizen, not the government, must be the reformer; where the consumer can be the most effective crusader.by way of c

64、onclusion, let me say that every elected leader in the united states depends on these men of the media. whether what ive said to you tonight will be heard and seen at all by the nation is not my decision, its not your decision, its their decision. in tomorrows edition of the des moines register, you

65、ll be able to read a news story detailing what ive said tonight. editorial comment will be reserved for the editorial page, where it belongs. should not the same wall of separation exist between news and comment on the nations networks? now, my friends, wed never trust such power, as ive described, over public opinion in the hands of an elected government. its time we questioned it in the hands of a small unelected elite. the gre