高等教育大众化背景下的大学生就业与职业指导策略毕业论文英汉对照

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1、自考专科毕业论文学号:097090776姓 名: 邮 编:519000指导教师: 电 话:15116218642专 业:商务英语地 址:珠海电大题 目:高等教育大众化背景下的大学业与职业指导略09春商务英语（2）班2011年9月目 录摘要1关键词1一、高等教育大众化与大学生就业.3（一）高等学校毕业生就业难的主要因素31、就业观念方面.42、就业制度方面.53、职业指导方面.5（二）高等学校毕业生就业影响高等教育的发展.6二、高等学校开展大学生职业指导的基本策略（一）职业指导及其特点.71、现实必然性.82、长远发展性.93、专业稳定性.94、择业自主性10（二）大学生职业指导策略101、树立

2、正确的就业观念.112、积极推进职业指导专业化123、拓展职业指导途径和方法134、处理好教育性和援助性的关系.16参考文献17The Tactics of College Students Getting Employment and Occupation Guide under Popular Higher Education (Zhuhai radio and TV university , Zhuhai)Abstract: Popular higher education and college students getting employment are two hot probl

3、ems of our higher education.The popular higher education effect college students getting employment, and college students getting employment influence development of higher education. In order to coordinate this contradiction, occupation guide has become important means and way during the process of

4、 popular higher education, and way during the process of popular higher education, and has immediatesignificance to college students getting employment .Selecting work and pioneering work.Therefore, establishing right idea of getting employments,propelling specialization of occupation guide positive

5、ly, widenway and means of occupation guide,handing relation ship of education and helps character of occupation well are basic tactics of occupation guide.Key words: popularization of higher education; college students employment; occupation guide; tactics.高等教育大众化背景下的大学生就业与职业指导策略 摘要：高等教育大众化与大学生就业，是我

6、国高等教育关注的两个热点问题。高等教育大众化影响大学生就业，大学生就业影响高等教育发展。为了更好地协调这对矛盾，职业指导已发展成为高等教育大众化进程中大学生就业服务事业的重要手段和方法，对大学生从就业、择业到创业具有较强的现实意义。因此，树立正确就业观念，积极推进职业指导专业化，拓宽职业指导途径和方法，处理好职业指导教育性和援助性的关系，是当前高校开展大学生职业指导的基本策略。关键词：高等教育大众化；大学生就业；职业指导；策略The higher education popularity theory was made by the scholars Martin, forward, ms r

7、odin is higher education development stage and measure the level of a concept. According to a country he of institutions of higher learning can contain the school-age population proportion of the university, the higher education development into three stages: that is higher education enrollment in s

8、chool-age population in about 15% less than, belong to the elite education stage; In about 15%-50%, belong to the popular education stage; In the more than 50% belong to popular education stage. 1 高等教育大众化理论是由美国学者马丁特罗丁1973年提出的，是衡量高等教育发展阶段和水平的一个概念。他根据一个国家的高等学校能够容纳大学学适龄人口的比例，把高等教育发展划为三个阶段：即适龄人口中高等教育入学率

9、约在15%以内，属于精英教育阶段；约在15%50%时，属于大众化教育阶段；在50%以上属于普及教育阶段。1Higher education after the reform and opening in China has been developing rapidly, particularly in 1999 greatly college expansion, the university greatly accelerated the development of Chinas higher education popularization of our countrys higher

10、 education process, gross enrollment rate reached 10.5%. For several years, much of the expansion of our countrys higher education to 2001 gross enrollment rate reached 13. 3%. In this development speed to 2005 years ago, higher education gross enrollment rate will reach 15%, more than the 21 try di

11、scipline education revitalization plan of action proposed to higher education in 2010 has a larger scale development, rate of close to 15% goal much faster, which can realize the national education undertakings of the tenth five-year plan of the higher education proposed 2005 gross enrollment rate r

12、eached about 15% target. Higher school consecutive enrollment is notable, become our country social development and peoples lives in one of the most influential events, is considered to be historic leap. And, with the expansion of higher education, around education industry, education quality, stude

13、nts employment, the vocational guidance to discuss the problem of more enthusiastic. 2 this article tries to higher education popularization from under the background of university students employment and career guidance strategies to analyze, to reveal the relationship between the inevitable. 我国改革开

14、放后高等教育有了很大发展，特别是1999年高校大幅度扩招，极大地加快了我国高等教育大众化的发展进程，使我国高等教育毛入学率达到10.5%。连续几年的大幅度扩招，到2001年我国高等教育毛入学率达到13. 3%。依此发展速度，到2005年前高等教育毛入学率将达到15%，比面向21试纪教育振兴行动计划所提出的“到2010年高等教育规模有较大发展，入学率接近15%”的目标要快得多，可实现全国教育事业第十个五年计划提出的高等教育2005年毛入学率达到15%左右的目标。高等学校连续扩招令人瞩目，成为我国社会发展乃至百姓生活中最具影响力的事件之一，被认为是“历史性的跨越。”而且，伴随着高校扩招，围绕“教育

15、产业”、“教育质量”、“学生就业”、“职业指导”等问题也讨论得比较热烈。2本文力图从高等教育大众化背景下大学生就业与职业指导策略进行分析，以揭示两者之间的必然关系。Popularization of higher education and the student employment 一、 高等教育大众化与大学生就业the higher school graduates of the main factors （-）高等学校毕业生就业难的主要因素Higher school enrollment expansion of higher education popularization is t

16、he inevitable choice of enrollment, the direct result of graduating from high school is one of the number increases rapidly. By 2005, our country college students enrollment rate will reach 15%, achieve 16 million students in school. And on the employment situation of university students in China in

17、 2001, our country has 1.15 million college graduates, there are 340000 college graduate school leavers did not fulfil it when unit, first time employment rate is 70%; general 2002 years of college graduates in 1.45 million, such as first employment rate 70% computation, there will be 370000 college

18、 students in school cant implement as unit; According to the number 2003 turn, will increase to 520000, 2004 in and 690000, 2005 will be more than 790000 3. This kind of contradiction between supply and demand for college graduates have become increasingly prominent, caused a degree of obtain employ

19、ment difficult. 高等学校扩招是高等教育大众化的必然选择，扩招的直接结果之一是高等学校毕业人数迅速递增。到2005年，我国大学生入学率将达到15%，实现在校学生1600万。而综观我国大学生的就业情况，2001年我国有115万高校毕业生，其中有34万高校毕业生离校时未落实就作单位，初次就业率大体为70% ; 2002年高校毕业生有145万，如按初次就业率70%计算，将有37万大学生离校时落实不了就作单位;依据类推，2003年这个数字将增至52万，2004年为69万，2005年将超过79万3。这种供需矛盾的日益突出，给高校毕业生造成了一定程度上的就业难。Cause on the em

20、ployment of college graduates, reason for the difficulty of the surface is the higher education popularity background of the results, but these small is the fundamental problems. Data showed that in 2000, China university and college degree or above in laborer proportion graduated for 3. 81% 4, this

21、 serves to illustrate that college graduates is not too much, but too little. The crux of the problem is mainly manifested in the employment concept, employment system and the vocational guidance, etc. 造成高校毕业生就业难的原因，表面上看是高等教育大众化背景下的结果，但这小是根本问题。数据显示，2000年我国劳动者中大学和大专以上学历者所占比例为3. 81 % 4 ,这足以说明大学毕业生不是太多

22、了，而是太少了。问题的症结主要表现在就业观念、就业制度和职业指导等方面。1. The concept of employment 1、 就业观念方面Employment concept, high school graduates heavy treatment, heavy, heavy opportunity of the wealth of the stronger consciousness, personal utilitarianism color is strong, integrity, the entrepreneurial spirit of the employment

23、of shortages of expectations too high; The employing unit and heavy academic degree, heavy school popularity, heavy personal learning stronger consciousness of character and attitude, skills and qualifications are not too seriously, have even employing only close phenomenon. 就业观念上，高等学校毕业生重待遇、重机遇、重财富

24、的意识较强，个人功利主义的色彩较浓，吃苦创业精神不足，对就业的期望值过高；而用人单位重学历层次、重学校知名度、重个人学习成绩的意识较强，对性格和态度及技能资格则不太看重，甚至有用人唯亲的现象。1As the employment system 1.就业制度方面The employment system, the opportunity of employment equality phenomenon exists generally, for example, in making students employment policy, there is the place restricti

25、ons on employment regional high school graduates of choice, made the higher school seat to local students and foreign student facing not equal competition, local student in the choice of unit has the obvious local advantage. Unit of choose and employ persons to apply for the use of students when the

26、 mood, draw up not eager equal contract for graduates to sign. 5 就业制度上，就业机会不平等现象普遍存在，比如在制定学生就业政策中，有此地方限制高等学校毕业生对就业地域的选择权，使得高等学校所在地的“本地学生”和“外地学生”面临着不平等的竞争，“本地学生”在选择单位时具有明显的本地优势。而且用人单位利用学生应聘时的急切心情，拟出不平等的合同让毕业生签署。53. Career guidance 3.职业指导方面System is not perfected, the impact of the graduates reasonabl

27、e allocation of resources. The main problem is that the consultation and guidance for graduates is not enough, the sources of information not free, information content not fully; Unit of choose and employ persons is not enough, and the society in communication publication of graduates information en

28、ough; The vocational guidance workers professional knowledge and ability is insufficient. Because of career guidance and information service is weak, the graduates have to spend a lot of energy used for activities that many students day female spread flower, and there is also a resume, for no matter

29、 whether accord with their career planning, influenced both graduates employment, and the influence of higher school normal teaching order. 体系不完善，影响了毕业生资源的合理配置。主要问题是对毕业生的咨询和指导不够，信息来源不畅，信息内容不充分;与用人单位沟通不够，向社会上宣传发布毕业生的信息不够;职业指导工作者的专业知识和能力不足。由于职业指导和信息服务薄弱，毕业生不得不花费大量精力用于择业活动，致使许多学生“天女散花”，见有招聘就投简历，也不管是否符合

30、自己的职业生涯规划，既影响了毕业生的就业，又影响了高等学校正常的教学秩序。In addition, because of the state-owned enterprise and downsizing to improve efficiency of national office, institution, society to streamline the personnel of higher school graduates overall demand weakened the contradiction between supply and demand, rising so

31、high school graduates employment competition will be more intense. 除此之外，由于国有企业减员增效以及国家机关、事业单位的人员精简，社会对高等学校毕业生的整体需求有所减弱，供需矛盾日益加剧，因而高等学校毕业生的就业竞争将更激烈。、the higher school graduates of higher education development impact 、高等学校毕业生就业影响高等教育的发展High school graduates employment rate though not reflect the highe

32、r school running and management level, is not the only index reflects the quality of employment conditions and employment only index (because part of the graduates employment, also extended time rather than to rush employment), but generally higher schools have students vocational guidance center (o

33、ffice), major functions include make students employment policy, employment skills training, students consulting, collect the employing unit organization, information demand and supply conference, recruitment and recommend students, its purpose is to improve school graduates employment rate of as mu

34、ch as possible, to improve school social status and public image, and promote the development of higher education. Obviously, the higher school high employment rate, and show the higher education of social adaptation ability is strong, the education quality and managerial level is high, help to the

35、survival and development of the universities. Conversely, the employment rate is low, its easy to create a new study useless, a direct impact the rapid development of higher education. In fact, whether from the state and society, or from the point of view of their own university graduates, the talen

36、ts to effect must have their own social stage and role, no jobs, education also become decoration, the more jobs, higher education development prospects, the better. 高等学校毕业生就业率尽管不是反映高等学校办学和管理水平的惟一指标，不是反映就业状况和就业质量的惟一指标(因为一部分毕业生宁愿延长择业时间，也不愿仓促就业)，但一般高等学校都设有学生职业指导中心 (办公室)，主要职能包括制定学生就业政策、就业技巧培训、学生择业咨询、收集

37、用人单位信息、组织供需见面会、招聘会推荐学生等，其目的是尽可能提高学校毕业生的就业率，提高学校的社会地位和公众形象，促进高等教育的发展。显然，高等学校就业率高，说明了高等教育的社会适应能力强，教育质量和办学水平高，有助于高校的生存和发展。反之，就业率低，就容易产生“新的读书无用论”，直接影响高等教育的快速发展。事实上，无论是从国家和社会，还是从高校毕业生自身的角度来看，人才发挥作用必须有自己的社会舞台和角色，没有就业机会，教育也就成为了摆设，就业机会越多，高等教育发展前景越好。二、Higher school of university students basic strategy of ca

38、reer guidance 二、高等学校开展大学生职业指导的基本策略（-）the vocational guidance and its characteristics （-）职业指导及其特点Mr. Huang yanpei as early as 1915 points out: our vocational educationsociety, since the founding of the general average, the people in the society, all hope that we introduce professional. We do not want

39、 to? But not do it. We mean, want to be solved problem, so going to the vocational guidance laid hands on him. 6 he thought the vocational guidance is to help people obtain employment basic method. Even today, the vocational guidance meaning with new development and innovation. Generally speaking, t

40、he so-called professional guidance to the learning period is in the student or for industry career oriented education, help people choose and ready to engage in their career, and suitable for in your career and development process. Higher school education in the teaching process of college students,

41、 to undertake the responsibility and obligation of career guidance, the vocational guidance has four obvious features: 黄炎培先生早在1915年就指出：“我们的职业教育社，自从成立以后，一般普通社会里的人，都希望我们介绍职业。我们岂有不愿意的么?只是办不了这件事。我们的意思，要想根本解决问题，所以打算从职业指导下手。”6他认为职业指导是帮助人们就业的根本方法。时至当今，职业指导的涵义有了新的发展和创新。一般来说，所谓职业指导就是对处在学习阶段的学生或求业者进行职业导向教育，帮助

42、人们选择并准备从事适合自己的职业，以及在职业中求发展的过程。高等学校在教育教学过程中，承担着对大学生职业指导的责任和义务，其职业指导具有四个明显的特点：1. The real necessity 1、 现实必然性Higher school recruit students after the reform of the distribution system, college graduates to two-way choice and seek oneself profession road will become the inevitable, institutional change

43、directly affect college students treat career choice, attitudes and behaviors that this attitude and behavior by a certain time period and the concept and employment structure restriction. Should say, countries, if can realize communication that integrates the real people and position of matching, w

44、ho is a country, but the system is not a trivial negative impact: one is into the university as into the safe, not without progress, they; AIDS is a people corruption, especially the existence of desires, the existence of the relationship between the existence of the circle, seriously hurt the heart

45、 of college students; Three is unified dispatch and one-way choice, easy to cause the XueFeiSuoYong, profession wrong. How to turn a negative for positive change passive to active, one-way choice, change for two-way choice, since it is an era personnel system development trend in todays graduating f

46、rom high school, also is the inevitable choice of distribution system reform. 高等学校招生分配制度改革后，大学毕业生走上双向选择和自谋职业之路也就成为必然，制度的变革直接影响到大学生对待职业选择的态度和行为，这种态度和行为又要受到一定时期的观念和就业格局所制约。应该说，国家统招统分，如果能实现真正的人与职的匹配，是国家之福，但这种制度负面影响不可小视：一是进了大学如同进了保险箱，不求上进、不思进取大有人在；一是滋民了腐败，特别是私欲的存在、关系的存在、圈里的存在严重伤害了大学生的心；三是统一派遣和单向选择，容易导致学

47、非所用、专业不对口。如何变消极为积极、变被动为主动、变单向选择为双向选择，这既是时代用人制度发展的大趋势，也是当今高等学校毕业分配制度改革的必然选择。2. Long-term development 2.长远发展性Higher school on the vocational guidance pays great attention to the college students career choice of development, this is because people career development throughout the whole of ones life.

48、Especially with the development of scientific technology, production technology update cycle, which requires more shorten college students in the knowledge, skills, attitude must have strong adaptability for the future of the industry, more frequent between different positions within the industry, t

49、he flow between lays the foundation, open up, that they have vision grasp opportunities conditions. 高等学校进行职业指导注重对大学生职业选择的不断发展，这是因为人的职业发展贯穿人的一生。特别是随着科学技术的进步，生产技术的更新周期日趋缩短，这就要求大学生在知识、技能、态度等方面必须具有较强的适应能力，为日后较为频繁的产业之间、产业内部、不同岗位之间的流动奠定基础，开拓择业视野，使他们具有把握发展机遇的条件。3. Professional stability 3.专业稳定性The existenc

50、e and development of institutions of higher learning, and rely on real social development and economic construction to talented persons demand. Each of the higher school has its own relatively stable professional, these professional according to social needs certain, is social and economic structure

51、 to adapt. Every major is corresponding profession or occupation, into the professional group of students, from a certain degree of his employment and restrict the employment range. The vocational guidance will also closely around covered and relevant professional career group, detail its present si

52、tuation and future, status and role of university students, and around professional expertise, set up of college students professional direction and professional ideal. 高等学校的存在与发展，依赖现实社会发展和经济建设对人才的需求。每所高等学校都有自己相对稳定的专业，这些专业都是根据社会需求所确定的，是与社会经济结构相适应的。每个专业都有对应的职业或职业群,进入了该专业的学生，从一定程度上制约了他的择业和就业范围。职业指导也就要

53、紧紧围绕专业所覆盖的和相关的职业群，详细地介绍其现状和未来、地位与作用，围绕大学生的专业特长，树立大学生的职业方向和职业理想。4.autonomy 4.择业自主性 Higher school by the uniform distribution system to send to two-way choice to seek oneself profession, although and the change of market economy related, but GuiJieDian or college students employment concept, the subje

54、ctivity of the increase. The spirit of independence, action, help students independent fulfillment. Despite the higher school through the vocational guidance guide college students employment, inspires students innovation power, to promote the students creativity, but this is just in counseling posi

55、tion, while cannot replace college students autonomous made a decision, should respect the rights of college students autonomous employment. 高等学校分配制度由统一派遣到双向选择到自谋职业，虽说与市场经济的转变有关，但是，归结点还是大学生观念择业主体性的增强。这种精神的独立，行动的自主，有助于大学生自我价值的实现。尽管高等学校通过职业指导引导大学生择业，激发大学生的创新动力，弘扬大学生的创新精神，但这仅仅是处于辅导的地位，而不能替代大学生自主作出决定，应尊

56、重大学生自主择业的权利。（-）、college students vocational guidance strategies （-）、大学生职业指导策略College students vocational guidance strategy is based on college students employment situation and make a course of action and the way. In the higher education popularity and employment increasingly prominent contradiction

57、 between, puts forward some ideas from on macroscopic, in order to realize for the transcendence of reality; From the microscopic puts forward some specific and operational methods and means, in order to make college graduates can fully employment and better business. 大学生职业指导策略是根据大学生就业形势发展而制定的行动方针和方

58、式。在高等教育大众化与就业矛盾日益突出的情况下，从宏观上提出一些理念，以期实现对于现实的超越;从微观上提出一些具体的、可操作性的方法和手段，以使高校毕业生能够充分地就业和更好地创业。1. To set up correct concept of employment 1树立正确的就业观念Our country for a long time countries that integrates communication the employment way, in peoples hearts, and formed a on the university has a decent job i

59、dea, and realistic difficult obtain employment broke the public in idea, graduates a hard to accept. Higher school must through the vocational guidance to help them actively change this employment concept, graduate employment may not their specific or ideal qualification, this kind of circumstance t

60、o adapt should not be regarded as decent things. 7, realization of employment first selection of guiding and face reality employment first, then employment. Because modern is no longer take employment as only the means, but expect to make a living by occupational labor and give full play to their pr

61、ofessional ability, ultimate purpose is to the pursuit of happiness, in order to make a living for the purpose of employment difficult to let a person feel happy. On the other hand, to achieve from the sovereignty to the business of guiding, because modern already no longer meet eagerness, abide by

62、the old karma, but actively looking for and develop new career, create new effects, to make the new contribution. To this, Dewey also think if educators think the vocational guidance can make the person to make sure, no career change and full choices, so, no matter education and the selected profess

63、ional, are likely to be inflexible, hinder deteriorates the development in the future. 8 college students vocational guidance should promote the development of college students not to block, so dont bound to a field, for college students to become the creator of work to build the foundation. Third,

64、personal expectations with the needs of society, the combination of guidance actively encourage college students after graduation to grass-roots units, to the west, to the country where it is most needed to start a business, to realize self-worth. 我国长期以来“国家统招统分”的就业方式，在人们心中，形成了“上了大学就有一份体面的工作”的观念，而现实的就业困难打破了这个金饭碗，毕业生在观念上一下子难以接受。高等学校必须通过职业指导帮助他们积极主