初中英语总复习知识点归纳(基本全了).

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1、初中英语总复习知识点归纳冠词 a / an的用法a 用于辅音音素前a useful book,a university,a “u”Once a weekhave a swim/walk/talk/look/dance/drink/ resthave acold/ headache / fever /coughhave a good timehave a tryin ahurryafter a whilekeep a diarygo for a walkin aminutein a wordin a short whilean 则用于元音音素前an hour, an honest boy , a

2、n“A E F H I L M N O R S X”keep an eye on定冠词 the 的用法：1）特指双方都明白的人或物：Give me the book.2）上文提到过的人或事：-Doyou know the lady in blue? Yes, she is a teacherof a university.earth/3）指世上独一物二的事物world/nature/the sun ( sky / moon/universe )4）单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar美元 ;The lionis a wildanimal.或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the

3、rich/poor/blind/aged / living/ impossible5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only ， very, same等前面： I live on thesecond floor.6）用在表示身体部位的名词前：She caught me by the arm.7）用在表示乐器和表方位的名词之前：She plays the piano violin guitarinthe north of China8）用在普通名词构成专有名词前：the Peoples Republic of Chinathe UnitedStatesthe Great Wallthe Su

4、mmer Palace9)用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：the Greens are playing the piano.10) inthe day,in the morning(afternoon， evening),in themiddle(of),inthe end,allthe timeatthe same timeon the whole,by the way,go tothe cinemaat he age of sixat the beginningof the twenty-firstcenturyonthe other side ofat the momentthe d

5、ay after tomorrowthe day beforeyesterday,the next morning,in the sky (water ， field，country)in the dark,inthe rain,不用定冠词的情况1)国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：China , Europe欧洲Lei Feng雷锋2）物质名词和抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词；当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。3）在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词；Children s DayMo

6、thers DayFather s Day4）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词；He is captain of the team.5）在三餐、 四季，球类运动、 学科、娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词如：have breakfast/supper/ lunch ， play basketball/ football/ volleyball/ chess , in spring/summer/autumn/ winter6）当by与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时， 中间无冠词； by bus/ train/taxi/bus/ ship7） Day and nightschool / wor

7、k / homedutyon watchin bedface to face at first/ last on timeside by side step by step in danger in trouble in time go to schoolwatch TV on foot go to workonatbytaxi / bikeat noonat nighton TVat town部分词组有无冠词的区别in hospital生病住院 in the hospital在医院里in front of在 - 的前面 in the front of在 -内部的前面go to school上

8、学 go to the school到学校去a number of = a lot of许多，谓语动词用复数。The number of -的数目， -的总数，谓语动词用单数（第三人称单数）名词：专有名词和普通名词（个体名词、集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词）可数名词的单数变复数一般情况加s以 s, x sh ch,等结尾的词加-esbus-buseswatch-watches以 o 结尾的名词，无生命的加s，如： photo-photospiano-pianos有生命的es，如： potato-potatoestomato-tomatoes均可，如：zero-zeros / zeroes以 f

9、或 fe结尾的名词，去f, fe加 ves ，如： half-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaveswolf-wolves wife-wiveslife-livesthief-thieves（加 s，如： belief-beliefsroof-roofs safe-safesgulf-gulfs；）以辅音字母+y 结尾的词， 变 y 为 i ，再加 esbaby-babies不规则：a.单复数形式一样。 Sheep, deer,Chinese,Japanese.People,police,scissors,trousersb.其他的。 foot feettooth-teet

10、hchild children mouse-miceman-men woman-womenbusinessman -businessmenGerman-Germanswomen doctors集体名词 : People,police,(一般表示一个整体，谓用复数) class,family,glasses不可数名词：常见的不可数名词有：information, news, room（空间），work, work, weather,advice, bread , food, milk, tea, ice, glasses, meatA little, a bit of, some, much,

11、a lot of, quite a lot of常修饰不可数名词.不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。如果用 and 连接两个不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。Time and moneyare-Acupglassbottlebox kilogroupcrowd class pairofTwo and a half kilos of = two kilos and a half of名词所有格在英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系， 带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teachers book。名词所有格的规则如下：1 ） 单数名词词尾加s，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加 s ，如

12、the boysbag， mens roomChildren s DayMothers DayFather s Dayroom2 ） 若名词已有复数词尾-s，只加 ，如： Teachers Daytwe nty minutes walk3） 凡不能加 s的名词， 都可以用 名词 +of +名词 的结构来表示所有关系，ladies 如：thetitle of the song歌的名字 ; A picture of family; a map of China4 ） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barbers理发店。5 ） 如果两个名词

13、并列，并且分别有s ，则表示 分别有 ；只有一个 s ，则表示 共有 。 Johns and Marys room（两间）John and Marys room（一间）6 ） 复合名词或短语， s加在最后一个词的词尾。如：a month or twosabsence7）双重所有格a friendof mine / hers / his/ theirsa friendofMarysmothers代词、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词I me my mine myselfyouhe him his his himselfsheyou your yourself (yourselves)her her

14、hers herselfit it its itsitselfwe us our ours ourselvesthey them their theirs themselves人称顺序you, he, she, I ;we, you, they主格作主语；宾格作宾语，动词和介词之后通常作宾格；形容词性物主代词不能单独使用， 通常放在名词之前；名词性物主代词形容词性物主代词名词，“of 名词性物主代词”表示所属关系。A friend of mine我的一位朋友; teacher of hers她的老师代词 it的用法：指代前面提到过的事物。表天气。表距离。指婴儿和不明身份的人。-John,som

15、eone in your classphoned you thismorning.-Oh, who was it?用作形式主语。It s kind / good / nice /clever /polite / foolish of sb.It s important / necessary / possible / easy / difficult for sb to do sth,It s time to get up.It s time for lunch.It s one s turn to doIt seems thatIt takes sb. some time to do sth

16、.用作形式宾语。Find / think / feel + it +adj +to do sthIt one的区别It特指上文提到的同一对象，同一事物。one 同类而不同一。that常用于比较结构中，代替前面提到的名词，以避免重复。反身代词构成规则：一、二物主，三为宾。运用： hurt/ teach/ wash / buy/ enjoy oneselfto do sth.by / Help oneself(one selves)to -/ Look afteroneself/Say to oneself/ Come to oneself、不定代词little,a little,few,a fe

17、w=several(some),some, any much,too much, much too, more then =over, less than= nearlysomething某事，某物，用于肯定句。注意：由复合不定代词作主anything任何事物，某事物，用于否语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数。Everyone is here.定句、疑问句。修饰不定代词的形容词后everything每件事，一切事物，用于置。 I have something important to各种句型。tell you.nothing 没什么，没有任何东西。 =not-any thingsomebody 某人

18、，有人 =someone anybody 任何人 ( 用于否定句、疑问句，条件从句中 )nobody 没有人在反意疑问句中，表示人的复合代词在陈述句中作主语时，附加问句中的主语用 he 或 they ，表物的用 it 。little， 几乎没有，表示否定意思，用以修饰不可数名词。A little一点点，表示肯定，用以修饰不可数名词。Only a little仅一点点 . 也可修饰形容词和副词。一点点，放在动词、动词宾语后。few 几乎没有，表示否定意思，用以修饰可数名词。a few=several几个，一些，表示肯定意思，用以修饰可数名词。some一些，修饰可数名词， 后跟复数形式名词或one

19、s,也可修饰不可数名词。在表示请求、委婉语气的疑问句和表示希望得到对方的肯定回答的问句中，常用 some. Could yougive me some apples?any 一些，任何一些。一般用于疑问句中或否定句中和IF引导的条件句中。much 许多。修饰不可数名词，放在不可数名词前，可用a lot of替换。too much 太多的，用法相当于 much ，放在不可数名词前。 Heath is very important to us. We should eat more vegetables and fruit instead of too much rich food.much to

20、o太，用法相当于too,放在形容词和副词前。 Keep quiet! Its much toonoisy here.more than超过，多于。=overmore or less或多或少，差不多。=aboutat least至少a lot许多，修饰动词。Thanks a lot.a lot of = lots of许多的，可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。a number of许多的 ,= many只用于修饰复数形式名词，放在可数名词复数前。every用于三个或三个以上，着眼于整体。后可跟数词。词组有every ten minuetseach 用于两个或两个以上，着眼于个体。词组有each ofe

21、ither两个中任何一个either -orboth两个都both - and -both of -neither两个中一个也没有e.g.-Doyou liketalkingwithyourfriendson the telephone or mobile phone? -Neither, I enjoy using QQ.neither - nor -any 三个以上中任何一个all三个以上中全部none 三个以上中一个也没有。None of -中没有一个，表示三个或以上数目的人或物中没有一个，表否定，作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。others表示“泛指”除自己外，别的人。Some -, o

22、thers -the other表示两个中的另一个。One -, the other -the others表示特指的另一些。another后跟单数名词。表示泛指另一个人。后跟带数词的复数名词，表示“再，还要”的意思。other别的，另外的，一般后跟复数名词或ones ,在other前可加some, many 或数词，表示“几个，一些别的”Such a tall buildingsuch an exciting football matchso many peopleeach other 者以上的彼此。相互，彼此，指两个或两个物时one another s 相互的，彼此的。 one anoth

23、er相互，彼此，指三者或三数词表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。一、基数词和序数词1）基数词写法和读法：百位与十位，用and,十位与个位，写时用“”先确定分节号， 从右至左， 每隔三位数是一个分节号。第一个分节号是千位thousand第二个分节号是千位million第三个分号节是十亿位billion.1,234 ,567, 892one billion two hundred and thirty-four million five hundred andsixty-seven thousand eight hundr

24、ed and ninety-two42）分数表示法构成：分子基，分母序，分子大于1 时，分母在序数词后加S：a half1/3 one-third； 2/3two thirds3/4 three quarters = threefourths2- 3/4 two and three fourths3）表示 年代 ，用 in +the +数词复数；in the 1980s（ 20 世纪 80 年代）4）表某人几岁时:in + 物主代词 +数词的复数形式in one s twenties5） He lives in Rom 88.One plus two is three. Three times

25、 five is fifteen.6） hundred , thousand , million等词前有具体的数字时，不能加S如 three1/2hundreds这种说法是错误的7） hundreds ofthousands ofmillions of8） a 21-year-old girlthree days and a half = three and a half daysand a halfhours = one hour and a halfwellhave two weeks holidayholiday)one(two -week见y9）（基数词变序数词的口诀）一、二、三特别记

26、， th 从四以上记 ; 怎么加很容易，八减变 ie;若是遇到几十几，变换个位就可以。t ，九减e;f来把ve替，ninthOne-first twelvetwo-secondthree- thirdtwelfththirteen-thirteenthfive- fifth fifteen-eight-eighth fifteenthnine-eighteen-eighteenthtwenty- twentiethtwenty-one-twenty-firstthirty-thirtiethforty-fortiethfiftyfiftiethsixty- sixtiethseventy-se

27、ventietheighty-eightiethninety-ninetieth序数词的缩写形式：first-1stsecond-2ndthirty-first-31st形容和副词修饰 something, anything, everything, anybody等不定代词的形容词，形容词要放在不定代词之后。I have Something important to tell you.enough 修饰形容词、副词时，enough 要放在形容词和副词之后。Far enoughinteresting, exciting, boring, amazing, surprising, moving主

28、语为物。Interested, excited, amazed, surprised, frightened, tired, pleased主语为人。Much, far,a lot,a little,even 等后要用形容词或副词的比较级。Ifellevenworse now.5. 连系动词be,感官动词 (look, smell, taste, sound, feel )三个变 (get, become,turn,) keep后跟形容词 .既可作形容词又可作副词的词有：hard作形容词 =difficult ,作副词，放在work, rain等后 , 表努力地做。well 作形容词身体好;作

29、副词，做得好。long 作形容词，表事物的长度，作副词，放在last, talk等后 , 表动作持续。Fast作作形容，放在系动词后，作副词放在rain,make sth. 等词后，表“做得快”。High 作形容词“山，海浪的高。作副词,放在 fly, jump等后表飞得高，跳得高。五、形容词变为副词+lyuseful, wide, strong改y 为 i, 再加lyhealthy , heavy, happy, lucky, noisy,good wellterrible-terriblyprobable-probably多数以ly结尾的词是副词。但 friendly,lonely,lov

30、ely,likely,daily,lively是形容词。China is lar ger than any othercounty in Asia. （同一范围内）Chinais largerthan any county in Afirca.（不同范围内） how many 对可数名词数量的提问。 How many people are there in your family? How much 对不可数名词数量的提问和提问价格。How long多久，多长时间。回答常用：for +段时间since +点时间。How soon 多快，多久以后。回答常用：in + 段时间How often多长

31、时间一次，提问频率。回答常用：once (twice)a week, threetimesa day, oftenHow far多远，对距离提问。回答常用：fifteen minutes walk , 10 meters away形容词和副词的比较级和最高级：原级 : as + 原级 + as ;not as / so +原级 + as = 反义词 +thanEnglish is asinterestingas Chinese.Mr.Zhang isn tas old as Mr. Li.= Mr. Zhang isyoungerthan Mr. Li.比较级的标志词than,Lilys ba

32、g is bigger than hers. much, far, a little, even , next timewhich / who- A, B ?Which is morebeautiful, Tom, Jim?the + 比较级 -,the+比较级 -The more we get together, the happierwell be.比较级 +and+比较级（多音节词和部分双音节词用more and more + 原级）越来越-harder and harder , our hometown is becoming more and more beautiful.最高级标志

33、词： the +最高级+ of/ inShanghai is the biggest cityin China.One of the +最高级+名词复数Zhou Jiekunis one of the most popular singers.Which / who -+最高级 , A, B or C?Whocityis the most beautiful, Beijing, Shanghai or Kunming?序数词 +最高级，表“第几最-” Chang jiang ithe first longest river in China.the second largest populat

34、ions形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成规则（略）不规则 : good / well - better- bestbad / badly/ ill-worse-worstmany / much - more -mostlittle-less-leastfar - farther（较远） -farthestfar-further（进一步）-furthesttired -more tired -the most tired (right, tired, glad. pleased. real )动词的时态名称时态结构标志词被动语态难点与要点一般现在时?amis are?therebe 结构?行为s

35、ometimes,often, usually,always,every day, once aweekam / is / are +done注意第三人称单数情况动词现在进行时am/ is now, look, / are +Ving listen, rightnow, atam/ is/ are +being +doneING动词形式the moment,的构成its +几点一般过去时?was/were + 表语结构?Vedyesterday,last,ago 一家 ; just now,in the old days, amoment ago,long ago, ih the1990swa

36、s / were +done注意动词的过去式的构成一般将来时?will/shall +V形?begoing to原形tomorrow, next原 year, this year, atthe end of thisterm,from now on,+Vin the future,in a few dayswill/ shallbe +donebe going to+be +done+注意动词过去分词的构成(与过去式的区别 )timeP255过去进行时was /were +Vingat + 具体时间this time., when+般过去时从句, atwas / were一+being +do

37、ne与一般过去时的区别现在完成时have / has +donealready, yet,just, never, ever,for, since,so far注意瞬间动词在现在完成时中的运用过去将来时?would宾语从句中 , 从句/ should +V 动作在主句动作之后原形发生 .?was /were goingto +V 原形Would/ should+be +donebe going to+be +done过去完成时had+done点 ;by+过去某一时Had +been +donebefore +过去某一时间点 ; by the time+从句 ;从句动作在主句动作前发生情态情态动

38、词 +be动词+done注:不规则动词过去式和过去分词详见初三课本的255 页。祈使句祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。1） 祈使句否定在句首加Dont ：Dont move.Dont be late.2） Let s-shall we ?let us him - will you / wont you?感叹句How+形容词或副词+主语 +谓语 +其它How lovely the baby is!What a / an + 形容词 +可数名词单数+主语 +谓语 +其它What a cleverboy he is!What + 形容词 +可数名词复数+主语 +谓语 +其它What wond

39、erfulideas (we have)!What + 形容词 +不可数名词 +主语 +谓语 +其它What cold weather it is!反意疑问句1) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely,little,too-to等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。Someplantsnever blown ( 开花), do they ?2)陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑问部分常用dont +主语（ didnt +主语）。We have to get there at ei

40、ght tomorrow, dont we?3)陈述部分的谓语是used to时，疑问部分用didnt +主语或usednt +主语。He used to take pictures there, didnt he? / usednt he?4)陈述部分有had better + v.疑问句部分用hadnt you?Youd better read it by yourself, hadnt you?5) 陈述部分由 neithernor, eitheror 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?6)陈述部

41、分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything,that,nothing,this,疑问部分主语用it 。Everything is ready, isnt it?7) 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况：a. 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldnt he?b. 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：He is not the man who gave u

42、s a talk, is he?He said he wanted to visitJapan, didnt he?c.上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。I dont think he is bright, is he?We believe she can do it better, cantshe?8)陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one问部分常用复数they ，有时也用单数he。等，疑Everyon

43、e knows the answer, dont they?(does he?)Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)9)省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。Dont do that again, will you?Go with me, will you / wont you ?注意： Lets开头的祈使句，后用shall we?Lets go and listen to themusic, shall we?Let us 开头的祈使句，后用willyou?Let us waitforyou in the reading-r

44、oom,will you ?10)陈述部分是 there be结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。There is something wrong with your watch, isnt there? There will not be any trouble, will there?11) 否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。Itisimpossible,isntit?He isnot unkindto hisclassmates,is he?并列句and和，并且，work hard, and you can pass the exam.but但是he is rich

45、 but he is not happy.Or 否则，要不然，或者（在否定句中表和）Hurry up, or youso 因此，所以Kate was ill so she didnt go to school.For 因为I have to stay up late, for I have a lot of work to do.ll be late.状语从句当状语从句的引导词为If, when, before, after, until, as soon as等，主句和从句有下列情况：主句从句一般将来时一般I willgo to the park ifitdoesnt rain( 主将从现

46、)现在时tomorrow.祈使句一般现在时含有情态动词的句子一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时英语句子中如果一看到Thought-but-; because-so-这种结构 , 就是错误 .倒装句so+助动词 BE 动词情态动词 +另一主语，表示后者与前者一致。so+上句主语 +助动词 BE 动词情态动词，真的，确实如此。Tom watched TV last night, so did Ann.Tom didnt watch TV last night. Neither did Ann.- Youve left the light on.- So I have. Ill go and turn

47、it off.宾语从句?从句用陈述句语序。?主句与从句的关系。A主现从不限；B主过从过；C真金不怕火炼。The earth moves around the sun.常见的宾语从句。She says that -I hope / think/ feel/ wonder-I wonder ifhe willjoinus inthe discussiontonight.Could you tell/ show me-Could you please tellme where theteachersoffice is?Do you know-Do you know where Mr. Li live

48、s?Please tell me -She asked me -I don t know-I dont know whether Tom will go or not.定语从句that 和 which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换,但在下列情况下,一般用that而不用which 。(1)先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much等不定代词时。I am sure she has something (that) you can borrow.(2) 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, li

49、ttle, much等修饰时。 I ve read allthe books that are not mine.(3) 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。This is the first book (that) he has read.(4) 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时。This is the very book that belongs to him.一般用 that而不用 who(1) 先行词是 who或 who 引导的主句。Whois the girl(that)drove the car?Who (that)broke t

50、he windowwill be punished.(2)主句以that和 whichThere be引导时。There are 200 people (that) didn在指物的情况下一般都可以互换,但在下列情况下,一般用twhich 而不用 that 。(1) 关系代词在限制性定语从句中紧跟介词作宾语（介词提前）。Those are manytrees under (which) they can have a rest.(2)在非限制性定语从句中。Football , (which) is a very populargame, is played all over the world

51、.后跟 ing 的词有FinishdoingBefore 2008 Beijingwe willfinish buildingthe Olympic Park.enjoy doing喜欢做某事I enjoy reading English loudly.mind doing介意（反对）做某事would you mind opening the window?practice doing sth.练习做某事 we should practice speaking English as oftenas possible.be busy doing sth.忙于做某事be worth doing sth.值得做某事feel like doing sth =want to do sth.想要做某事spend